近年來隨著油價的高漲以及環保意識抬頭，人們愈來愈重視能源的問題，世界各國也積極推動再生能源與綠色能源的開發及研究，而其中太陽能電池亦扮演了很重要的角色。然而當日照不足時，太陽能發電系統仍舊需要高電壓供後級使用，因此需要一高升壓比電源轉換器。本文的重點，即在實現一個高升壓比高效能的直流直流轉換器。
此升壓型轉換器相較於其他所提及的多級升壓型轉換器，具有較低的功率損耗、較小的輸出漣波、較低的等效串聯阻抗（Equivalent Series Resistance, ESR）、雙向的電流、模組化的架構、較低的元件個數需求、僅需較小的輸出電容、輸出電容有較小的電流漣波等特性，適合在太陽能發電系統中提供一個穩定的升壓轉換。電路操作原理主要是利用切換式開關使電容逐級充放電，在輸出端達到升壓的功能。然而分析量測結果，可以證明此四級架構的升壓型轉換器不適合用TSMC 0.25um HV 60V製程來實現。
若是在1.9mm×1.9mm晶片面積下，採用單級電路架構來實現，可以使轉換效能達到90％以上，當需要2N倍轉換時，將N個晶片做適當地連接即可。

In resent years, with spiraling fuel costs and enhancement of environmental consciousness, people put more emphasis on energy crisis problem. Many countries are encouraging and promoting the development of renewable energy and green energy. Solar cell plays an important role in green energy. However, solar PV system requires high voltage for back-end application even when sunlight is insufficient. So we need a high step-up ratio DC-DC boost converter. Therefore, emphasis of this thesis is placed on developing a high efficiency and high step-up ratio DC-DC boost converter.
Compared with some other conventional multilevel DC-DC boost converter, the multilevel DC-DC boost converter we discuss in this thesis features lower power loss, lower output voltage ripples, lower equivalent series resistance (ESR), bidirectional current, modular structure, small switching device count, lower capacitance and ripple current requirement for the two output capacitors and etc.. This boost converter is good to supply power to solar PV system since its output voltage is stable. The operating principle is based on pumping up the capacitor voltage one by one to make the output voltage. But it was verified that TSMC 0.25um 60V HV process is not suitable for this four stages topology by analyzing measurement results.
Efficiency can exceed 90% if we only introduce single modular stage to a 1.9×1.9mm chip which is fabricated with TSMC 0.25um 60V HV process. Hence, when 2N voltage ratio is demanded, just connecting N chips in a proper way.

[1] Solar Energy Industries Association on Jun.12, 2012, “US Solar Market Insight ReportQ1” , available at http://www.slideshare.net/SEIA/us-solar-market-insight-report-q1-2012
[2] Y.-H. Chan, “High step-up DC-DC converter with cockcroft-walton voltage multiplier for solar power system applications,” MS Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 2011.
[3] L.-T. Hsu, “Modeling and control of a multi-phase step-up DC/DC converter with low switch voltage stress,” MS Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 2008.
[4] H.-H. Ko, “A high efficiency synchronous CMOS switching buck regulator with accurate current sensing technique,” MS Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, 2007.
[5] R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, Fundamentals of power electronics, 2nd edition, John Wiley, New York, 1950.
[6] O. Abutbul, A. Gherlitz, Y. Berkovich, and A. Ioinovici, “Step-up switching-mode converter with high voltage gain using a switched-capacitor circuit,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems I:Fundamental Theory and Applications, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 1098-1102, Aug. 2003.
[7] M.-S. Wu, “Design and analysis of a boost mode switched-capacitor DC/DC converter,” MS Thesis, Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, 2005.
[8] R. Jain, “A novel switched capacitor circuit for efficient voltage regulation,” in Devices, Circuits and Systems, 2008. pp. 1-6, ICCDCS 2008. 7th International Caribbean Conference, 2008.
[9] K. K. Law, K. W. E. Cheng, and Y. P. B. Yeung, “Design and analysis of switched-capacitor-based step-up resonant converters,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems I:Regular Paper, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 943-948, May. 2005.
[10] F. Zhang, L. Du, F. Z. Peng, and Z. Qian, “A new design method for high-power high-efficiency switched-capacitor DC–DC converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 832-840, Mar. 2008.
[11] K. Jin, M. Yang, X. Ruan, and M. Xu, “Three-level bidirectional converter for fuel-cell/battery hybrid power system,” IEEE Trans. Industrial Electron., vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1976-1986, Jun. 2010.
[12] M. Shen, F. Z. Peng, and L. M. Tolbert, “Multilevel DC–DC power conversion system with multiple DC sources,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 420-426, Jan. 2008.
[13] W. Qian, F. Z. Peng, M. Shen, and L. M. Tolbert, “3X DC-DC multiplier/divider for HEV systems,” Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2009. APEC 2009. Twenty-Fourth Annual IEEE, pp. 1109-1114, 15-19 Feb. 2009.
[14] F. H. Khan and L. M. Tolbert, “A multilevel modular capacitor-clamped DC-DC converter,” IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1628-1638, Nov./Dec. 2007.
[15] F. H. Khan, L. M. Tolbert, and W. E. Webb, “Start-up and dynamic modeling of the multilevel modular capacitor-clamped converter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 519-531, Feb. 2010.
[16] F. H. Khan and L. M. Tolbert, “Multiple-load-source integration in a multilevel modular capacitor-clamped DC–DC converter featuring fault tolerant capability,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 14-24, Jan. 2009.
[17] D. Cao and F. Z. Peng, “Zero-current-switching multilevel modular switched-capacitor DC–DC converter,” IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 2536-2544, Nov./Dec. 2010.
[18] W. Qian, J. G. Cintron-Rivera, F. Z. Peng, and D. Cao, “A multilevel DC-DC converter with high voltage gain and reduced component rating and count,” Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2011. APEC 2011. Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE, pp. 1146-1152, 6-11 Mar. 2011.
[19] H. W. Whittington, B. W. Flynn, and D.E. Macpherson, Switched Mode Power Supplies: Design and Construction, 2nd edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
[20] S.-Y. Wang, “Improved light-load efficiency for switched mode buck converter using PWM operated power-save mode,” MS Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, 2004.
[21] C.-I. Chiu, “On the implementation of an ultra-wide-load high-efficiency DC-DC buck converter,” MS Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, 2011.
[22] B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw-Hill Inc., 2001.
v
[1] Solar Energy Industries Association on Jun.12, 2012, “US Solar Market Insight ReportQ1” , available at http://www.slideshare.net/SEIA/us-solar-market-insight-report-q1-2012
[2] Y.-H. Chan, “High step-up DC-DC converter with cockcroft-walton voltage multiplier for solar power system applications,” MS Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 2011.
[3] L.-T. Hsu, “Modeling and control of a multi-phase step-up DC/DC converter with low switch voltage stress,” MS Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 2008.
[4] H.-H. Ko, “A high efficiency synchronous CMOS switching buck regulator with accurate current sensing technique,” MS Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, 2007.
[5] R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, Fundamentals of power electronics, 2nd edition, John Wiley, New York, 1950.
[6] O. Abutbul, A. Gherlitz, Y. Berkovich, and A. Ioinovici, “Step-up switching-mode converter with high voltage gain using a switched-capacitor circuit,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems I:Fundamental Theory and Applications, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 1098-1102, Aug. 2003.
[7] M.-S. Wu, “Design and analysis of a boost mode switched-capacitor DC/DC converter,” MS Thesis, Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, 2005.
[8] R. Jain, “A novel switched capacitor circuit for efficient voltage regulation,” in Devices, Circuits and Systems, 2008. pp. 1-6, ICCDCS 2008. 7th International Caribbean Conference, 2008.
[9] K. K. Law, K. W. E. Cheng, and Y. P. B. Yeung, “Design and analysis of switched-capacitor-based step-up resonant converters,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems I:Regular Paper, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 943-948, May. 2005.
[10] F. Zhang, L. Du, F. Z. Peng, and Z. Qian, “A new design method for high-power high-efficiency switched-capacitor DC–DC converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 832-840, Mar. 2008.
[11] K. Jin, M. Yang, X. Ruan, and M. Xu, “Three-level bidirectional converter for fuel-cell/battery hybrid power system,” IEEE Trans. Industrial Electron., vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1976-1986, Jun. 2010.
[12] M. Shen, F. Z. Peng, and L. M. Tolbert, “Multilevel DC–DC power conversion system with multiple DC sources,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 420-426, Jan. 2008.
[13] W. Qian, F. Z. Peng, M. Shen, and L. M. Tolbert, “3X DC-DC multiplier/divider for HEV systems,” Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2009. APEC 2009. Twenty-Fourth Annual IEEE, pp. 1109-1114, 15-19 Feb. 2009.
[14] F. H. Khan and L. M. Tolbert, “A multilevel modular capacitor-clamped DC-DC converter,” IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1628-1638, Nov./Dec. 2007.
[15] F. H. Khan, L. M. Tolbert, and W. E. Webb, “Start-up and dynamic modeling of the multilevel modular capacitor-clamped converter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 519-531, Feb. 2010.
[16] F. H. Khan and L. M. Tolbert, “Multiple-load-source integration in a multilevel modular capacitor-clamped DC–DC converter featuring fault tolerant capability,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 14-24, Jan. 2009.
[17] D. Cao and F. Z. Peng, “Zero-current-switching multilevel modular switched-capacitor DC–DC converter,” IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 2536-2544, Nov./Dec. 2010.
[18] W. Qian, J. G. Cintron-Rivera, F. Z. Peng, and D. Cao, “A multilevel DC-DC converter with high voltage gain and reduced component rating and count,” Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2011. APEC 2011. Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE, pp. 1146-1152, 6-11 Mar. 2011.
[19] H. W. Whittington, B. W. Flynn, and D.E. Macpherson, Switched Mode Power Supplies: Design and Construction, 2nd edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
[20] S.-Y. Wang, “Improved light-load efficiency for switched mode buck converter using PWM operated power-save mode,” MS Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, 2004.
[21] C.-I. Chiu, “On the implementation of an ultra-wide-load high-efficiency DC-DC buck converter,” MS Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, 2011.
[22] B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw-Hill Inc., 2001.