在經營環境日趨激烈、企業本身的資源又有限的情況下，企業的競爭力來自於其所擁有的知識，而知識創造為知識管理首要的步驟，也是最難以管理的一部份；它牽涉到人與人之間的鑲嵌程度；並且，組織進行知識創造的各個階段，都會產生知識資產，這些資產不易衡量，但又是企業進行知識創造衡量成果的重要依據。這些都是組織在進行知識管理時，應該要關切的重要課題。 本研究以人員間的鑲嵌程度為出發點，來探討鑲嵌程度對於知識創造各個過程的影響，有鑑於過去研究把知識創造的四大過程視為一個主體，並無對其各個過程進行探討，本研究將把知識創造的過程分解，逐一研究人員間的鑲嵌程度是如何影響四個階段。另外，許多研究在進行知識創造課題的探討時，甚少提及知識資產，故無法確實衡量知識創造四大階段是有何成果產出，本研究亦把此觀點拉入，一同討論。 實證分析係針對台灣前2000大製造業中的電子資訊業之廠商為研究主體，並以此公司的研發部門的主管、研發工程師或相關人員為主要的問卷填答對象，本研究共得有效問卷231 份，有效問卷回收率達26.92%。應用結構方程式模型實證的結果顯示，本研究的衡量模型與結構模型皆具備良好的配適度，模型中共8 條假說，在p<0.05 下，全數獲得支持。 結果顯示人員間的鑲嵌程度對於知識創造的四大過程是具有正面影響，並且知識創造四大過程對於知識資產的產生，亦有正向影響；這意謂著鑲嵌對於知識創造的每個階段而言，都扮演著一個舉足輕重的角色。而不同的知識資產是會各別經由不同的知識創造過程而產生。 本研究說明人員間鑲嵌程度、知識創造過程四階段、四大知識資產關鍵因素的理論架構，俾以作為後續從事知識管理方面的研究者和實務界之參考。

Knowledge is the resource of the competitive ability of business in the fast changing environment as we face and the knowledge which was owned by people is the main resource for developing organizational knowledge. We have to find how the embedness relationship impacts on knowledge of organization and how to evaluate knowledge in organization. This concept is useful and helpful to real business in evaluating the effectiveness of knowledge management. The purpose of this study is to provide a more thorough assessment of the link between embedness and knowledge creation,knowledge assets. In this research, we mention the importance of embedness of an organization and the relationship between embedness and the stages of knowledge creation. This research is different from preview research. We separate the knowledge creation into four independent stages and obtain the result of embedness on these four knowledge creation stages. On the other hand, we refer to the concept of knowledge asset as to verify the path between of knowledge creation and knowledge assets. The electronic technology conducting industry is the target survey company. The questionnaires were filled by the member of R&D department. For the survey, 858 questionnaires were distributed by e-mail and fax. The response rate is amounted to 28.55%. After collecting the responded questionnaires, the data was analyzed by structural equation model. Through second stage structural equation modeling, a more thorough examination was given in the role embedness plays in knowledge creation process. In completing these stages, we provide insight into the sub-processes of knowledge assets. There are eight hypotheses in this study, and all of these hypotheses were supported. Embedness will have an impact on the four stages of knowledge creation. The four types of knowledge assets will be developed from the different four stages of knowledge creation.

一、中文文獻
陳順宇，多變量分析，四版，華泰文化，台南市，民國九十四年
野中郁次郎，竹內弘高，胡瑋珊譯，企業創新的螺旋，初版，中國生產力中心，台北縣，民國九十三年
野中郁次郎，陳耀茂譯，知識經營之道，初版，財團法人中衛發展中心，台北市，民國九十三年
李茂能，結構方程式軟體AMOS之簡介及其在測驗編製上之應用:GRAPHICS & BASIC，初版、心理出版社，台北市，民國九十五年
林東清，知識管理，初版，智勝文化，台北市、民國九十二年
二、英文文獻
Alavi, M., & Leidner, D. E. “Review: Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: Conceptual foundations and research issues.” MIS Quarterly, 25(1), 107-136. ,2001
Allee , “12 Principles of Knowledge Management”, Training and Development, 51(11) ,71-74, 1997.
Argote, L., McEvily, B., & Reagans, R.”Managing knowledge in organizations: An integrative framework and review of emerging themes.” Management Science, 49(4), 571-582, 2003
Bagozzi, R.P. and Yi, Y., “On the Evaluation for Structural Equation Models,”Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74-94.,1988
Baumgartner, H. and Homburg, C., “Applications of Structural Equation Modeling in Marketing and Consumer Research: A Review,” International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139-161,1996
Bentler, P.M., EQS Structural Equations Program Mannual , Los Angeles,CA:BMDP,1989
Bill McEvily, Alfred Marcus. “Embedded ties and the acquisition of competitive capabilities” Strategic Management Journal., 26(11), 1033-1055 , Nov 2005.
Bollen, K.A., Structural Equation Modeling with Latent Variables. New York: John Wiley, 1989
Byrne, B.M., Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey,1998
Carlsson, S., El Sawy, O., Eriksson, I., & Raven, A. “Gaining competitive advantage through shared knowledge creation: In search of a new design theory for strategic information systems.” Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Information Systems, 1067-1075, 1996
Chin, W.W., and Todd, P., “On the Use, Usefulness, and Ease of Use of Structural Equation Modeling in MIS Research: A Note of Caution,” MIS Quarterly, 19(2), 237-246, 1995
Dacin, M. T., Ventresca, M. J., & Beal, B. D. “The embeddedness of organizations: Dialogue & directions”. Journal of Management, 25(3), 317-356, 1999
Davenport, T. & Prusak, L. “Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know”, Harvard Business School Press, 1998
Davenport, T., ” Knowledge Management and Broader Firm: Strategy, Advantage and Performance,” Boston University School of Management, 1999
Davenport, T, “Some Principles of Knowledge Management”, Strategy Management, Competition, Winter, 1996
Demarest, M., “Understanding Knowledge Management”, Long Range Planning, 30, 374-384, 1997
Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. “The role of trust in organizational settings.” Organization Science, 12(4), 450-467,2001
Edvinsson, L. & M. S. Malone, “ Intellectual capital: Realizing your company’s value by finding it’s hidden brainpower.” New York: Harper Business, 1997
Eraut, M. “Developing professional knowledge and competence “ Falmer Pr, 1994
Felin, T., & Hesterly, W. S. “The knowledge-based view, nested heterogeneity, and new value creation: Philosophical considerations on the locus of knowledge.” The Academy of Management Review (AMR), 32(1), 195-218., 2007.
Galup, Stuart D., Dattero, Ronald, & Hicks, Richard C., “KnowledgeManagement Systems: An Architecture for Active and Passive Knowledge”, Information Resources Management Journal, 15(1)22-27 , 2002
Granovetter, M. “Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510, 1985.
Gulati, R., & Sytch, M. ”Dependence asymmetry and joint dependence in interorganizational relationships: Effects of embeddedness on a manufacturer''s performance in procurement relationships.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(1), 32-69, 2007
Hackbarth, G. “The impact of organizational memory on IT systems.” Proceedings of the Fourth Americas Conference on Information Systems, , 588–590, 1998
Hedlund, G. “A model of knowledge management and the N-form corporation.” Strategic Management Journal, 15(5), 73-90 ,1994
Hair, Jr. J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., and Black, W.C. Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings. 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. ,1998
Hicks, R. C., Dattero, R., & Galup, S. D. “A metaphor for knowledge management: Explicit islands in a tacit sea.” Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(1), 5-16, 2007
Hirschman, A. O. “Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states” Harvard University Press, 1970
Jehn, K. A., & Mannix, E. A. “The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance.” Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 238-251, 2001
Jöreskog, K.G., and Sörbom, D. (1993), LISREL 8: Structural Equation Modeling with the SIMPLIS Command Language, Scientific Software International.
.(1996), LISREL: A Guide to the Program and Applications, 3nd edition, Scientific Software International Inc, Chicago.
Larson, A. “Network dyads in entrepreneurial settings: A study of the governance of exchange relationships.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(1),76-104, 1992
Larzelere, R. E., & Huston, T. L. “The dyadic trust scale: Toward understanding interpersonal trust in close relationships.” Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42(3), 595-604, 1980
Leech, S. A., & Sutton, S. G. “Knowledge management issues in practice opportunities for research.” International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 3(2), 69-73, 2002
Levin, D. Z., & Cross, R. “The strength of weak ties you can trust: The mediating role of trust in effective knowledge transfer.” Management Science, 50(11), 1477-1490, 2004
Lund, F., & Srinivas, S. Learning from experience: A gendered approach to social protection for workers in the informal economy International Labour Organization, 2000
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. “An integrative model of organizational trust.” Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734, 1995
Madhavan, R. and Grover, R. “From embedded knowledge to embodied knowledge: new product development as knowledge.” Journal of Marketing, 62(4) ,1–12, 1998
McQueen, R. “Four views of knowledge and knowledge management.” Proceedings of the Fourth Americas Conference on Information Systems, , 609-611, 1998
Nonaka, I. “A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation.” Organization Science, 5(1), 14-37, 1994
Nonaka, I., & Toyama, R. “The theory of the knowledge-creating firm: Subjectivity, objectivity and synthesis.” Industrial and Corporate Change, 14(3), 419-436, 2005
Nonaka, I., Toyama, R., & Konno, N. “SECI, ba and leadership: A unified model of dynamic knowledge creation.” Long Range Planning, 33(1), 5-34, 2000
Nonaka, I., von Krogh, G., & Voelpel, S. “Organizational knowledge creation theory: Evolutionary paths and future advances.” Organization Studies, 27(8), 1179-1208, 2006
Ouintas, P., Lefrere, P., & Jones, G., “Knowledge Management: A strategicAgenda”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 30(3):385-391, 1997
Paul S. Goodman and Eric D. Darr “Computer-Aided Systems and Communities: Mechanisms for Organizational Learning in Distributed Environments” MIS Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 417-440, Dec. 1998
Penley, L. E., & Hawkins, B. (1985). Studying interpersonal communication in organizations: A leadership application. Academy of Management Journal, 28(2), 309-326.
Petra Schubert David-Michael Lincke Beat F. Schmid, “A Global Knowledge Medium as a Virtual Community: The Net Academy Concept” Institute for Media and Communications Management University of St. Gallen, 1998
Piaget, J, Recherches sur la Contradiction, Paris:Presses Universitaires de France , 1974
polanyi, M., “Personal knowledge” , Chicago, IL:The University of Chicago Press, 1958
Polanyi, M. “The tacit dimension”, 1966. Prusak, Laurence: Knowledge in Organizations, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, . (1997).
Powell, W. W. , Koput K. W. & Smith-Doerr L., ”Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: Networks of learning in biotechnology “, Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(1), pp 116–145, 1996
Ranjay Gulati. Maxim Sytch. “ Dependence Asymmetry and Joint Dependence in Interorganizational Relationships: Effects of Embeddedness on a Manufacturer’s Performance in Procurement Relationships” Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(1), 32–69, 2007
Sitkin, S. B., & Roth, N. L.” Explaining the limited effectiveness of legalistic “remedies” for trust/distrust.” Organization Science, 4(3), 367-392, 1993
Spender, J., & Grant, R. M. “Knowledge and the firm: Overview.” Strategic Management Journal, 17(1), 5–9, 1996
Spiegler, I. Knowledge Management: A New Idea or a Recycled Concept? , Communications of the AIS, 2000,
Stenmark, D. (2001). The relationship between information and knowledge. Proceedings of the 24th Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia-IRIS, 2001
SUTCLIFFE, K. M., & ZAHEER, A. “UNCERTAINTY IN THE TRANSACTION ENVIRONMENT: AN EMPIRICAL TEST.” Strategic Management Journal, 19(1), 1-23, 1998
Tsai, W. & Ghoshal., ” Social capital and value creation : an empirical study of intra-firm networks”, Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 464-476, 1998
Teppo Felin, “The Knowledge-Based View, Nested Heterogeneity, and New Value Creation: Philosophical Considerations on the Locus of Knowledge” The Academy of Management Review (AMR) ,32(1), 195 - 218 , 2007
Toffler, A., Powershift: Knowledge, Wealth and Violence at the Edge of 21st Century, New York: Bantam Books, 1990
Uzzi, B. “The sources and consequences of embeddedness for the economic performance of organizations: The network effect.” American Sociological Review, 61(4), 674-698., 1996
Uzzi, B. “Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1) ,1997
Von Krogh, G. “Care in knowledge creation.” California Management Review, 40(3), 133-153, 1998
Willem, A., & Buelens, M. The role of identity and attitudes in intra-organisational knowledge sharing, 2002
Zack, M. H. “Developing a knowledge strategy.” The Strategic Management of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge, 2002
Zack, M. “An architecture for managing explicated knowledge”, sloan management review,, 2002
Zand, D. E. “Trust and managerial problem solving.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(2), 229-239, 1972
Teppo Felin, “The Knowledge-Based View, Nested Heterogeneity, and New Value Creation: Philosophical Considerations on the Locus of Knowledge” The Academy of Management Review (AMR) ,32(1), 195 - 218 , 2007