聖薩爾瓦多都會區設置固體廢棄物資源回收廠可行性研究

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研究生：	艾思娜 Ana Elizabeth Amaya Garay
論文名稱：	聖薩爾瓦多都會區設置固體廢棄物資源回收廠可行性研究 Feasibility Study of Establishing Recovery Plant for Municipal Solid Waste in San Salvador
指導教授：	廖萬里 Wan-Li Liao
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 國際永續發展碩士在職專班 International Environment Sustainable Development Program
畢業學年度：	97
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	157
中文關鍵詞：	資源回收廠、都市固體廢棄物、循環再利用、廢棄物回收廠
外文關鍵詞：	MRF, material recovery facility, waste recovery plant, recycling, Municipal solid waste
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薩爾瓦多現今亟需要發展夠水準的固體廢棄物管理政策及設施，包括廢棄物產量管控、清運、回收與再利用、處理方法及最終處置等。近年來薩爾瓦多政府已逐年改善廢棄物任意棄置的情況，朝向興建衛生掩埋場，雖然，此項衛生掩埋場的工程品質尚未達到可有效維護公眾健康的水準。為減輕掩埋場的負荷且延續其使用期限，本研究探討聖薩爾瓦多都會區的都市廢棄物採取資源回收再利用的可行做法，包括調查民眾對於興建資源回收廠的意見或看法，及進行財務試算。
聖薩爾瓦多的人口數於2012年即可達2,021,171人，以每年1.61%的成長率推估，至2026年將增至2,527,629人。因而帶動都市固體廢棄物量的增加，本研究推估，至2026年，聖薩爾瓦多都會區的都市垃圾將達到每年894,907公噸的產生量，也即是2,452公噸/天。為有效回收處理聖薩爾瓦多的固體廢棄物，茲研擬興建一座設計容量為1200公噸/天的廢棄物資源回收廠（簡稱MRF廠），所需佔地面積約2公頃，用以回收包括紙類、鋁金屬類、玻璃類、塑膠類及其他資源物。所規劃的MRF廠之主要設施包括破碎機、篩選機、人工分類設施及捆紮包裝裝置等。
本研究之MRF廠興建單價，係參考智利共和國類似回收廠的單價，即每單位設計容量（公噸/天）為美金19,366元，但本MRF廠尚需設置廢水處理及空氣污染物過濾裝置，則單位成本設定為美金21,300元；據此，1200公噸/天的MRF廠之造價為25,560,000美元。為進行財務分析所需的各類資源物的出售單價，則參考現今聖薩爾瓦多的回收商市場價格，在假定為政府出資的情況下，不考慮利息支出，分析後的內部報酬率（IRR）為57%，投資回收期為2年。本研究亦進行敏感度分析，假設市場收購所回收廢棄物的單價減少20%，每年操作費用自1%增加至2%的情況下，IRR將降至37%，回收期仍為2年。

In El Salvador, qualified solid waste management, which involves control of generation, collection, transportation, recovery/reuse, treatment processing, and disposal of wastes is eager to be developed. The final disposal in this country has gradually improved in recent years by switching from open-air dumping to the constructions of landfills, even though it still is not constructed in a manner according to the best principles of public health. For reducing the loading of landfill that can sustain the life-time of the operating landfills in El Salvador, this study focuses on finding a viable and feasible alternative for the recovery and utilization of solid wastes applied in San Salvador, the metropolis of El Salvador. To collect the public’s opinions of establishing a recovery plant in San Salvador for assessing the social situation, a questionnaire survey was carried out. Furthermore, a brief financial analysis was also prepared to evaluate the economic feasibility of establishing the plant.
The population of San Salvador in 2012 will be 2,021,171 people, and with 1.61% annual increase rate, in 2026 the population will increase to 2,527,629 people, and MSW amount will be 894,907 tons per year that is 2,452 tons per day. For having a MRF plant to effectively recover the resources of MSW in San Salvador, the design capacity of the recovery plant is 1200 ton per day constructed on the land area of 3.3 hectares. The municipal solid waste plant is designed to majorly separate paper and cardboard, aluminum, glasses, plastics, and other valuable materials. The material recovery facility (MRF) includes size reduction units, screen separator, manual sorting system and packing unit. The MRF will be operating during its life-time of 15 years.
Base on the construction unit price (US$19,366 /tpd) of MRF plant in Viña del Mar, Republic of Chile, the proposed MRF in this study is estimated a unit price at US$21,300 per tpd (tons per day in design capacity). The initial construction capital for MRF of 1,200 tpd is US$25,560,000.The construction cost has included the costs of wastewater treatment system and air-pollutant filter. The major revenue is the sale of recovered materials produced from the MRF. According the market price of these recovered materials in San Salvador, and in the condition of that construction cost is come from government’s budget without interest payment, the results of financial analysis are that the IRR (internal rate of return) is 57%, and payoff period is two years. A sensitivity analysis is used to assess the impact of the actual outcome of a particular variable. In sensitivity analysis, we assume the sale prices of recovered materials are lower 20% in the present market. In addition, we assume the operation cost is increased to 2% of the construction capital. The result shows that the IRR will decrease to 37%, and the payoff still needs two years.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT	i
摘要	iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT	iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS	v
LIST OF TABLES	xi
CHAPTER ONE	1
INTRODUCTION	1
1.1 Study Objective	1
1.2 Scope of the study	2
1.3 Methodology	2
1.4 Research Difficulties	2
CHAPTER TWO	4
THEORETICAL REVIEW	4
2.1 Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries	4
2.1.1 CHALLENGES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT	5
2.1.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES	9
2.2 Integrated Sustainable Waste Management	10
2.2.1 HIERARCHY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT	11
2.3 Recovery and Utilization of Resources	13
2.3.1 COST AND COST RECOVERY	13
CHAPTER THREE	16
TECHNICAL EVALUATION	16
3.1 Types of Materials Recovery Facility	16
3.1.1 MATERIALS RECOVERY FACILITY (CLEAN MRF)	16
3.1.1.1 CLEAR MRFS BY SIZE AND CONFIGURATION	20
3.1.1.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CLEAN MRFS	21
3.1.2 DIRTY MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY	22
3.1.2.1. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF DIRTY MRFS	23
3.2 Level of Mechanization of the Recovery Plant	24
3.3 Factors affecting material recovery rates.	25
3.4 Site Preparation	26
CHAPTER FOUR	29
Solid Waste Management in El Salvador	29
4.1 El Salvador General Data	29
POPULATION	30
ECONOMICS	32
WASTE MANAGEMENT ISSUES	33
4.2 Solid Waste Management in El Salvador	34
NATIONAL POLICIES	34
WASTE MANAGEMENT LEGISLATION	35
MUNICIPAL LEGISLATION	36
SOCIO-CULTURAL ISSUES	36
4.3 Solid Waste Generation in El Salvador.	38
4.3.1 COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT OF SOLID WASTE	41
4.3.2 WASTE SEPARATION & RECYCLING	46
RECYCLING MARKET IN EL SALVADOR	47
RECYCLING MARKET ACTORS	47
POTENTIAL RECYCLABLE MATERIALS IN EL SALVADOR	50
POTENTIAL RECYCLABLE MATERIAL	52
NON-FERROUS MATERIALS	52
PAPER AND CARDBOARD	53
PLASTIC	54
TEXTILES	58
GLASS	60
PARTICIPATION RECYCLING MATERIALS IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET	61
PRICES AND VOLUMES OF PURCHASES AND SALES	63
4.3.3 COMPOSTING	66
4.3.4 LANDFILLS	68
4.4 Municipal Solid Waste in San Salvador	70
GENERAL DATA	70
SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION IN SAN SALVADOR	72
GENERAL DATA AND WASTE GENERATION OF MUNICIPALITIES WITH COLLECTION SERVICES	73
WASTE GENERATION	77
CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT	79
4.4.1 FINAL DISPOSAL	79
4.4.2 RECYCLING	81
CHAPTER FIVE	84
PROPOSED PROJECT AND DISCUSSION	84
5.1 Projections of MSW Generation in San Salvador	84
DESIGN CAPACITY OF MRF IN SAN SALVADOR	90
5.2 Material Recovery Facility Proposal in San Salvador	93
LAND AREA REQUIRED	94
5.2.1 TECHNICAL PROCESS	95
SEPARATION EX SITU AND AUTOMATED PLANT	95
5.2.2 PRODUCTION PROCESS	98
COMMON ASPECTS OF THE LINES	98
SEPARATION LINE	100
5.3.3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS	103
CAPITAL COST	103
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS	103
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF MRF´s DESIGNED FOR SAN SALVADOR	106
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF MRF´s DESIGNED FOR SAN SALVADOR	108
5.3 Results and Discussion	110
QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS	111
REPRESENTATION OF MUNICIPALITIES	112
KNOWLEDGE IN WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES	112
WASTE SEPARATION AT SOURCE	115
CURRENT TARIFF FOR COLLECTION SERVICE	116
WILLINGNESS TO PAY	117
CHAPTER SIX	121
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS	121
6.1 Conclusions	121
6.2 Recommendations	125
BIBLIOGRAPHIES	127
APPENDIX A	131
APPENDIX B	134
APPENDIX C	137
APPENDIX D	142

                                

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