Study of Establishing Composting System for Municipal Solid Waste in Petit-Goave City of Haiti

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研究生：	史丹利 Stanley Jn Fecu LAGUERRE
論文名稱：	Study of Establishing Composting System for Municipal Solid Waste in Petit-Goave City of Haiti Study of Establishing Composting System for Municipal Solid Waste in Petit-Goave City of Haiti
指導教授：	廖萬里 Wan-Li Liao
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 國際永續發展碩士在職專班 International Environment Sustainable Development Program
論文出版年：	2021
畢業學年度：	109
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	110
中文關鍵詞：	好氧堆肥法、成列堆翻式堆肥法、都市固體廢棄物、固體廢棄物管理
外文關鍵詞：	Aerated Composting, Windrow composting, Petit-Goave
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中文摘要
都市固體廢棄物管理問題在世界各國不斷面臨嚴峻挑戰，特別是開發中國家。海地的都市固體廢棄物存在的主要問題是：(1) 固體廢物之收集服務和規劃不足；(2) 廢棄物的再利用和回收有限；(3) 不當的固體廢棄物處置。海地的小戈夫市（Petit Goave）也不能免於此類問題，因此，本研究探討並提出小戈夫市都市廢物管理之一些解決方案有其需要性。
本研究期望能針對小戈夫市固體廢棄物之問題，蒐集與評估可靠且可施行的推肥技術以改善該城市的環境衛生。研究主要目的是探討一種適合於小戈夫市廢棄物之產量、氣候及社會經濟條件的堆肥技術，並評估其經濟性。經由蒐集與分析相關資料，包括期刊、科學論文與報告，以及其他有關適合海地的固體廢物管理的出版物，其後，為了收集小戈夫市適合推肥場地之地理情況及相關數據，本研究進行了一次考察與調查，據以評估本研究實施策略於環境、社會和經濟方面之影響。上述各方面都在盡可能使用定量或定性評估。
本研究結果發現，小戈夫市的固體廢棄物有57%為生物可降解材料，人均每天產生的廢物約為0.47至0.80公斤（DATIP, 2012）。為能妥善處理都市廢棄物，從 2020 到2030年，小戈夫市之市政當局必須確保將約5萬至8萬公噸的都市廢棄物納入管理。經估計這些可轉化為堆肥的固體廢物數量在28,500至45,000公噸/年之間，平均每年有37,000 公噸之鉅。市政廳、居民委員會、住戶和某些非政府國際組織是小戈夫市廢棄物管理方面的主要行動者。小戈夫市的廢棄物管理經費來源30%由市政預算支出，70%由中央政府負擔資助。
考慮到經濟條件和技術因素，本研究認為「成列堆翻式有氧堆肥法（turned-windrow composting）」較為適合小戈夫市發展的堆肥技術。「成列堆翻式有氧堆肥法」係將有機廢棄物堆積成數個行列，用人工或機械翻堆方式通入空氣供應腐熟所需之氧氣。本研究調查結果發現堆肥場地最合適的地點之一是距離小戈夫市中心約5公里的一個地區。堆肥操作過程最有可能發生的二次污染是溢出的臭味和飄塵之空氣污染問題。本研究提出一些操作管理方法來解決二次污染問題，包括保持堆肥材料適當碳/氮比、維持充足的空氣和適量之含水量，以及控制堆肥的 pH 值等，以減少堆肥中的甲烷氣體和氮氧化物之產生與排放。現場將建造防塵網或擋風圍欄控制塵土飛揚發生。

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is constantly facing serious challenges in the world especially in the developing countries. There are major problems in MSWM in Haiti: 1) inadequate municipal solid waste (MSW) collection services and schemes for cities; 2) limited reuse and recycling of MSW; 3) improper MSW disposal. Petit Goave, a city of Haiti which links 4 departments of the country is not exempt from such problems. Therefore, it was judged important and needful to find and suggest some solutions regarding waste management for this city.
The clear ambition of this study is to collect and assess the composting technology that is reliable and practicable to the city. Then to see how composting could help solid waste management for better sanitation of the city. The major objective is to study a technique for composting of municipal solid waste which is well-suited for the solid waste generation, climate, and socio-economic conditions of Petit Goave City. To achieve this, the following methodology has been adopted. First, review and study the materials through journal articles, scientific papers and reports, and other publications available on sustainable solid waste management suitable for Haiti. Then, to collect the data for the study, we had an observation of situation in the study area and realized a survey. Afterwards the existing solid waste condition of Petit-Goave city was collected and analyzed according to the study requirement. This study evaluates the characteristics of the site where the composting system will be implanted, and the environmental, social and economic impact of implementing the proposed strategy are also assessed. Each of the aspects used quantitative, wherever it was possible, or qualitative assessments.
As results it is found that 57% of the municipal solid waste of Petit-Goave consists of biodegradable materials, and the production of waste per capita per day is around 0.47 to 0.80 kg/ca-day (DATIP, 2012). From 2020 to 2030, for proper treatment of MSW, the municipal authorities must ensure the management of approximately 50,000 to 80,000 tons of waste in the city. According to the estimation, the solid waste that could be able to be transformed into compost will be between 28,500 tons/year to 45,000 tons/year. But it is considered in this study the composting system will have a design capacity of 18 000 tons/ year, so 22.63% of biodegradable materials will go to the composting site, the rest (34.37%) will serve to feed livestock. The city hall, the neighborhood committees, the households and certain non-governmental international organizations (NGOs) are the principal MSW management actors at Petit-Goave. Waste management in Petit-Goâve is financed by the municipal budget at 30% and the central government at70%.
The study found that, considering economic and technical factors, the aerobic composting process with “turned-windrow composting” is more suitable for Petit-Goave City in developing composting technology. The turned-windrow composting is to place organic solid waste into several rows of long piles and turn these piles periodically by either manual or mechanical way to mix and enhance air passing the composting materials. The most appropriate site for composting system is at 5 kilometers from the downtown of Petit-Goave. The most likely to happen secondary pollution is odor and dust of air pollution occurred during the operation of turned-windrow composting. This study proposed some operation management approaches to solve the problems. The operating management approach includes the emission minimization of methane gas and nitrogen oxides from composting piles by maintaining proper C/N ratio, sufficient air, moisture content, and pH control of composting piles. A board fence or wind fence will be constructed on site to control the dust and air currents.

中文摘要    I
ABSTRACT    III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT    V
TABLE OF CONTENTS    VI
LIST OF TABLES    X
LIST OF FIGURES    XI
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS    XII
CHAPTER 1    1
INTRODUCTION    1
1-1 GENERALITY AND FACTS    1
1-1-1 Presentation of Haiti and Petit-Goave City    1
1-1-1.1 Presentation of Haiti    1
1-1-1.2 Presentation of the commune of Petit-Goave    2
1-1-1.2.1 Localization, History, Politics and Administrative Divisions    2
1-1-1.2.2 Climate    3
1-1-1.2.3 Geology    4
1-1-1.2.4 Distribution of the population    4
1-1-1.2.5 Socio-economic conditions    5
1-1-2 The Facts of Municipal Solid Waste Management in the world and in Haiti    5
1-1-2.1 General consideration about Municipal Solid Waste    5
1-1-2.2 The Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) current situation in Haiti    7
1-1-2.2.1    7
1-1-2.2.2    8
1-1-2.3. Waste Collection and Treatment    9
1-2 PROBLEM STATEMENT    10
1-3 STUDY MOTIVATION AND OBJECTIVES    11
1-3-1 Study Motivation    11
1-3-2 Major objective    12
1-3-3 Specific objectives    12
1-4 HYPOTHESIS    12
1-5 BORDERS OF THE STUDY    12
CHAPTER 2    13
LITTERATURE REVIEW/ THEORETICAL REVIEW    13
2-1 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE TRASH    13
2-2 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT    13
2-2-1 Importance of an appropriate integrated solid waste management (ISWM)    16
2-2-2 The role of related unites in municipal solid waste management    17
2-3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES    19
2-4 WASTE TO ENERGY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY    20
2-5 HISTORY AND STEP OF THE COMPOSTING PROCESS    21
2-6 COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGY    23
2-6-1 Aerobic composting    23
2-6-2 Anaerobic composting    26
2-6-3 Aerobic vs. Anaerobic composting    27
2-7 DESIGN OF COMPOSTING PLANTS    27
2-7-1. Economics of Design    27
2-7-2 Interdisciplinary Teamwork    28
2-7-3. Urbanism and Regional Planning    29
2-7-4 Siting    30
2-7-5. Ecological, Climatic, and Regional Aspects    31
CHAPTER 3    33
METHODOLOGY    33
3-1 FLOW CHART OF THE METHOD PROCEDURE    33
3-2 MATERIALS USED    34
3-3 METHOD    34
3-3-1 Evolution of the informal survey    34
3-3-2 Flow of the formal survey    34
3-3-2-1 Sampling of the formal survey    35
3-3-2-2 Conduct of the formal survey    35
3-3-2-3 Data processing    35
3-3-3 Literature search    35
3-4 DIAGNOSTIC OF THE SITE WHERE THE COMPOSTING SYSTEM WILL BE IMPLANTED    36
3-4-1. Delimitation and localization of the area    36
3-4-2. Hydraulic and geological aspects    36
3-5 DEFINITION OF THE ANALYSIS VARIABLE    36
3-5-1 Demographic variables    36
3-5-2 Socio-economic variables    37
3-5-3 Spatial variables    37
3-5-4 Variables in relation to solid waste management    37
3-6 EVALUATE THE ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMY, IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED STRATEGY    37
CHAPTER 4    38
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS    38
4-1 CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPOSITION OF THE WASTE HEAP OF THE CITY OF PETIT-GOÂVE    38
4-1-1 Municipal solid waste generation estimation    38
4-1-2 Composition    39
4-1-3 Quantification    40
4-2 PRESENT SITUATION OF THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF THE CITY OF PETIT-GOAVE    42
4-2-1 Zoning of the study site    42
4-2-2-Organization of the sector    42
4-2-2.1 The Pre-collection    42
4-2-2.2 The collection    43
4-2-2.3 The transportation    44
4-2-2.4 Landfilling    44
4-2-2.5 The recovery    45
4-2-3 Funding of the sector    46
4-2-3.1 Cost of operation    46
4-2-3.2 Cost recovery    46
4-2-3.3 Willingness of local citizens to pay for a collection service    46
4-2-4 Waste management actors and their implications    48
4-2-4.1 The city hall    48
4-2-4.2 Actors working directly on the ground    48
4-2-5 Current solid waste management method in Petit-Goâve    49
4-2-5.1 People's practices    49
4-2-5.2 Modern practices    50
4-3 EFFECT OF WASTE ON HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT    50
4-3-1 The impact on the health of the population    50
4-3-2 Air pollution    51
4-3-3 Flooding    51
4-3-4 Soil and water pollution    51
4.4 EVALUATION OF THE COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES    51
4-5 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROPOSED COMPOSTING SITE    52
4-6 ESTABLISHMENT OF COMPOSTING OPERATION SYSTEM    55
4-6-1 Amount of MSW to the composting plant (tons/year)    55
4-6-2 Composition analysis    56
4-6-3 Optimum operation condition    57
4-6-4 Secondary pollution control    58
4-7 APPLICATION PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGY IN PETIT-GOAVE    61
4-7-1 Proposed composting design    61
4-7-1.1 Sizing the turn windrow composting site    61
4-7-1.2 Site Design Considerations    62
4-7-2 Operation cost of the proposed composting system    64
4-7-3 Social, economic and environmental impact of this solution    66

CHAPTER 5    68
CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND FUTURE RESEARCH    68
5-1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS    68
5-2 FUTURE RESEARCH    69
BIBLIOGRAPHIES    70
APPENDIX    73
QUESTIONNAIRE    73

                                

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