過去研究顯示，心血管疾病與日後發生第二型糖尿病都和代謝症候群有
直接的關係。而代謝症候群判定方法為個體五個症候群因子中有三項異常
者。
本篇論文研究方向主要分三個部分。首先，我們探討個體某一個症候群
因子若愈異常，是否被判定為代謝症候群的可能性愈高。其次，我們也探
討各症候群因子彼此間的相關性，目的則是暸解五個症候群因子相關性愈
高，是否有較高的機會被判定為代謝症候群？最後，我們考慮年齡、BMI、
喝酒、抽菸、吃檳榔等危險因子，是否會影響代謝症候群的發生率。

In the previous literatures, cardiovascular disease and future occurrence of
type II diabetes have direct relationship with metabolic syndrome. And the
criteria to determine the metabolic syndrome is that if there exists at least three
which are abnormal of five factors in the individual. Here are three main parts in
this thesis. First of all, we will check whether the more abnormal values of
syndrome factor becomes the higher risk of metabolic syndrome or not.
Secondly, we will talk about that the correlations between each syndrome factors,
and we will find out whether the higher correlations between the five syndrome
factors becomes the higher possibilities of metabolic syndrome? Finally, we
consider some factors such as age, BMI, drinking, smoking, and chewing betel
nut, which are risk factors, whether these risk factors affect the incidence of
metabolic syndrome or not.

[1]Reaven, G.M., (1993). Role of insulin resistance in human disease (syndrome
X) an expanded definition. Annu. Rev. Med., 44, 121-131.
[2]Alberti, K.G., Zimmet, P.Z., (1998). Definition, diagnosis and classification
of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification
of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet. Med.,
15, 539–553.
[3]Balkau, B., Charles, M.A., (1999). Comment on the provisional report from
the WHO consultation: European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistnce.
Diabet. Med., 16, 442–443.
[4] National Cholesterol Education Program, (2002). Expert Panel on Detectionand
Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Third Report of the National
Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on D- etection,
Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treat
ment Panel III) final report. Circulation, 106, 3143–3421.
[5] Grundy, S.M., Cleeman, J.I., Daniels, S.R., Donato, K.A., Eckel,R.H., Franklin,
B.A., Gordon, D.J., Krauss, R.M., Savage, P.J.,Smith, SC.Jr., Spertus,
JA., Costa ,F., (2005). American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute: Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome,
an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
scientific stat ement. Circulation, 112, 2735-2752.
[6] Zimmet ,P., Magliano, D., Matsuzawa, Y., Alberti, G., Shaw, J., (2005). The
metabolic syndrome: a global public health problem and a new definition.
J Atheroscler Thromb, 12 , 295–300.
[7]Alberti, K.G., Eckel, R.H., Grundy, S.M., Zimmet, P.Z., Cleeman, J.I.,Donato,
K.A., Fruchart, J.C., James,W.P., Loria, C.M., Smith, S.C., (2009). Harmonizing
the metabolic syndrome. A joint interim statement of the International
Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prev- ention,National
Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute; American Heart Assoc- iation, World Heart
Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society,and International Association
for the Study of Obesity. Circulation,120, 1640-1645.
[8]Reaven, G.M., (1998). Banting lecture. Role of insulin resistance in humman
disease. Diabetes, 37, 1595–1607.
[9]Lillioja, S., Mott, D.M., Spraul, M., Ferraro, R., Foley, J.E., Ravussin, E.,
Knowler, W.C., Bennett, P.H., Bogardus, C., (1993).Insulin resistance and
insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus.Prospective studies of Pima Indians. N. Engl. J. Med., 329(27),
44
1988-1992.
[10]Reaven, G.M., (1992).The role of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia
in coronary heart disease.Metabolism, 41(5 Suppl 1), 16-19
[11]Ferrannini, E., Natali, A., Capaldo, B., Lehtovirta, M., Jacob, S., Yki-Já-rvnen,
H., (1997). Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and blood pressure:
role of age and obesity. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance
(EGIR).Hypertension, 30, 1144–1149.
[12]Ingelsson, E., Sundstrom, J., Arnlov, J., Zethelius, B., Lind, L., (2005). Insulin
resistance and risk of congestive heart failure. J.A.M.A., 294, 334–341.
[13]Sattar, N., Gaw, A., Scherbakova, O., Ford, I., O''Reilly, D.S., Haffner, S.M.,
Isles, C., Macfarlane, P.W., Packard, C.J., Cobbe, S.M., Shepherd, J., 2003.
Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of
coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention
Study.Circulation, 108(4), 414-419.
[14]Lakka, H.M., Laaksonen, D.E., Lakka, T.A., Niskanen, L.K., Kumpusalo,E.,
Tuomilehto, J., Salonen, J.T., 2002.The metabolic syndrome and total and
cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. J.A.M.A., 288(21),
2709-2716.
[15]Ginsberg, H.N., MacCallum, P.R., (2009).The obesity, metabolic syndrome,
and type 2 diabetes mellitus pandemic: Part I. Increased cardiovascular
disease risk and the importance of atherogenic dyslipidemia in person with
the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of the cardiometabolic
syndrome, 4(2), 113-119.
[16]Opie, L.H., (2007). Metabolic syndrome. Circulation, 115:32-35.
[17] Huang, P.L., (2009), A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome.
Dis. Model. Mech., 2(5-6), 231–237.
[18]Park, YW., Zhu, S., Palaniappan, L., Heshka, S., Carnethon, MR., Heymsfield,
S.B., (2003). The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk
factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch. Inter. Med., 163(4), 427
-436.
[19]Ford, E.S.,Giles, W.H., (2003). A comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic
syndrome using two proposed definitions. Diabetes Care, 26(3), 575-
581.
[20]Ford, E.S., Giles,W.H., Dietz, W.H., (2002). Prevalence of the metabolic
syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey. J.A.M.A., 287(3), 356-359.
[21] Assmann, G., Guerra, R., Fox, G., Cullen, P., Schulte, H., Willett, D.,
45
Grundy, S.M., (2007). Harmonizing the definition of the metabolic syndrome:
comparison of the criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III and the
international Diabetes Federation in United States American and European
populations. Am. J. Cardiol., 99(4), 541-822.
[22]Balkau, B., Charles, M.A., Drivsholm,T., Borch-Johnsen, K., Wareham N,
Yudkin,J.S., Morris, R., Zavaroni, I., van Dam, R., Feskins, E., Gabriel, R.,
Diet, M., Nilsson, P., Hedblad, B., (2002). European Group For The Study of
Insulin Resistance(EGIR). Frequency of the WHO metabolic syndrome in
European cohorts, and an alternative definition of an insulin resistance
syndrome. Diabetes Metab., 28(5), 364-376.
[23] Anand, S.S., Yi, Q., Gerstein, H., Lonn, E., Jacobs, R., Vuksan, V., Teo, K.,
Davis, B., Montague, P., Yusuf, S., (2003). Study of Health Assessment and
Risk in Ethnic Groups; Study of Health Assessment and Risk Evaluation in
Aboriginal Peoples Investigators.Relationship of metabolic syndrome and
fibrinolytic dysfunction to cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 108(4), 420-
425.
[24]Gupta, R., Deedwania, P.C., Gupta, A., Rastogi, S., Panwar, R.B., Kotha- ri,
K, (2004).Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an Indian urban population.
Int. J. Cardiol., 97(2), 257-261.
[25] Kozan, O., Oguz, A., Abaci, A., Erol, C., Ongen, Z., Temizhan, A., Cel- ik,
S., (2007). Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Turkish adults.
Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 61(4),548-553.
[26]Zabetian, A., Hadaegh, F., Azizi, F., (2007). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome
in Iranian adult population, concordance between the IDF with the
ATPIII and the WHO definitions. Diabetes Res Clin. Pract., 77(2), 251-257.
[27]Chuang, S.Y., Chen, C.H., Chou, P., 2004. Prevalence of metabolic Syndrome
in a large health check-up population in Taiwan. J. Chin. Med. Assoc.,
67(12), 611-620.
[28]Chen, H.J., Pan, W.H., (2007). Probable blind spot in the International
Diabetes Federation definition of metabolic syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring),
15(5), 1096-1100.
[29]Chen, H.J., Bai, C.H., Yeh, W.T., Chiu, H.C., Pan, W.H., (2006). Influence
of metabolic syndrome and general obesity on risk of ischemic stroke,
37(4), 1060-1064.
[30]Lawrence, J., and Marion, R., (1991), A Method for Generating High-
Dimensional Multivariate Binary Variates,The American Statistician,
Vol.45, No.4, pp 302-304.