製備鈣鈦礦材料作於質子傳導電解質材料與固態氧化物燃料電池連接板保護層材料特性研究

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	黃健嘉 Jian-jia Huang
論文名稱：	製備鈣鈦礦材料作於質子傳導電解質材料與固態氧化物燃料電池連接板保護層材料特性研究 Fabrications and Characterizations of Perovskite Materials as Proton-Conducting Electrolyte and Protective Layer for Interconnects of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
指導教授：	李雄 Shyong Lee
口試委員:
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工學院 - 機械工程學系 Department of Mechanical Engineering
論文出版年：	2014
畢業學年度：	102
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	75
中文關鍵詞：	鈣鈦礦、固態氧化物燃料電池、金屬連接板、保護層、質子傳導
外文關鍵詞：	perovskite, SOFC, metallic interconnects, protective layer, proton conducting
相關次數：	點閱：14 下載：0
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

鈣鈦礦結構氧化物具有相當多的性質，尤其是其電子與離子傳導特性，故廣泛應用於固態氧化物燃料電池中。如：質子傳導固態氧化物燃料電池中之陽極與電解質材料、及氧離子傳導固態氧化物燃料電池中之陰極材料，甚至當作保護層材料披覆於金屬連接板表面上。本論文則主要討論La0.67Sr0.33MnO3(LSMO)鈣鈦礦氧化物當作保護層材料批覆於金屬連接板表面上、與SrCeO3質子傳導電解質材料。
在La0.67Sr0.33MnO3保護層研究方面，首先分別選擇Crofer22 APU, Crofer H, ss441 及兩個不同成分之ZMG232 之Fe-Cr合金。主要探討這五種材料於800℃高溫環境下之高溫抗氧化性與鉻揮性等。利用SEM/EDS與XRD來觀察及分析材料微結構變化與氧化層成分分析。高溫電阻則利用四點探針法進行量測。結果顯示，Crofer22 APU材料相較於其他四種材料，在長時間高溫環境下呈現出較薄氧化層厚度、較低的高溫電阻與較少的鉻揮發。
為了進一步提升連接板高溫抗氧化性，利用脈衝直流磁控濺射法、氣膠沉積法和網版印刷法、將La0.67Sr0.33MnO3（LSMO）塗覆於連接板表面上當作保護層。並於高溫氧化的環境下分析其高溫電阻變化及鉻揮發。實驗結果顯示，脈衝直流磁控濺射製程可製備出高品質與高緻密性保護層，能有效降低連接板之高溫電阻及減緩鉻向外揮發。
在質子傳導電解質材料方面，選擇SrCeO3當作基本材料，將鉀與釔分別摻雜於SrCeO3材料A-與B-site中，利用固態反應法製備出Sr1-xKxCe0.95Y0.05O3, (x=0, 0.025, 0.05)材料。並探討鉀的摻雜對於SrCe0.95Y0.05O3材料於氫氣與二氧化碳氣氛下、對於導電率及化學穩定性的影響。以X光粉末繞射儀(XRD)分析材料相與結構的變化，場發掃描式電子顯微鏡(FE-SEM)觀察材料表面形貌；利用兩點式電阻量測法分別在550, 600, 700, 800 及900℃濕氫氣(RH 30%)氣氛下進行電導率測試；化學穩定性則在600℃、1 atm二氧化碳氣氛下，分別進行2、4、8與16小時穩定性測試。結果顯示，鉀跟釔的摻雜能增加SrCeO3材料的導電率。Sr0.95K0.05Ce0.95Y0.05O3於900℃濕氫氣氣氛導電率可達到0.0081 S/cm2。在化學穩定性方面，鉀跟釔的摻雜無助於SrCeO3材料之化學穩定性，此現象也限制Sr1-xKxCe0.95Y0.05O3材料在固態氧化物燃料電池上的應用。

Perovskite oxides exhibit wide range of electrical and ionic conductivities. They are extensively used as main materials in various components of the solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). For example, proton-conducting SOFCs (P-SOFCs) often choose perovskites as anode and electrolyte. On the other hand, in oxygen-conducting SOFCs (O-SOFCs), perovskites are used as cathode and protective layer for interconnects. This thesis presents studies about perovskites for the protection of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 interconnects in O-SOFCs, and SrCeO3-based proton-conducting electrolyte in P-SOFCs.
For the part of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 protective layer, five Fe-Cr interconnects, Crofer22 APU, Crofer H, ss441 and two different ZMG232 were selected for high temperature and long term oxidation tests. Our major focus is on these naked materials’ resistance to oxidation and Cr evaporation. The microstructures, morphologies and compositions of samples after oxidation are analyzed by SEM, XRD, EDS on surfaces and cross-sections. Electrical resistance of samples during oxidation is measured by four-point probe to obtain their variations over time. Experimental results revealed that Crofer22 APU has a better performance than others after long-hour oxidation with thinner oxidized layer, lower electrical resistance and less Cr evaporation.
After the oxidation study of naked Fe-Cr interconnects, La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 was coated on interconnects by pulsed-DC magnetron sputtering, aerosol deposition and screen printing respectively. The effects of coating processes and oxidation tests on these coated interconnects were carried out and systematically investigated. The experimental results indicate that the pulsed-DC magnetron sputtering yields much denser La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 protective layer on the interconnects, which leads to lower electrical resistance and Cr evaporation.
For the part of SrCeO3-based electrolyte. SrCeO3 was selected as base-material for their well-known proton-conducting capacity. We studied two different doping elements, i.e. the potassium and yttrium for their influence on the overall electrical/proton conductivities and chemical stability under various atmospheres (H2 and CO2). The potassium is a substitution for Sr (A-site substitute) while the yttrium is for Ce (B-site substitute). The doping content is well controlled and by solid state reaction to give the final products as Sr1-xKxCe0.95Y0.05O3 (x=0, 0.025, 0.05). Results show that conductivity of these new perovskites in moisture H2 atmosphere (RH 30%) can be enhanced with the increasing potassium concentration. The maximum conductivity of Sr0.95K0.05Ce0.95Y0.05O3 was found to attain 0.0081 Scm-1 at 900℃ in moisture H2 atmosphere (RH 30%). Overall speaking, the potassium- and yttrium- doped SrCeO3 possess higher conductivity but retain relatively not good CO2 resistance. Both issues are vital in solid oxide fuel cell applications.

Abstract    III
Chapter 1 Introduction    1
1-1 Structure and properties of perovskite oxides    1
1-2 Perovskite oxide as protective layer in metallic interconnects    3
1-3 Perovskite oxides as proton-conducting electrolyte    4
1-3-1 Proton transport mechanism    5
1-3-2 Reactions for proton transport    6
1-4 Perovskite oxides as anode and cathode of SOFC    8
1-5 Scope, objective and outline of thesis    8
Chapter 2 ：Experimental assessments on the resistance to oxidation and Cr evaporation of several Fe-Cr based alloys    11
2-1 Introduction    11
2-2 Experimental    12
2-2-1Material preparation    12
2-2-2Structure and composition analysis for oxidized sample    13
2-2-3Electrical Resistance Measure for Oxidized Sample    13
2-2-4Thermogravimetric Analysis    14
2-2-5 Cr Evaporation Test    14
2-3 Results and discussion    14
2-3-1 Structure and Phase Identification    14
2-3-2 Surface Morphology of Oxidized Layer    15
2-3-3 Cross-Section SEM/EDS of the Oxidized Layer    18
2-3-4 Area Specific Resistance (ASR)    22
2-3-5 Thermogravimetric analysis    23
2-3-6 Cr Evaporation    25
2-4 Conclusions    26
Chapter 3 ：Evaluation of protective La0.67Sr0.33MnO3– coatings on various stainless steels used for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects    30
3-1 Introduction    30
3-2 Experimental    32
3-2-1 Material preparation    32
3-2-2 pulsed-DC magnetron sputtering    32
3-2-3 Structure and electrical analysis    33
3-3 Results and dicussion    34
3-3-1 XRD analysis for LSMO protective layer    34
3-3-2 Microstructures of the oxidized surfaces and the formed phases    35
3-3-3 Microstructures at interfaces between oxidized layer and alloy    37
3-3-4 Area specific resistances (ASR) of the LSMO-coated alloys.    39
3-4 Conclusions    41
Chapter 4 ：Characterization of Fe–Cr alloy metallic interconnects coated with LSMO using the aerosol deposition process    43
4-1 Introduction    43
4-2 Experimental    44
4-2-1 Materials preparation    44
4-2-2 Aerosol deposition method (AD)    45
4-2-3 Screen printing method (SP)    46
4-2-4 Structure and composition analysis of protective layer coated interconnects undergoing high temperature oxidation    46
4-2-5 Area specific resistance of oxidized samples    47
4-3 Results and discussion    47
4-3-1 XRD analysis of LSMO powder and LSMO-coated Fe–Cr alloys prepared by AD    47
4-3-2 Cross-sectional images of LSMO-coated ss441 during high temperature oxidation    48
4-3-3 Area specific resistance (ASR)    50
4-3-4 EMPA analysis of LSMO-coated ss441 samples    52
4-4 Conclusions    54
Chapter 5 ：Effect of potassium substituted for A-site of SrCe0.95Y0.05O3 on microstructure, conductivity and chemical stability    56
5-1 Introduction    56
5-2 Experimental    57
5-2-1 Sample Preparation    57
5-2-2 Materials Characterization     58
5-3 Results and discussion    59
5-3-1 XRD analysis for Sr1-xKxCe0.95Y0.05O3 powders and sintered specimens    59
5-3-2 Chemical stability of Sr1-xKxCe0.95Y0.05O3 specimens in CO2 atmosphere    62
5-3-3 Morphology and fracture images of Sr1-xKxCe0.95Y0.05O3 sintered specimens    64
5-4 Conclusions    70
Chapter 6 ： Summary    73
Appendix A: List of Notation    74




 
List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Schematic diagram of perovskite structure [2].    1
Figure 1.2 The effect of ionic size of A- and B-cations on the observed distortions of the II-IV and III-III perovskite structure [2].    2
Figure 1.3 Schematic diagram of the oxygen-conducting SOFC stack cell.    3
Figure 1.4 Proton conductivity of some perovskite oxides at   = 0.03 atm [2]    5
Figure 1.5 Schematic diagram of Grotthuss mechanism for proton transfer in perovskite [20].    6
Figure 2.1 Schematic drawing of four-point probe measuring electrical resistance.    13
Figure 2.2 Schematic drawing of design of high dense alumina sandwich plates for Cr evaporation test.    14
Figure 2.3 XRD pattern of five materials oxidized at 800°C after 250 hours.    15
Figure 2.4 SEM of oxidized surfaces at 800°C after 250 hours, (a) Cofer22 APU, (b) Crofer H, (c) ss441, (d) ZMG232-A and (e) ZMG232-B. Numbers 1, 2 and 3 marked the locations of EDS analysis.    17
Figure 2.5 The Mn/Cr ratio at different points and crystal size of five materials    18
Figure 2.6 Cross-sectional SEM of the oxidized layers before oxidation: (a) Crofer22 APU, (c) Crofer H, (e) ss441, (g) ZMG232-A and (i) ZMG232-B, and after oxidation at 800°C for 250 hours: (b) Crofer22 APU, (d) Crofer H, (f) ss441, (h) ZMG232-A and (j) ZMG232-B.    22
Figure 2.7 Area specific resistance of five materials oxidized at 800°C for 250 hours.    23
Figure 2.8 Gains in weight of four materials oxidized at 800°C after 216 hours. (a) is based on measured weights and (b) on percentage (gain/original weight).    25
Figure 2.9 Averaged atomic concentration of Cr deposited on alumina plates by EDS for from the five materials after oxidation at 800°C after 250 hours. The La concentration is from Table 2.1.    26
Figure 3.1 Schematic representation of pulsed-DC magnetron sputtering.    33
Figure 3.2 Schematic drawing of four-point probe measuring electrical resistance.    34
Figure 3.3 X-ray diffraction patterns of the LSMO coatings on the surfaces of the oxidized alloys processed at different temperatures and for different times: (a) 2205DSS, (b) ZMG232, (c) ss430, and (d) ss304.    35
Figure 3.4 SEM micrographs of the LSMO coated alloys: (a)–(d) ss304, (e)–(h) ss430, (i)–(l) ZMG232, and (m)–(p) 2205DSS after aging at 600℃, 700℃, and 800℃ for time periods ranging from 1 hour to 200 hours.    36
Figure 3.5 SEM surface morphologies of LSMO coated (a) 2205DSS; (b) ZMG232; (c) ss430, and (d) ss304 oxidized at 700℃ for 1 hour.    37
Figure 3.6 SEM micrographs of the oxidized layer /alloy interface for (a) 2205DSS, (b) ZMG232, (c) ss430, and (d) ss304 after oxidation at 800℃ for 200 hours.    38
Figure 3.7 Area specific resistance of four coated materials oxidized at 800℃ for 200 hours.    40
Figure 3.8 Arrhenius plots of LSM-coated 2205DSS, ZMG232, ss430, and ss304 during 800℃ oxidation for 200 hours.    40
Figure 4.1 Particles size distribution of LSMO powder made by solid state reaction method.    45
Figure 4.2 Schematic representation of aerosol deposition apparatus.    46
Figure 4.3 Schematic representation of measuring resistance measuring setup.    47
Figure 4.4 XRD patterns of (a) raw LSMO powder and LSMO protective layer prepared by AD process, (b) the (104) plane from 30°to 36°    48
Figure 4.5 Cross-sectional SEM image for bare ss441 annealed at 800°C for 250 hours in air.    49
Figure 4.6 Cross-sectional SEM images for LSMO-coated ss441 prepared by (a) AD process, (b) SP process annealed at 800°C for 750 hours in air.    50
Figure 4.7 Area specific resistance for bare ss441, LSMO-coated ss441 prepared by AD and SP as a function of time at 800°C in air.    52
Figure 4.8 EPMA mapping of LSMO-coated ss441 prepared by (a) aerosol deposition and (b) screen printing annealed at 800°C for 750 hours in air.    54
Figure 5.1 Schematic representation of measuring conductivity setup.    59
Figure 5.2 XRD patterns for (a) Sr1-xKxCe0.95Y0.05O3 powders calcined in air at 1250℃ for 8 hours, (b) (211) peak at 2θ ranged from 28o to 31o    61
Figure 5.3 Lattice parameters of Sr1-xKxCe0.95Y0.05O3 calcined in air at 1250℃ for 8 hours.    61
Figure 5.4 XRD pattern of Sr1-xKxCe0.95Y0.05O3 specimens sintered at 1550℃ for 8 hours.    61
Figure 5.5 XRD patterns of Sr1-xKxCe0.95Y0.05O3 sintered pellets exposed in CO2 atmosphere at 600℃ for (a) 2 hours, (b) 4 hours, (c) 8 hours, and (d) 16 hours.    64
Figure 5.6 SEM morphology images of Sr1-xKxCe0.95Y0.05O3 sintered in air at 1550℃ for 8 hours, (a) X = 0, (b) X = 0.025, (c) X = 0.05.    65
Figure 5.7 The fracture SEM images of Sr1-xKxCe0.95Y0.05O3 sintered in air at1550℃ for 8 hours, (a) X = 0, (b) X = 0.025, (c) X = 0.05.    67
Figure 5.8 (a) Conductivity and (b) activation energy of Sr1-xKxCe0.95Y0.05O3 specimens measured in the temperature range of 550-900℃ under moisture H2 atmosphere (RH30% ).    70


 
List of Tables

Table 1.1 Typical properties of perovskite oxides [2].    3
Table 2.1 Chemical composition of five selected materials.    13
Table 2.2 Mn/Cr ratio of oxidized alloys surface by EDS analysis    18
Table 3.1 Chemical composition of four selected materials.    32
Table 3.2 Thermal expansion of various alloys at temperature form 30℃ to 800℃.    36
Table 4.1 Chemical composition of Fe-Cr alloy.    45
Table 5.1 Weights of each oxide powder corresponding to Sr1-xKxCe0.95Y0.05O3    58
Table 5.2 Porosity and water absorption of Sr1-xKxCe0.95Y0.05O3 using Archimedes method.    66


                                

Chapter 1:
[1] T.K. Oh, H. Yoon, E.D. Wachsman, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 180, (2009), pp. 1233-1239.
[2] T. Ishihara, Perovskite Oxide for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Springer US, 2009.
[3] J. Kniep, Y.S. Lin, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 49, (2010), pp. 2768-2774.
[4] C.F. Setevich, L.V. Mogni, A. Caneiro, F.D. Prado, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37, (2012), pp. 14895-14901.
[5] A. Egger, E. Bucher, M. Yang, W. Sitte, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 225, (2012), pp. 55-60.
[6] M. Balaguer, V.B. Vert, L. Navarrete, J.M. Serra, J. Power Sources, Vol. 223, (2013), pp. 214-220.
[7] Y.M. Yin, M.W. Xiong, N.T. Yang, Z. Tong, Y.Q. Guo, Z.F. Ma, E. Sun, J. Yamanis, B.Y. Jing, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 36, (2011), pp. 3989-3996.
[8] R. Sachitanand, M. Sattari, J.-E. Svensson, J. Froitzheim, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38, (2013), pp. 15328-15334.
[9] Y. Li, J. Wu, C. Johnson, R. Gemmen, X.M. Scott, X. Liu, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, (2009), pp. 1489-1496.
[10] H. Kurokawa, K. Kawamura, T. Maruyama, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 168, (2004), pp. 13-21.
[11] M. Han, S. Peng, Z. Wang, Z. Yang, X. Chen, J. Power Sources, Vol. 164, (2007), pp. 278-283.
[12] T. Brylewski, M. Nanko, T. Maruyama, K. Przybylski, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 143, (2001), pp. 131-150.
[13] K. Fujita, K. Ogasawara, Y. Matsuzaki, T. Sakurai, J. Power Sources, Vol. 131, (2004), pp. 261-269.
[14] G.Y. Lau, M.C. Tucker, C.P. Jacobson, S.J. Visco, S.H. Gleixner, L.C. DeJonghe, J. Power Sources, Vol. 195, (2010), pp. 7540-7547.
[15] E. Konysheva, U. Seeling, A. Besmehn, L. Singheiser, K. Hilpert, J Mater Sci, Vol. 42, (2007), pp. 5778-5784.
[16] M. Matsuka, T. Sakai, H. Matsumoto, R.D. Braddock, I.E. Agranovski, T. Ishihara, Mater. Lett., Vol. 64, (2010), pp. 833-835.
[17] X. Ding, J. Gu, D. Gao, G. Chen, Y. Zhang, J. Power Sources, Vol. 195, (2010), pp. 4252-4254.
[18] J.H. Xu, J. Xiang, H. Ding, T.Q. Yu, J.L. Li, Z.G. Li, Y.W. Yang, X.L. Shao, J. Alloys Compd., Vol. 551, (2013), pp. 333-337.
[19] C. Zhang, S. Li, X. Liu, X. Zhao, D. He, H. Qiu, Q. Yu, S. Wang, L. Jiang, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38, (2013), pp. 12921-12926.
[20] M. Saiful Islam, J. Mater. Chem., Vol. 10, (2000), pp. 1027-1038.
[21] T. Norby, M. Wideroe, R. Glockner, Y. Larring, Dalton Transactions, Vol. (2004), pp. 3012-3018.
[22] X. Wei, Y.S. Lin, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 178, (2008), pp. 1804-1810.
[23] A. Egger, E. Bucher, M. Yang, W. Sitte, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 225, (2012), pp. 55-60.
[24] C. Zhang, Y. Zheng, Y. Lin, R. Ran, Z. Shao, D. Farrusseng, J. Power Sources, Vol. 191, (2009), pp. 225-232.
[25] M. Ghouse, Y. Al Yousef, A. Al Musa, M.F. Al Otaibi, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35, (2010), pp. 9411-9419.
[26] B. Morel, R. Roberge, S. Savoie, T.W. Napporn, M. Meunier, Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 323, (2007), pp. 181-187.
[27] Y. Liu, Y. Guo, R. Ran, Z. Shao, J. Membr. Sci., Vol. 415–416, (2012), pp. 391-398.
[28] X. Zhang, Y.e. Qiu, F. Jin, F. Guo, Y. Song, B. Zhu, J. Power Sources, Vol. 241, (2013), pp. 654-659.

Chapter 2:
References:
[1] E. Konysheva, U. Seeling, A. Besmehn, L. Singheiser, K. Hilpert, J. Mater. Sci., Vol. 42, (2007), pp. 5778-5784.
[2] Z. Yang, G. Xia, P. Singh, J.W. Stevenson, J. Power Sources, Vol. 155, (2006), pp. 246-252.
[3] Y.D. Zhen, S.P. Jiang, S. Zhang, V. Tan, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., Vol. 26, (2006), pp. 3253-3264.
[4] B.C.H. Steele, A. Heinzel, Nature, Vol. 414, (2001), pp. 345-352.
[5] T. Horita, H. Kishimoto, K. Yamaji, N. Sakai, Y. Xiong, M.E. Brito, H. Yokokawa, J. Power Sources, Vol. 157, (2006), pp. 681-687.
[6] H.S. Seo, G. Jin, J.H. Jun, D.H. Kim, K.Y. Kim, J. Power Sources, Vol. 178, (2008), pp. 1-8.
[7] Z. Yang, K.S. Weil, D.M. Paxton, J.W. Stevenson, J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 150, (2003), pp. A1188-A1201.
[8] L. Jian, P. Jian, X. Jianzhong, Q. Xiaoliang, J. Power Sources, Vol. 139, (2005), pp. 182-187.
[9] P. Jian, L. Jian, H. Bing, G. Xie, J. Power Sources, Vol. 158, (2006), pp. 354-360.
[10] S.H. Kim, J.Y. Huh, J.H. Jun, J.H. Jun, J. Favergeon, Curr. Appl. Phys., Vol. 10, (2010), pp. S86-S90.
[11] J. Wu, X. Liu, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., Vol. 26, (2010), pp. 293-305.
[12] Y. Liu, D.Y. Chen, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, (2009), pp. 9220-9226.
[13] T. Horita, K. Yamaji, Y. Xiong, H. Kishimoto, N. Sakai, H. Yokokawa, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 175, (2004), pp. 157-163.
[14] T. Horita, H. Kishimoto, K. Yamaji, Y. Xiong, M.E. Brito, H. Yokokawa, Y. Baba, K. Ogasawara, H. Kameda, Y. Matsuzaki, S. Yamashita, N. Yasuda, T. Uehara, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 179, (2008), pp. 2216-2221.
[15] B. Hua, W. Zhang, J. Wu, J. Pu, B. Chi, L. Jian, J. Power Sources, Vol. 195, (2010), pp. 7375-7379.
[16] G.Y. Lau, M.C. Tucker, C.P. Jacobson, S.J. Visco, S.H. Gleixner, L.C. DeJonghe, J. Power Sources, Vol. 195, (2010), pp. 7540-7547.
[17] K. Fujita, K. Ogasawara, Y. Matsuzaki, T. Sakurai, J. Power Sources, Vol. 131, (2004), pp. 261-269.
[18] N. Yasuda, T. Uehara, S. Tanaka, K. Yamamura, ECS Trans., Vol. 35, (2011), pp. 2437-2445.
[19] J. Rufner, P. Gannon, P. White, M. Deibert, S. Teintze, R. Smith, H. Chen, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 33, (2008), pp. 1392-1398.
[20] T. Horita, K. Yamaji, H. Yokokawa, A. Toji, T. Uehara, K. Ogasawara, H. Kameda, Y. Matsuzaki, S. Yamashita, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 33, (2008), pp. 6308-6315.
[21] Z. Yang, G.G. Xia, M.S. Walker, C.M. Wang, J.W. Stevenson, P. Singh, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 32, (2007), pp. 3770-3777.
[22] M. Palcut, L. Mikkelsen, K. Neufeld, M. Chen, R. Knibbe, P.V. Hendriksen, Corros. Sci., Vol. 52, (2010), pp. 3309-3320.
[23] N. Yasuda, T. Uehara, S. Tanaka, K. Yamamura, ECS Trans., Vol. 35, (2011), pp. 2437-2445.
[24] T. Uehara, N. Yasuda, M. Okamoto, Y. Baba, J. Power Sources, Vol. 196, (2011), pp. 7251-7256.
[25] J. Froitzheim, G.H. Meier, L. Niewolak, P.J. Ennis, H. Hattendorf, L. Singheiser, W.J. Quadakkers, J. Power Sources, Vol. 178, (2008), pp. 163-173.
[26] T. Horita, H. Kishimoto, K. Yamaji, Y. Xiong, N. Sakai, M.E. Brito, H. Yokokawa, J. Power Sources, Vol. 176, (2008), pp. 54-61.
[27] H.S. Seo, D.W. Yun, K.Y. Kim, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38, (2013), pp. 2432-2442.
[28] V. Miguel-Pérez, A. Martínez-Amesti, M.L. Nó, A. Larrañaga, M.I. Arriortua, Corros. Sci., Vol. 60, (2012), pp. 38-49.
[29] T. Malkow, W.J. Quadakkers, L. Singheiser, H. Nickel, Julich, Vol. Jul-3589, (1998), pp.
[30] W.Z. Zhu, S.C. Deevi, Mater. Res. Bull., Vol. 38, (2003), pp. 957-972.
[31] S. Klemme, H.S.C. O'Neill, W. Schnelle, E. Gmelin, Am. Mineral., Vol. 85, (2000), pp. 1686-1693.
[32] J.L. Shapiro, B.F. Woodfield, R. Stevens, J. Boerio-Goates, M.L. Wilson, J. Chem. Thermodyn., Vol. 31, (1999), pp. 725-739.
[33] I.H. Jung, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 177, (2006), pp. 765-777.
[34] J.A. Schuler, H. Yokokawa, C.F. Calderone, Q. Jeangros, Z. Wuillemin, A. Hessler-Wyser, J. Van herle, J. Power Sources, Vol. 201, (2012), pp. 112-120.
[35] P.D. Jablonski, D.E. Alman, J. Power Sources, Vol. 180, (2008), pp. 433-439.
[36] X. Chen, P.Y. Hou, C.P. Jacobson, S.J. Visco, L.C. De Jonghe, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 176, (2005), pp. 425-433.

Chapter 3:
References:
[1] J. Will, A. Mitterdorfer, C. Kleinlogel, D. Perednis, L.J. Gauckler, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 131, (2000), pp. 79-96.
[2] W.Z. Zhu, S.C. Deevi, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 348, (2003), pp. 227-243.
[3] C. Fu, K. Sun, D. Zhou, Journal of Rare Earths, Vol. 24, (2006), pp. 320-326.
[4] D.P. Lim, D.S. Lim, J.S. Oh, I.W. Lyo, Surf. Coat. Technol., Vol. 200, (2005), pp. 1248-1251.
[5] C.L. Chu, J.Y. Wang, R.Y. Lee, T.H. Lee, S. Lee, Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, Vol. 6, (2009), pp. 031013-031013.
[6] S.J. Geng, J.H. Zhu, Z.G. Lu, Scripta Mater., Vol. 55, (2006), pp. 239-242.
[7] J.W. Fergus, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 32, (2007), pp. 3664-3671.
[8] S.P. Jiang, Y.D. Zhen, S. Zhang, J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 153, (2006), pp. A1511-A1517.
[9] T. Brylewski, M. Nanko, T. Maruyama, K. Przybylski, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 143, (2001), pp. 131-150.
[10] H.W. Nie, T.L. Wen, H.Y. Tu, Mater. Res. Bull., Vol. 38, (2003), pp. 1531-1536.
[11] W. Qua, J. Lia, D.G. Iveyb, J. Power Sources, Vol. 138, (2004), pp. 162-173.
[12] J.H. Kim, R.H. Song, S.H. Hyun, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 174, (2004), pp. 185-191.
[13] M. Burriel, G. Garcia, J. Santiso, A.N. Hansson, S. Linderoth, A. Figueras, Thin Solid Films, Vol. 473, (2005), pp. 98-103.
[14] N. Pryds, B. Toftmann, J. Schou, P.V. Hendriksen, S. Linderoth, Appl. Surf. Sci., Vol. 247, (2005), pp. 466-470.
[15] Z. Yang, G.G. Xia, X.H. Li, J.W. Stevenson, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 32, (2007), pp. 3648-3654.
[16] T. Brylewski, K. Przybylski, J. Morgiel, Mater. Chem. Phys., Vol. 81, (2003), pp. 434-437.
[17] W. Qu, L. Jian, J.M. Hill, D.G. Ivey, J. Power Sources, Vol. 153, (2006), pp. 114-124.
[18] T. Horita, Y. Xiong, K. Yamaji, N. Sakai, H. Yokokawa, J. Power Sources, Vol. 118, (2003), pp. 35-43.
[19] C.L. Chu, J.Y. Wang, S. Lee, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 33, (2008), pp. 2536-2546.
[20] G.R. Holcomb, D.E. Alman, Scripta Mater., Vol. 54, (2006), pp. 1821-1825.
[21] G. Holcomb, D. Alman, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., Vol. 15, (2006), pp. 394-398.
[22] H. Ebrahimifar, M. Zandrahimi, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 183, (2011), pp. 71-79.
[23] S. Lee, C.L. Chu, J. Gwo, J.J. Huang, M.J. Tsai, S.M. Wang, Surf. Eng., Vol. 27, (2011), pp. 531-535.

Chapter 4:
References:
[1] D.W. Yun, H.S. Seo, J.H. Jun, J.M. Lee, D.H. Kim, K.Y. Kim, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 36, (2011), pp. 5595-5603.
[2] Z. Yang, G.G. Xia, C.M. Wang, Z. Nie, J. Templeton, J.W. Stevenson, P. Singh, J. Power Sources, Vol. 183, (2008), pp. 660-667.
[3] J. Wu, X. Liu, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., Vol. 26, (2010), pp. 293-305.
[4] J. Rufner, P. Gannon, P. White, M. Deibert, S. Teintze, R. Smith, H. Chen, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 33, (2008), pp. 1392-1398.
[5] S. Geng, J. Zhu, M.P. Brady, H.U. Anderson, X.-D. Zhou, Z. Yang, J. Power Sources, Vol. 172, (2007), pp. 775-781.
[6] T. Horita, H. Kishimoto, K. Yamaji, Y. Xiong, M.E. Brito, H. Yokokawa, Y. Baba, K. Ogasawara, H. Kameda, Y. Matsuzaki, S. Yamashita, N. Yasuda, T. Uehara, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 179, (2008), pp. 2216-2221.
[7] T. Horita, K. Yamaji, Y. Xiong, H. Kishimoto, N. Sakai, H. Yokokawa, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 175, (2004), pp. 157-163.
[8] K. Fujita, K. Ogasawara, Y. Matsuzaki, T. Sakurai, J. Power Sources, Vol. 131, (2004), pp. 261-269.
[9] E. Konysheva, U. Seeling, A. Besmehn, L. Singheiser, K. Hilpert, J Mater Sci, Vol. 42, (2007), pp. 5778-5784.
[10] G.Y. Lau, M.C. Tucker, C.P. Jacobson, S.J. Visco, S.H. Gleixner, L.C. DeJonghe, J. Power Sources, Vol. 195, (2010), pp. 7540-7547.
[11] B. Hua, W. Zhang, J. Wu, J. Pu, B. Chi, L. Jian, J. Power Sources, Vol. 195, (2010), pp. 7375-7379.
[12] C.L. Chu, J.Y. Wang, S. Lee, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 33, (2008), pp. 2536-2546.
[13] C.L. Chu, J. Lee, T.H. Lee, Y.N. Cheng, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, (2009), pp. 422-434.
[14] S. Lee, C.L. Chu, M.J. Tsai, J. Lee, Appl. Surf. Sci., Vol. 256, (2010), pp. 1817-1824.
[15] S.F. Wang, Y.F. Hsu, C.H. Wang, C.T. Yeh, J. Power Sources, Vol. 196, (2011), pp. 5064-5069.
[16] J. Akedo, J. Therm. Spray Technol., Vol. 17, (2008), pp. 181-198.
[17] J. Akedo, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., Vol. 89, (2006), pp. 1834-1839.
[18] C.W. Kim, J.H. Choi, H.-J. Kim, D.-W. Lee, C.-Y. Hyun, S.-M. Nam, Ceram. Int., Vol. 38, (2012), pp. 5621-5627.
[19] W.Z. Zhu, S.C. Deevi, Mater. Res. Bull., Vol. 38, (2003), pp. 957-972.

Chapter 5:
References:
[1] U. Balachandran, T.H. Lee, L. Chen, S.J. Song, J.J. Picciolo, S.E. Dorris, Fuel, Vol. 85, (2006), pp.150-155.
[2] C. Zuo, T.H. Lee, S.E. Dorris, U. Balachandran, M. Liu, J. Power Sources Vol. 159, (2006), pp. 1291-1295.
[3] H. Iwahara, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 86–88, (1996), pp.9-15.
[4] J. Guan, S.E. Dorris, U. Balachandran, L. Meilin, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 110, (1998), pp.303-310.
[5] X. Wei, Y.S. Lin, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 178, (2008), pp.1804-1810.
[6] T.K. Oh, H. Yoon, E.D. Wachsman, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 180, (2009), pp.1233-1239.
[7] C. Zhang, S. Li, X. Liu, X. Zhao, D. He, H. Qiu, Q. Yu, S. Wang, L. Jiang, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38, (2013), pp.12921-12926.
[8] Y.C. Liou, S.L. Yang, J. Power Sources, Vol. 179, (2008), pp. 553-559.
[9] J. Li, H. Yoon, E.D. Wachsman, J. Membrane Science, Vol. 381, (2011), pp.126-131.
[10] N. Sammes, R. Phillips, A. Smirnova, J. Power Sources, Vol. 134, (2004), pp.153-159.
[11] H. Iwahara, T. Esaka, H. Uchida, N. Maeda, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 3–4, (1981), pp.359-363.
[12] T. Oh, J.L. Li, H. Yoon, E.D. Wachsman, Ionics, Vol. 15, (2009), pp.525-530.
[13] X. Qi, Y.S. Lin, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 130, (2000), pp.149-156.
[14] H. Iwahara, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 77, (1995), pp.289–298.
[15] G.C. Mather, D. Poulidi, A. Thursfield, M.J. Pascual, J.R. Jurado, I.S. Metcalfe, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 181, (2010), pp.230-235.
[16] J. Zhang, Z. Wen, S. Huang, J. Wu, J. Han, X. Xu, Ceram. Int., Vol. 34, (2008), pp.1273-1278.
[17] S. Wang, F. Zhao, L. Zhang, K. Brinkman, F. Chen, J. Alloys Compd., Vol. 506, (2010), pp.263-267.
[18] A.N. Shirsat, K.N.G. Kaimal, S.R. Bharadwaj, D. Das, J. Solid State Chem., Vol. 177, (2004), pp. 2007-2013.
[19] I. Barin, Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, 3rd Edition, VCH, Weinheim, 1995.
[20] J.C. Wurst, J.A. Nelson, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., Vol. 55, (1972), pp.109-109.
[21] M. I. Mendelson, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., Vol. 52, (1969), pp.443-446.
[22] P.I. Dahl, R. Haugsrud, H.L. Lein, T. Grande, T. Norby, M.A. Einarsrud, J. European Ceramic Society, Vol. 27, (2007), pp.4461-4471.
[23] M. N. Rahaman, Sintering of Ceramics, CRC Press, New York, 2008.
[24] K.D. Kreuer, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 125, (1999), pp.285-302.

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文