全球電離層散塊E層特性之研究：風切理論的探討

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研究生：	陳冠廷 Kuan-Ting Chen
論文名稱：	全球電離層散塊E層特性之研究：風切理論的探討 Climatology of ionospheric Sporadic E Layer : Examination of Wind Shear Theory
指導教授：	朱延祥 Yen-Hsyang Chu
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	地球科學學院 - 太空科學研究所 Graduate Institute of Space Science
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	85
中文關鍵詞：	散塊E層、風切理論
外文關鍵詞：	Sporadic E, wind shear theory
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本篇論文利用風切理論作為理論基礎來描述離子在高度上的輻合機制，在研
究過程中加入鐵離子；因此在探討散塊E 層的形成時，有了在背景環境中存在讓
離子輻合的機制(機制項)，又有了組成散塊E 層最主要的金屬離子在空間中分布
的資訊(源項)，使得對於電離層散塊E 層的模擬更加完整。
在模擬的過程當中，利用HWM-07 水平風場模型、IGRF 地磁場模型、MSIS-00
模型來獲得描述離子垂直飄移速度所需要的背景環境參數；並且利用WACCM 模型
獲得鐵離子濃度全球分布資料，進而可模擬離子垂直通量的大小。接著即可以對
散塊E 層在季節變化造成的南北半球不對稱性、空間中的分布特性以及日變化的
這些特性進行模擬。
接著利用福衛三號電波掩星法所觀測到的電離層散塊E 層，分析統計後獲得
散塊E 層的季節變化、經緯度分布及日變化這些特性與分析模擬結果獲得的散塊
E 層特性進行驗證與比較。研究內容顯示，模擬結果與福爾摩沙衛星三號觀測結
果在水平面上大致.吻合；並且在模擬散塊E 層特性的研究內容中，可進一步的
證明其散塊E 層發生機率在不同季節的南北半球的不對稱性與風切效應有關。

On the basis of GPS radio occultation (RO) technique, we develop a method
to extract ionospheric sporadic E (Es) layer from COSMIC-measured ionospheric
data (e.g., GPS signal signal-to-noise ratio, L1 and L2 excess phases and
RO-retrieved electron density) to investigate the climatology of the Sporadic E
layer.
The results show that there is salient summer-winter asymmetry in the
occurrence rate of the Es layer, namely, higher in summer hemisphere and
lower in winter hemisphere. In addition, there is a strong tendency for the Es
layer to descend with local time that is in harmony with the diurnal or
semi-diurnal tidal motion, depending on season and latitude region. In order to
realize the physical process responsible for the climatology of the
COSMIC-measured Es layer, we simulate the temporal and global distribution of
the occurrence of the Es layer in accordance with wind shear Theory. We
calculate vertical ion drift velocity based on empirical models of the ionosphere,
including HWM07, MSIS00, IGRF. The ferric ion (Fe+) density calculated from
Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model(WACCM) is used to obtain ferric
ion vertical flux. The simulation results show that the seasonal asymmetry of
the Sporadic E layer occurrence rate between the summer and winter
hemispheres is very likely caused by the neutral wind shear in the Es region.

摘要 ................................................................................................................................. i
Abstract ......................................................................................................................... ii
致謝 ............................................................................................................................... iii
目錄 ................................................................................................................................ v
圖目錄 ........................................................................................................................... vii
表目錄 ............................................................................................................................. x
第一章 前言 ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 研究動機與論文介紹 ...................................................................................... 1
第二章 基礎理論 ........................................................................................................... 2
2.1 模擬所在區域的背景環境介紹 ...................................................................... 2
2.1.1 中性大氣結構與分布 .......................................................................... 2
2.1.2 電離層的歷史與簡介 .......................................................................... 4
2.2 電離層散塊E 層 .............................................................................................. 6
2.3 風切理論 .......................................................................................................... 7
2.3.1 風切理論介紹 ...................................................................................... 7
2.3.2 離子輻合與輻散的機制 ...................................................................... 8
2.3.3 離子運動方程式 ................................................................................10
2.4 散塊E 層的主要成分 ....................................................................................10
2.5 離子通量 ........................................................................................................12
2.6 離子與中性大氣的碰撞頻率推導 ................................................................13
第三章 模擬過程及模型的應用 .............................................................................17
3.1 數值模擬過程及模型的應用 ........................................................................17
3.1.1 IGRF 模型 ...........................................................................................17
3.1.2 MSIS 模型 ...........................................................................................18
3.1.3 HWM 模型 .............................................................................................20
3.1.4 WACCM 模型 .........................................................................................22
3.2 數值模擬過程 .............................................................................................23
3.2.1 離子與中性大氣的碰撞頻率模擬 ....................................................23
3.2.2 離子垂直飄移速度模擬 ....................................................................25
3.2.3 離子垂直飄移速度梯度模擬 ............................................................31
3.3 離子垂直通量模擬 ........................................................................................32
3.4 模擬散塊E 層發生機率 ................................................................................35
第四章 模擬結果與討論 .............................................................................................38
4.1 引用分析福爾摩沙衛星三號(COSMIC)資料獲得的觀測散塊E 層發生機率
...............................................................................................................................38
4.2 水平面上模擬分布與觀測結果比較 ............................................................38
4.2.1 離子垂直方向上梯度量值與觀測散塊E 層結果比較 ....................38
4.2.2 離子垂直方向通量與觀測結果比較 ................................................42
4.2.3 散塊E 層發生機率與觀測比較 ........................................................47
4.3 緯度-高度平面(Longitudinally)上模擬分布與觀測結果比較 .............50
4.4 日變化模擬分布與觀測結果比較 ................................................................55
4.5 模擬與觀測結果的探討 ................................................................................57
第五章 結論與未來展望 .............................................................................................59
5.1 結論 ................................................................................................................59
5.2 未來展望 .........................................................................................................60
附錄一：(座標系探討) ........................................................................................62
附錄二：( 高度微分項探討) .............................................................................64
參考資料 .......................................................................................................................69
                                

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〔20〕NOAA 資料下載網頁： ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/STP/SOLAR_DATA/
〔21〕提供鐵離子資料的Wuhu Feng 博士個人網頁與聯絡資訊：
http://homepages.see.leeds.ac.uk/~earfw/

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