都市中由於建築環境及人口的集中與活動，使得溫度較鄰近地區為高，此種現象稱為熱島效應(UHI)，鋪面為都市中影響熱島效應顯著因素之一，相關研究指出減緩熱島效應對策包括使用自然植披、涼化屋頂及涼化鋪面等方式，本研究主要針對透水性鋪面之使用對於空氣溫度及建築能源量使用進行探討。
本研究中量測資料包括氣象數據及鋪面表面溫度兩部分，首先利用統計方法分析各種變數間的相關性以建立鋪面表面溫度模型，並利用DesignBuilder 計算流體力學(CFD) 軟體進行透水性鋪面表面溫度對空氣溫度影響之模擬， 利用模擬結果以DesignBuilder 程式中之EnergyPlus 進行建築能源使用計算，並以國立中央大學總圖書館進行案例模擬，模擬五種不同鋪面型式(密級配瀝青混凝土/DGAC，透水瀝青混凝土/PAC，水泥混凝土，透水連鎖磚/PICB 及植草磚)使用下之差異，以水泥混凝土為基準；研究成果發現密級配瀝青混凝土和透水瀝青混凝土之使用，會使得空氣溫度提升並使建築能源使用量增加，當使用植草磚及透水連鎖磚鋪面時可降低空氣溫度及建築能源之使用。

Cities can be several degrees warmer than surrounding regions due to the built environment and the concentration of human activity, a phenomenon referred to as an urban heat island (UHI). Pavements are found to be a significant contributor to the UHI. Three commonly suggested strategies to mitigate the heat island effect are by using vegetation, cool roofing, and cool pavements. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of utilization of permeable pavement on air temperature and building energy consumption.
In this study, site measurement is conducted to collect meteorological and pavement surface temperature data. Statistical analysis is used to find the correlation between
variables and to develop the pavement surface temperature model. The impact of permeable pavement surface temperature on air temperature is investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation package in DesignBuilder software. The result is further used in the building energy consumption simulation. The energy consumption simulation is done using EnergyPlus in DesignBuilder. National Central
University (NCU) main library is used as the case study for the simulation. Simulation on five types of pavement (dense grade asphalt pavement/DGAC, permeable asphalt pavement/PAC, concrete, permeable interlocking concrete block/PICB, and grass block) with concrete as the base for comparison shows that applying DGAC and PAC increase air temperature and building energy consumption, while applying grass block and PICB can reduce air temperature and building energy consumption.

[1] Rose, L.S., H. Akbari, & H. Taha. 2003. Characterizing the Fabric of the Urban Environment: A Case Study of Greater Houston, Texas. Paper LBNL-51448. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.
[2] Taha, Haidar. 2008. Meso-urban Meteorological and Photochemical Modeling of Heat Island Mitigation. Atmospheric Environment. 42: 8795-8809.
[3] Akbari, H., M. Pomeratz, H. Taha. 2001. Cool Surfaces and Shade Trees to Reduce Energy Use and Improve Air Quality in Urban Area. Solar Energy. 70(3): 295-310.
[4] Abbot CL, Comino-Mateos L. 2003. In-Situ Hydraulic Performance of a Permeable Pavement Sustainable Urban Drainage System. Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management. 17(3):187–90.
[5] Booth DB, Leavitt J. 1999. Field Evaluation of Permeable Pavement Systems for Improved Storm Water Management. American Planning Association Journal. 65(3):314–25.
[6] Pagotto C, Legret M, Le Cloirec P. 2000. Comparison of the Hydraulic Behavior and the Quality of Highway Runoff Water According to the Type of Pavement. Water Research. 34(18):4446–54.
[7] Scholz M. Wetland Systems to Control Urban Runoff. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2006.
[8] Schluter, Wolfram, Chris Jefferies. 2004. Modeling the Outflow from a Porous Pavement. Urban Water. 4(3):245–53.
[9] Lin, Jyh-Dong, Guang-Yan Cheng,Cheng-Li Cheng. 2003. Study on the Design Guideline and Regulation of Rainwater Conservation and Infiltration Techniques at Building Site, Sub-project II: The Performance and Experimental Analysis of
Porous Pavements. Architecture & Building Research Institute, Ministry Of Interior, Research Project Report.
[10] Scholz, M. and P. Grabowiecki. 2007. Review of Permeable Pavement Systems. Building and Environment. 42: 3830–3836.
[11] Andersen CT, Foster IDL, Pratt CJ. 1999. The Role of Urban Surfaces (Permeable Pavements) in Regulating Drainage and Evaporation: Development of a Laboratory Simulation Experiment. Hydrological Processes. 13(4):597–609.
[12] Dierkes, Carsten, Patricia Gobel, Wiebke Benze, John Wells. Next Generation Water Sensitive Storm Water Management Techniques. Proceedings of The Second National Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design, 2–4 September 2000, Brisbane, Australia, 2002.
[13] Tennis, Paul D., Michael L. Leming, David J.Akers. 2004. Pervious Concrete Pavements. Portland Cement Association, Illinois and National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Maryland, USA.
[14] Pratt, C.J., J.D.G. Mantle, P.A. Schofield. 1989. Urban Stormwater Reduction and Quality Improvement Through the use of Permeable Pavements. Water Science and Technology. 21: 769-778.
[15] Permeable Pavement. Virginia DCR Stormwater Design Specification No.7 Version 1.8 March 1, 2011. On 3 March 2011. <http://vwrrc.vt.edu/swc/NonPBMPSpecsMarch11/VASWMBMPSpec7PERMEABLEPAVEMENT.html>
[16] Ho, Ming-Chin, Hsu Hu-Hsiao. 2006. The Policy and Effects of the Water Resources of the Green Building in Taiwan. On 3 March 2011.<http://www.water.org.tw/simply/twic/PDF/A3The%20Policy%20and%20Effect
s%20of%20the%20Water%20Resources%20of%20the%20Green%20Building%20in%20Taiwan.pdf>
[17] Green Building Basic Information. On 10 March 2011.
<http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/ pubs/about.htm>
[18] Green Building Grading System. On 10 March 2011. <http://twgbqanda.com/english/e_grading. php?Type=1&menu=e_grading_class>
[19] Bauer, Michael, Peter Mosle, Michael Schwarz. 2010. Green Building – Guidebook for Sustainable Architecture. Springer.
[20] Environmental Impact of Paving. Interpave. October 2008. On 3 March 2011.
<http://www.marshalls.co.uk/select/_Data/PDF/interpave/enviromental.pdf
[21] Gartland, Lisa. 2008. Heat Island: Understanding and Mitigating Heat in Urban Areas. UK: Earthscan.
[22] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2008. Reducing Urban Heat Island: Compendium of Strategies. EPA, Washington, D.C.
[23] Oke, T.R. 1976. The Distinction between Canopy and Boundary-Layer Urban Heat Islands. Atmosphere. 14:268–277.
[24] Oke, T.R. 1995. The Heat Island of The Urban Boundary Layer: Characteristics, Causes
and Effects. p. 81–107. In J. E. Cermak et al. (ed.) Wind Climate in Cities. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
[25] Lin, Tzu-Ping, Yu-Feng Ho, Yu-Sung Huang. 2007. Seasonal Effect of Pavement on Outdoor Thermal Environments in Subtropical Taiwan. Building and Environment. 42: 4124–4131.
[26] Asaeda, Takashi, Vu Thanh Ca. 2000. Characteristics of permeable pavement during hot summer weather and impact on the thermal environment. Building and Environment. 35: 363-375.
[27] Pomerantz, M., B. Pon, H. Akbari, S.-C. Chang. 2000. The Effect of Pavements’ Temperatures on Air Temperatures in Large Cities. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-43442, Berkeley, CA.
[28] Nakayama, T. and Fujita, T. 2010. Cooling Effect of Water-Holding Pavements Made of New Materials on Water and Heat Budgets in Urban Areas. Landscape Urban Plan. 96(2): 57–67.
[29] Huang, Jou-Man, Ryozo Ooka, Akiko Okada, Toshiaki Omori, Hong Huang. The Effects of Urban Heat Island Mitigation Strategies on the Outdoor Thermal Environment
in Central Tokyo –A Numerical Simulation–. The Seventh Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering, November 8-12, 2009, Taipei, Taiwan.
[30] Kubo, K., H. Kido, M. Ito. Study of pavement technologies to mitigate the heat island effect and their effectiveness. PWRI Japan. On 3 March 2011.<http://www.pwri.go.jp/eng/activity/pdf/reports/kubo.06.08.12.pdf>
[31] DOE. Buildings Energy Data Book, Department of Energy, March 2009. On 10 March
2011. <http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/>
[32] Metz, B., O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer. 2007. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
[33] Chan Seong Au. Energy Efficiency: Designing Low Energy Buildings Using Energy 10. CPD Seminar 7 August 2004. On 10 May 2011. <http://www.pam.org.my/Library/ cpd_notes/Energy-Efficiency.pdf>
[34] Sailor DJ, Munoz JR. 1997. Sensitivity of Electricity and Natural Gas Consumption to Climate in The USA-Methodology and Results for Eight States. Energy. 22(10):987-98
[35] Rosenfeld, A.H., Romm, J.J., Akbari, H., Pomerantz, M., Taha, H. (1996). Policies to Reduce Heat Islands: Magnitudes of Benefits and Incentives to Achieve Them. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-38679.
[36] Bay, Joo-Hwa, Boon-Lay Ong. 2006. Tropical Sustainable Architecture; Social and Environmental Dimensions. UK: Elsevier.
[37] Montgomery, Douglas C., George C. Runger, Norma Faris Hubele. 2010. Engineering Statistics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA.
[38] DesignBuilder version 2.4.2.016. Last accessed on 17 June 2011.<http://www.designbuilder.co.uk/component/option,com_docman/task,cat_view/gid,11/Itemid,30/>
[39] DesignBuilder. 2009. DesignBuilder 2.1 User''s Manual
[40] Chien, Wang-Yun. 2007. Permeable pavement to the base amount of water sensitivity analysis. Master''s thesis. Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University (in Chinese).
[41] Hsu, Chen-Yu. 2008. Influence of different permeable pavement materials on pavement temperature. Master''s thesis. Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University (in Chinese).
[42] Ko, Chen-Yi, 2006. Evaluation of Permeable Pavement in Urban Areas– Case Study on a Demonstration Project of a Permeable Pavement Parking Lot Outside National Chung-Zhen University. Master''s thesisDeprtment of Civil and Water Resources Engineering National Chiayi University (in Chinese).
[43] Wu, Cheng-Sung. 2005. Permeable pavement engineering benefit analysis on environmental impact. Master''s thesis. Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University (in Chinese).