這篇研究最主要目的探索在華人文化體系為主的社會（台灣）中，「工作資源」、「職家衝突」與工作和非工作相關後果之關係。而本次研究將特別聚焦於各種不同形式「工作資源」降低「職家衝突」與增進「工作滿意度」、「家庭滿意度」與「幸福感」的效能。本研究利用結構式問卷蒐集264份有效樣本，訪談對象均為全職員工。
研究結果發現對於台灣員工而言，各種不同形式「工作資源」均能有效降低「工作-家庭衝突」、「家庭-工作衝突」，並增進「工作滿意度」、「家庭滿意度」與「幸福感」。「工作-家庭衝突」、「家庭-工作衝突」均會降低「工作滿意度」、「家庭滿意度」與「幸福感」。而「工作滿意度」、「家庭滿意度」均能有效提升「幸福感」。更重要的是，本研究發現「主管理念性支持」是所有不同形式「工作資源」中效果最強的資源，其能最有效降低「工作-家庭衝突」、「家庭-工作衝突」，並增進「工作滿意度」、「家庭滿意度」與「幸福感」。相較於「主管理念性支持」，「組織家庭政策」與「組織家庭支持」效果則不如「主管理念性支持」強烈。因此在「職家衝突」的議題上，對於工作在注重關係的集體主義文化的員工而言，組織必須重視「主管理念性支持」的關鍵效果。

The aim of the research was to explore relations between work resources, work/family conflict and work/nonwork-related outcomes, in the cultural context of a Chinese society (Taiwan). Specifically, we explored the effectiveness of various types of work resources in reducing work/family conflict and enhancing work morale as well as personal well-being. Using structured questionnaires, a sample of 264 full-time employees were surveyed.
Analyses revealed that for Taiwanese employees, various types of work resources were positively related to reduced WFC and FWC, enhanced job satisfaction, family satisfaction and happiness. Both WFC and FWC were positively related to reduced job satisfaction and family satisfaction. Both job satisfaction and family satisfaction were positively related to enhanced happiness. More importantly, we found that “supervisor family support” was the most effective work resource in reducing work/family conflict and enhancing work/nonwork-related well-being, whereas “organizational family-supportive policies” and “organizational family support values” were less effective resources. Thus, the crucial beneficial effect of supervisor support was again underlined regarding work/family issues for employees working in relationship-conscious collectivistic cultures.

中文部分
李佳怡（2000），知覺組織支持對員工工作態度影響之研究。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
林曉雯（1993），雙薪夫妻之工作。淡江大學國際企業研究所碩士論文。
吳美蓮等人(1997)，從控制信念探討支持家庭之工作環境對員工工作-家庭衝突與工作生活品質之影響。華夏文化與現代管理國際學術研討會。
邱皓政 (2003)，結構方程模式—LISREL的理論、技術與應用。台北，雙葉書廊圖書公司。
張苙雲（1986），生活壓力的概念與測量。中華心理衛生學刊，2(1)，頁137-151。
許碧芬，蕭文玲（1999），高科技業從業人員上司支持與工作-家庭衝突關係之研究。中華民國科技管理學會主辦『1999年中華民國科技管理研討會』（高雄市），宣讀之論文。
崔來意（2000），高科技公司女性專業人員工作-家庭衝突、工作倦怠及離職意願關係之研究。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文
崔來意，溫金豐（2001），高科技公司女性專業人員工作：家庭衝突、工作倦怠及離職意願關係之研究。國立中央大學產業經濟研究所主辦『台灣高科技產業人力問題研討會』（中壢），宣讀之論文。
楊家雅（1991），彈性工時制度對員工工作滿意度及離職傾向之影響。中國文化大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
蔡美儀（1991），我國女性教育主管性別角色、自我概念、社會支持與工作適應之關係。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文。
蔡美儀（1992），我國女性教育主管性別角色、自我概念、社會支持與工作適應之關係。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
英文部分
Adams, G. A., King, L. A. & King, D. W. (1996). Relationships of job and family involvement, family social support, and work-family conflict with job and life satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology,81,411-420.
Allen, T. D. (2001). Family-supportive work environments: The role of organizational perceptions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 414-435.
Allen, T. D., Cooper, C. L., Kalliath,T., O’Driscoll, M. P., Poelmans, S., Sanchez, J. I. & Spector, (2003). Family-Responsive Interventions,Perceived Organizational and Supervisor Support,Work-Family Conflict, and Psychological Strain. International Journa of Stress Managnment, 10, 326-344.
Anderson-Kulman, R. E., & Paludi, M. A. (1986). Working mothers and the family context: Predicting positive coping. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 28, 241-253.
Andrews, F. M. & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: Americans’ perceptions of life quality. New York: Plenum.
Anderson, S. E., Coffey, B. S. & Byerly, R. T. (2002). Formal Organizational Initiatives and Informal Workplace Practices: Links to Work-family Conflict and Job-Related Outcomes. Journa of Managnment, 28, 787-810.
Argyle, M. (2001). The psychology of happiness (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Aryee, S. & Luk, V. (1996). Work and nonwork influences on the career satisfaction of dual-earner couples. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49, 38-52.
Aryee, S., Luk, V., Leung, A. & Lo, S. (1999). Role stressors, interrole conflict, and well-being: The moderating influence of spousal support and coping behaviors among employed parents in Hong Kong. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 259-278.
Aryee, S.,Fields, D. & Luk, V. (1999). A Cross-Cultural Test of a Model of the Work-Family Interface. Journal of Management, 25, 491-511.
Barnett, R. C. & Hyde, J. S. (2001). Women, men, work, and family. An expansionist theory. The American Psychologist, 56(10), 781-796.
Batt, R., & Valcour, P. M. (2003). Human Resources Practices as Predictors of Work-Family Outcomes and Employee Turnover. Industrial Relations, 42, 189-220.
Beatty, C. A. (1996). The stress of managerial and professional women: is the price too high? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17, 233-251.
Beehr, T.A. (1995), Psychological Stress in the Workplace, Routledge, London.
Beehr, T.A. & McGrath, J. E. (1992).Social support, occupational stress and anxiety. Occupational stress, psychological burnout and anxiety, 5, 7-19.
Beehr, T.A., & Newman, J. E. (1978). Job stress, employee health and organizational effectiveness: A facet analysis, model and literature review. Personnel Psychology, 31, 665-700.
Behson, S. J. (2002). Which dominates? The relative importance of work–family organizational support and general organizational context on employee outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 53-72.
Berkowitz , A. D. & Perkins, H. W.（1984）. Stress among Farm Women: Work and Family as Interacting Systems. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 161-166.
Beutell, N. J. & Greenhaus, J. H. (1980). Some sources and consequences of inter-role conflict among married women. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Academy of Management, 17, 2-6.
Burke, R. J., Weir, T. & Duwors, R. E. (1980). Work demands on administrators and spouse well-being. Human Relations, 33, 253-278.
Burke, R. J. (1988). Sources of managerial and professional stress in large organizations. In C. L. Cooper & R. Payne (Eds.), Causes, coping and consequences of stress at work. New York & Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Byron, K. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work-family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67, 169-198.
Cammann, C., Fichman, M. Jenkins, D., & Klesh, J. (1979). The Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Caplan, G. (1974). Support systems and community mental health. New York: Behavioral Publication.
Carlson, D. S. & Perrewe, P. L. (1999). The role of social support in the stressor-strain relationship: an examination of work-family conflict. Journal of Management, 25, 513-540.
Carlson, D. S., Lankau, M. J., & Nielson, T. R. (2001). The Supportive Mentor as a Means of Reducing Work–Family Conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 364-381.
Carlson, D. S., & Kacmar, K. M. (2000). Work–Family Conflict in the Organization: Do Life Role Values make a Difference. Journal of Management, 26, 1031-1054.
Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M. & Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and Initial Validation of a Mulitidimensional Measure of Work-Family Conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56, 249-276.
Chiu, R. K. (1998). Relationships among role conflicts, role satisfactions, and life satisfaction: Evidence from Hong Kong. Social Behavior and Personality, 26, 409-414.
Clark, S. C. (2001). Work cultures and work/family balance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 348-365.
Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38, 300-314.
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357.
Constable, J. F., & Russell, D. W. (1986). The effect of social support and the work environment upon burnout among nurses. Journal of Human Stress, 12, 20-26.
Cooper, C. L. (1983). Identifying stressors at work: Recent research developments. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 27, 369-376.
Coverman, S. (1989). Role overload, role conflict, and stress: addressing consequences of multiple role demands, Social Forces, 67, 965-982.
Crouter, A.（1984）. Spillover from family to work：The neglected side of thework-family interface. Human Relations, 37, 425-442.
Davidson, M., & Cooper, C. L. (1983). Stress and the woman manager. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Duxbury, L. E., Higgins, C. A., & Mills, S. (1992). After-hours telecommuting and work-family conflict: A comparative analysis. Information Systems Research, 3, 173-190.
Duxbury, L. E. & Higgins, C. A. ( 1991) .Gender differences in work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 60-74.
Edwards, J.R. & Rothbard, N.P. (1999). Work and family stress and well-being: An examination of person–environment fit in the work and family domains. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 77, 85–129.
Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 91-119.
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500-507.
Erdwins, C. J., Buffardi, L. C., Casper, W. J., & O’Brien, A. S. (2001). The Relationship of Women''s Role Strain to Social Support, Role Satisfaction, and Self-Efficacy. Human Relations, 50, 230-238.
Evans, P. & Bartolome, F.( 1984). The Changing Pictures of the Relationship Between Career and Family. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 5, 9-21.
Foley, S., Greenhaus, J. H., Linnehan, F., & Weer, C. H. (2006). The Impact of Gender Similarity, Racial Similarity, and Work Culture on Family-Supportive Supervision. Group & Organzation Management, 31, 420-441.
Forsyth, D. R., & Forsyth, N. M. (1984). Subordinates’ reaction to female leaders. Annual Meeting of Eastern Psychological Association. Reproductions supplied by EDRS (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 24633).
Frone, M. R., Russell, M. & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77（1）, 65-75.
Frone M. R. & Yardley J. K. (1996). Workplace family-supportive programmes: Predictors of employed parents’ importance ratings. Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, 69, 351-66.
Frone, M. R., Yardley, J. K., & Markel, K. S. (1997). Developing and testing an integrative model of the work-family interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 145-167.
Frone, M. R. (2003). Work-family balance. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 143-162). Washington, DC: APA.
Gavin, L. A. & Furman, W. (1996). Adolescent girls'' relationships with mothers and best friends. Child Development, 67, 375-386.
Galinsky, E., & Stein, P. J. (1990). The impact of human resource policies on employees: balancing work/family life. Journal of Family Issues, 11, 368-383.
Geurts, S. A. E. & Demerouti, E. (2003). Work/Non-Work Interface: A Review of Theories and Findings. The handbook of work and health psychology, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002: 279-312.
Glenn, N. D. (1975). The contribution of marriage to the Psychological Well-Being of Males and Females. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 37, 594-600.
Goff, S. J., Moun t M. K., & Jamison R. L. (1990). Employer supported child care, work/family conflict, and absenteeism: A field study. Personnel Psychology, 43, 793–809.
Googins, B. & Burden, D. (1987). Vulnerability of Working Parents: Balancing Work and Home Roles. Social Work, 32, 295-300.
Grant-Vallone, E. J. & Ensher, E. A. (2001). An examination of work and personal life conflict,organizational support,and employee health among international expatriates. International Journal of Interculture Relations, 25, 261-278.
Greenberger, E., Goldberg W. A., Hamill1, S., O''Neil1, R., & Payne, C. K. (1989). Contributions of a supportive work environment to parents'' well-being and orientation to work. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 755-783.
Greenglass, E. R., Pantony, K., & Burke, R. J. (1989). A gender-role perspective on role conflict, work stress and social support. In E. B. Goldsmith (Ed.) Work and family: Theory,research, and applications. (pp. 317-328).
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
Greenhaus, J. H. & Kopelman, R. E. (1981). Conflict between work and non-work roles: Implications for the career planning process. Human Resource Planning, 4, 1-10.
Greenhaus J. H., Parasuraman S., Granrose C. S., Rabinowitz S., & Beutell N. J. (1989). Sources of Work-Family Conflict among Two-Career Couples. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 34, 133-153.
Grover, S. L. & Crooker, K. J. (1995). Who Appreciates Family-Responsive Human Resource Policies: The Impact of Family-Friendly Policies on the Organizational Attachment of Parents and Non-Parents. Personnel Psychology, 48, 271–288.
Gutek, B., Searle, S. & Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role-explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560-568.
Higgins, C. A., Duxbury, L. E. & Irving, R. H. (1992). Work-family conflict in the dual-career family. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Proc., 51, 51-75.
Headey, B. & Wearing, A. (1992). Understanding happiness: A theory of subjective Well-being, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne.
House, J. J. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading: Addison Wesley.
Hughes, D., & Galinsky, E. (1988). Balancing work and family life: Research and corporate applications. In Gottfried A. E., Gottfried A. W., (Eds.), Maternal employment and children’s development: Longitudinal research Plenum New York, 233–268.
Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500-507.
Ingram, P. & Simons T. (1995). Institutional and Resource Dependence Determinants of Responsiveness to Work-Family Issues. The Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1466-1482.
Jones, A. P., & Butler, M. C. (1980). A role transition approach to the stresses of organizationally-induced family role disruption. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 367-376.
Judge, T. A., Boudreau, J. W. & Bretz, R. D. (1994). Job and life attitudes of male executives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 767-782.
Judge, T. A. & WATANABE S. (1993). Another look at the job satisfaction-life satisfaction relationship. Journal of applied psychology, 78, 939-948.
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D., Quinn, R., Snoek, J. D. & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York: Wiley.
Kamerman, S.B. & Kahn, A.J. (1987). The responsive workplace: Employers and a changing labor force. Columbia University Press.
Karatepe, O., & Sokmen, A. (2006). The effects of work role and family role variables on psychological and behavioral outcomes of frontline employees. Tourism Management, 27, 255-268.
Kaufmann, G. M. & Beehr T. A. (1986). Interactions between job stressors and social support: some counterintuitive results. J Appl Psychol, 71, 522-526.
Keith, P. & Schafer, R. (1980). Role strain and depression in two-job families. Family Relations, 29, 483-488.
Kessler, R. C., Price, R. H., & Wortman, C. B. (1985). Social factors in psychopathology: Stress, social support, and coping processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 531-572.
Kinnunen, U. & Mauno, S. (1998). Antecedents and Outcomes of Work Family Conflict Among Employed Women and Men in Finland. Human Relations, 51, 157-177.
Konard, A. M. & Mangle, R. (2000). The Impact of Work-Life Programs on Firm Productivity. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 1225-1237.
Kopelman, R. E., Greenhaus, J. H. & Connolly, T. F. (1983). A model of work, family, and interrole conflict: A construct validation study. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32, 198-215.
Kossek, E. E. & Ozeki, C. (1998). Work-family conflict, policies, and the job-life satisfaction relationship : A review and directions for organizational behavior-human resources research. Journal of applied psychology, 83, 139-149.
LaRocco, J. M., House, J. S., & French, J, R. P. （1980）. Social support, occupational stress, and health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 3, 202-218.
Locksley, A. (1982). Social Class and Marital Attitudes and Behavior. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 44, 427-440.
Marks, S. (1977). Multiple roles and role strain: Some notes on human energy, time, and commitment. American Sociological Review, 42, 921-936.
Mesmer-Magnus, J. R. & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). Convergence between measures of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67, 169-198.
Netemeyer, R.G., Boles, J. S. & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 400-410.
Noor, N. M. (1995). Work and family roles in relation to women’s well-being: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 87-106.
O’Driscoll, M. P., Ilgen, D. R. & Hildreth, K. (1992). Time Devoted to Job and Off-job Activities, Inter Role Conflict, and Affective Experiences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(3), 272-279.
Ontario Women’s Directorate (1991), Organisational Analysis, Managing Employment Equity, Ontario Women’s Directorate, Ontario.
Parasuraman, S., Greenhaus, J. H., & Granrose, C. S.（1992）. Role Stressors, Social Support, and Well-Being Among Two-Career Couples. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 339-356.
Parasuraman S., Purohit Y. S., Godshalk V. M. & Beutell N. J. (1996). Work and Family Variables, Entrepreneurial Career Success, and Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48, 275-300.
Pleck, J., Staines, G.., & Lang, L. (1980). Conflicts between work and family life. Monthly Labor Review, March, 29-32.
Pleck J. (1977). The Work-Family Role System. Social Problems, 24, 417-427.
Rabinowitz, S., Hall, D. T. & Goodale, J. G. (1977). Job Scope and Individual Differences as Predictors of Job Involvement: Independent or Interactive? The Academy of Management Journal, 20, 273-281.
Raykov, T., Tomer, A., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1991). Reporting structural equation modeling results in psychology and aging: Some proposed guidelines. Psychology and Aging, 6, 499-503.
Roskies, E. & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). Coping theory and the teaching of coping skills. In: Davidson, P. O. and Davidson, S. M. (Eds) Behavioral Medicine: Changing Health Lifestyles, Brunner/Mazel, NY.
Saltzstein, A. L.,Ting,Y. & Saltzstein, G. H. (2001). Work-family Balance and Job Satisfaction: The Impact of Family-Friendly Policues on Attitudes of Federal Government Employees. Public Administration Review, 61, 452-467.
Scandura, T. A., & Lankau M. J. (1997). Relationships of gender, family responsibility and flexible work hours to organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 377-391.
Sekaran, U. (1989). Paths lo the job satisfaction of bank employees. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10, 347-359.
Shellenbarger, S. (1991). More job seekers put family needs first, Wall Street Journal, November 15.
Stephens, G. K., & Sommer, S. M. (1993). Work-family conflict, job attitudes, and workplace social support: Investigations of measurement and moderation. Presented at the meeting of Academy of Management, Atlanta, Georgia.
Thomas, L., & Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 6-15.
Thompson, C. A., Beauvais, L. L., & Lyness, K. S. (1999). When work family benefits are not enough: The influence of work-family culture on benefit utilization, organizational attachment, and work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 392-415.
Tully, K. (1989). A feminist redefinition of leadership. Reproductions supplied by EDRS (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 315370).
Vaux, A. (1988). Social support: theory, research, and intervention. New York: Praeger.
Veenhoven, R. (1994). Is happiness a trait? Tests of the theory that a better society does not make people any happier. Social Indicators Research, 32, 101-160.
Voydanoff, P. (2005). The Differential Salience of Family and Community Demands and Resources for Family-to-Work Conflict and Facilitation. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 26, 395-417.
Warr, P. (1999). Well-Being and the Workplace, in Kahneman, Diener, and Schwarz, op. cit., pp. 392–412.
Warren, J. A. & Johnson, P. J. (1995). The Impact of Workplace Support on Work-Family Role Strain. Family Relations, 44, 163-169.
Wiley, D. L. (1987). The Relationship Between Work/Nonwork Role Conflict and Job-Related Outcomes: Some Unanticipated Findings. Journal of Management, 13, 467-472.