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研究生： Pham Truong Nhat Phuong
Truong-Nhat-Phuong Pham
論文名稱： 窄加勁擋土牆的破壞機制與基於變形之設計方法
Failure mechanism and deformation - based - design of narrow geosynthetic reinforced earth walls
指導教授： 洪汶宜
Wen-Yi Hung
口試委員:
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 工學院 - 土木工程學系
Department of Civil Engineering
論文出版年： 2019
畢業學年度： 108
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 283
中文關鍵詞： 加勁擋土牆 、單邊回包式窄加勁擋土牆 、雙邊回包式窄加勁擋土牆 、破壞行為 、側向土壓力 、變形設計 、水平位移 、折減因子
外文關鍵詞： mechanically stabilized earth wall, single-facing narrow GRE wall, double-facing narrow GRE wall, deformation-based-design, reduction factor
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    • 近年來，對加勁擋土牆的行為及破壞機制之相關研究豐碩。加勁擋土牆具有良好的穩定性，亦可容許較大變形。在空間有限的情況下，例如在山區或沿海地區需拓寬道路面積時，可以通過調整加勁材的長度建造合適的加勁擋土牆取得額外用地。
    調整加勁材的強度、間距、長寬比以及配置會影響加勁擋土牆的行為，亦會改變牆背的側向土壓力分佈。本研究中，透過一系列之地工離心模型試驗，探討窄加勁擋土牆（GRE）的破壞行為、牆背側向土壓力分佈以及變形機制。試驗結果中得到之側向土壓力、零土壓力區（zero-earth-pressure zone）與水平位移之間的關係，可應用於預測窄加勁擋土牆的變形。
    本研究建立一套以變形量設計窄加勁擋土牆之方法 (deformation – based -design)，且根據試驗結果簡化設計窄加勁擋土牆時所需之計算過程，於實務上應用時，可預測加勁材的行為 (progressive behavior)，並提供大地工程師一套好用且精準之設計方法。

    In recent years, the working performance of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls has shown their outstanding stability and capacity to accommodate large deformation. The behaviors and failure mechanisms of conventional MSE walls have been carefully examined. In case where space is limited, such as mountainous regions, for coastline protection, or road expansion, the conventionally stabilized earth wall can be modified by adjusting the length of reinforcement to conform to the characteristics of the different construction areas. The modification and arrangement of reinforcement components including their tensile strength, vertical spacing, aspect ratio, as well as configuration play key roles in the behavior of reinforced earth walls and can also lead to differences in the distribution of lateral earth pressure as compared with conventional MSE walls. In this study, a series of geotechnical centrifuge tests were conducted to clarify the failure behaviors, distribution of lateral earth pressure, and deformation progresses of narrow geosynthetic reinforced earth (GRE) walls, including single-facing and double-facing narrow GRE wall. The mutual relationship among lateral earth pressure, zero-earth-pressure zone, and horizontal displacement can be applied to predict the deformation of a narrow GRE wall. The deformation - based - design is established in order to predict the progressive behavior of reinforcement component in reality. A design process for narrow GRE wall structure is proposed to simplify the calculation based on thorough understanding from experimental results. This study facilitates geotechnical engineers to calculate conveniently and accurately the narrow GRE wall in practice.

    ABSTRACT vi 摘要 vii LIST OF TABLES xvi LIST OF FIGURES xvii NOTATIONS xxiv ABBREVIATIONS xxvi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1-1 Overview 1 1-2 Motivations 3 1-3 Purposes of this study and proposed methodology 4 1-4 Content of the dissertation 5 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2-1 Introduction 8 2-2 Geosynthetic reinforced earth structure 8 2-2-1 Conventional mechanically stabilized earth wall 9 2-2-2 Narrow mechanically stabilized earth wall 9 2-3 Design procedure of conventional MSE wall 11 2-4 Overview of previous studies on narrow GRE wall 12 2-4-1 Overview of research on failure behaviors of narrow MSE wall 12 2-4-2 Overview of research on lateral earth pressure of narrow GRE wall 17 2-4-3 Overview of studies on the displacement of narrow MSE wall under different situations 21 2-5 Overview of limit equilibrium analysis on narrow GRE wall 22 2-5-1 Overview of internal stability calculations by Rankine’s active earth pressure theory 23 2-5-2 Overview of internal stability calculations by the Method of Slices 25 CHAPTER 3: TEST APPARATUS AND MATERIALS 44 3-1 Introduction 44 3-2 Principles of centrifuge modeling 44 3-2-1 Scaling law and scale effect 45 3-2-2 Principle of Modeling of Models 46 3-2-4 Uncertainties of geotechnical centrifuge tests 47 3-3 Experimental apparatus 49 3-3-1 NCU Geotechnical Centrifuge 49 3-3-2 Specimen containers 50 3-3-3 Traveling Pluviation Apparatus 51 3-3-4 Lateral confining system 53 3-3-5 Lateral earth pressure measurement instrument 54 3-3-6 Observation systems 56 3-4 Soil and reinforcement material 57 3-4-1 Properties of Sibelco quartz sand 57 3-4-2 Characteristics of reinforcement materials 57 CHAPTER 4: TEST PROGRAMS 78 4-1 Introduction 78 4-2 Configuration of centrifuge models of narrow GRE wall 78 4-2-1 Design parameters of narrow GRE wall models 78 4-2-2 Arguments for variables of narrow GRE wall model 78 4-2-3 Arguments for invariables of narrow GRE wall model 79 4-2-4 Test groups and purposes 80 4-3 Preparation of single-facing and double-facing narrow GRE wall model. 80 4-4 Procedures of testing and test repeatability 81 4-4-1 Procedures of geotechnical centrifuge tests 81 4-4-2 Test repeatability 82 CHAPTER 5: FAILURE BEHAVIORS AND DISCUSSIONS OF SINGLE-FACING NARROW GEOSYNTHETIC REINFORCED EARTH WALLS 88 5-1 Introductions 88 5-2 Failure behaviors of single-facing narrow GRE wall 89 5-3 Lateral earth pressure and zero-earth-pressure development of single-facing narrow GRE wall 91 5-4 Displacement analysis of single-facing narrow GRE wall 95 5-5 Discussions on improvement effect of the anchored layer at wall top 98 5-6 Discussions on the design of single-facing narrow GRE wall 99 5-6-1 Effect of reinforcement tensile strength 100 5-6-2 Effect of reinforcement spacing or the numbers of reinforcement layers 101 5-6-3 Effect of reinforcement length 102 5-6-4 Conclusions on the performance of single-facing narrow GRE wall 103 5-7 Suggestion of modified lateral earth pressure of narrow GRE wall 104 5-7-1 Distribution of lateral earth pressure proposed by FHWA guideline 104 5-7-2 Proposal of reduction factor for single-facing narrow GRE wall 106 CHAPTER 6: FAILURE BEHAVIORS AND DISCUSSIONS OF DOUBLE - FACING NARROW GEOSYNTHETIC REINFORCED EARTH WALLS 127 6-1 Introductions 127 6-2 Failure behaviors of double-facing narrow GRE wall 127 6-3 Lateral earth pressure of double-facing narrow GRE wall 128 6-4 Displacement analysis of double-facing narrow GRE wall 132 6-5 Discussions on the performance of double-facing narrow GRE wall 135 6-5-1 Effect of reinforcement tensile strength 136 6-5-2 Effect of vertical reinforcement spacing 137 6-5-3 Effect of aspect ratio 138 6-5-4 Conclusions on the performance of double-facing narrow GRE wall 139 CHAPTER 7: DISCUSSION AND EVALUATIONS ON STABILITY OF NARROW GEOSYNTHETIC REINFORCED EARTH WALLS 153 7-1 Introductions 153 7-2 Stability assessment of narrow GRE wall by force equilibrium method 154 7-3 Stability assessment of narrow GRE wall by limit equilibrium method (LEM) 160 7-3-1 Establishment for limit equilibrium models 160 7-3-2 Model establishment 161 7-3-3 Properties of reinforcement materials 162 7-4 Limit equilibrium method analysis of single-facing narrow GRE wall 164 7-4-1 Correlation between factor of safety and g-level 165 7-4-2 Correlation between factor of safety and maximum horizontal displacement 166 7-5 Limit equilibrium method analysis of double-facing narrow GRE wall 167 7-5-1 Correlation between factor of safety and g-level 167 7-5-2 Correlation between factor of safety and maximum horizontal displacement 168 7-6 Proposed evaluation procedure of single-facing narrow GRE wall 169 CHAPTER 8: DEFORMATION – BASED - DESIGN OF NARROW GEOSYNTHETIC REINFORCED EARTH WALLS 184 8-1 Introductions 184 8-2 Deformation–based–design of single-facing narrow GRE wall 184 8-2-1 Correlation between wall displacement and reinforcement strain 186 8-3 Deformation–based–design of double-facing narrow GRE wall 187 8-3-1 Correlation between wall displacement and reinforcement strain 187 CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCHES 194 9-1 Conclusions 194 9-2 Limitation and suggestions 195 REFERENCES 197 APPENDIX I – FACTOR OF SAFETY OF NARROW GRE WALL 206 APPENDIX II – REINFORCEMENT STRAIN OF NARROW GRE WALL 239 APPENDIX III – BACK-CALCULATION OF NARROW GRE WALL 251

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