一個國家的永續發展，必須以強大的軍備能量為後盾，而其中關鍵要素即是盡忠職守且自動自發的官士兵。本研究觀察美國軍隊成功原因，在我國現有的社會背景、法條制度及運作現況，探討領導與部屬交換關係、薪資福利、國軍職訓就業輔導機制及社會支持等因素，對官士兵組織自尊之形塑及當責感建立的影響。本研究以209位國軍同仁為研究樣本，經問卷調查和數據分析，獲致研究結果如下：(1)領導與部屬交換關係及薪資福利對組織自尊呈正相關；(2)組織自尊對當責呈正相關；(3)組織自尊對當責的關係受到國軍職訓就業輔導機制及社會支持的調節。本研究針對研究結果，提出國軍管理意涵及未來的研究建議。

This study aims to explore the relationships among leader-member exchange, compensation, organization-based self-esteem, and felt accountability on the part of
the Army of Taiwan, Republic of China. Transition assistance program and social support are taken as moderators to examine their effects on the relationships. Data was collected from the soldiers and officers of the Army via the distribution of questionnaire. Based on the results of data analysis, it is found that both leader-member exchange and compensation are positively related to soldiers and officers’ organization-based self-esteem. Soldiers and officers’ organization-based self-esteem is positively related to their felt accountability. Both transition assistance program and social support moderates the relationship between soldiers and officers’ organization-based self-esteem and felt accountability. Drawn on the research findings, managerial implication for military management and suggestions for future research are discussed.

一、中文部分
張文隆(2011)，《當責》，台北：商周。
周漢忠、盧文民、韓榮姿、周堯翔(2017)，《國軍現職人員待遇研究》，台北：主計季刊，58(3)，1-12頁。
 
二、英文部分
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Reviews, 84(2), 191-215.
Baumeister, R. F. (1999). The Self in Social Psychology. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
Bovens, M. (2007). Analysing and assessing accountability: A conceptual framework. European Law Journal, 13(4), 447-468.
Bowden, T. (2002). An investigation into psychological predictors of work family conflict and turnover intention in an organizational context. Working Paper, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom.
Chattopadhyay, P. (2003). Can dissimilarity lead to positive outcomes? The influence of open versus closed minds. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 205-312.
Chattopadhyay, P. & George, E. (2001). Examining the effects of work externalization through the lens of social identity theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 781-788.
Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300-314.
Covin, T. J., Kolenko, T. A., Sightler, K. W., & Tudor, R. K. (1992). Correlates of organization-based self-esteem. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Management Association, New Orleans, LA.
Cutrona, C. E. & Russell, D. W. (1990). Type of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social Support: An Interfactional View, pp. 319-366. New York: Wiley.
Dansereau, F., Cashman, J., & Graen, G. (1973) Instrumentality theory and equity theory as complementary approaches in predicting the relationship of leadership and turnover among managers. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 10, 184-200.
Dansereau, F., Graen, G.B., & Haga, W. J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13(1), 46-78.
Dawn R. D. & Rosemary P. R. (1978). Considering sources and types of social support: A psychometric evaluation of the House and Wells (1978) Instrument. The Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 17(1), 49-61.
Dienesch, R. M. & Liden, R. C. (1986). Leader member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 618-634.
Dubnick, M.J. (2002). Seeking salvation for accountability. American Political Science Association, 29, 7-9.
Durkheim E. (1951) Suicide. New York: Free Press. (Originally published 1897.)
Gardner, D. G. &Pierce, J. L. (2001). Self-esteem and self-efficacy within the organizational context: A replication. Journal of Management Systems, 13(4), 31-48.
Gardner, D. G., Pierce, J. L., Van Dyne, L., & Cummings, L. L. (2000). Relationships between pay level, employee stock ownership, self-esteem and performance. Australia and New Zealand Academy of Management Proceedings, Sydney, Australia.
Graen, George B., Uhl-Bien & Mary (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange(LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219-247.
Hall, A.T., Royle, M.T., Brymer, R.A., Perrewé, P.L., Ferris, G.R., & Hochwarter, W.A. (2006). Relationships between felt accountability as a stressor and strain reactions: The neutralizing role of autonomy across two studies. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(1), 87-99.
Heck, A. K., Bedeian, A. G., & Day, D. V. (2005). Mountains out of molehills? Tests of the mediating effects of self-esteem in predicting work place complaining. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,35(11), 2262-2289.
Jolly, R. (1996). Changing Step: From military to civilian life: people in transition. London, England: Brassey.
Kark, R. & Shamir, B. (2002). Untangling the relationships between transformational leadership and followers’ identification, dependence and empowerment. Working paper, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Kark, R., Shamir, B., & Chen, G. (2003). The two faces of transformational leadership: Empowerment and dependency. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 246-255.
Keeling, M.E., Ozuna, S.M., Kintzle, S. & Castro, C.A. (2019). Veterans’ civilian employment experiences: Lessons learnt from focus groups. Journal of Career Development, 46(6), 692-705.
Korman, A. K. (1970). Toward a hypothesis of work behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54, 31-41.
Lee, J. (2003). An analysis of the antecedents of organization-based self-esteem in two Korean banks. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14, 1046-1066.
Liden, R.C. & Maslyn, J.M. (1998). Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24(1), 43-72.
Lyons, S.T., Duxbury, L.E., & Higgins, C.A. (2006). A comparison of the values and commitment of private sector, public sector, and parapublic sector employees. Public Administration Review, 66(4), 605-618.
Maslow, A. H. (1987). Motivation and Personality Third. New York: Harper & Row.
Milkovich, G. & Milkovich, C. (1992). Strengthening the pay-performance relationship: The research. Compensation and Benefits Review, 24(6), 53-62.
Milkovich, G.T. & Newman, J.M. (1990). Procedural justice challenges in compensation: Eliminating the fairness gap. Labor Law Journal, 41(8), 575-580.
Mulgan, R. (2000). Accountability: An ever-expanding concept? Public Administration, 78(3), 555-573.
Neal, B. J. (2000). Role conflict, role ambiguity and organization-based self-esteem among park ranger professionals. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 60(10-A), 3794.
Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). McGraw Hill.
Pierce, J.L. & Gardner, D.G. (2004). Self-esteem within the work and organizational context: A review of the organization-based self-esteem literature. Journal of Management, 30(5), 591-622.
Pierce, J.L., Gardner, D.G., Cummings, L.L., & Dunham, R.B. (1989). Organization-based self-esteem: Construct definition, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 32(3), 622-648.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Tan, G. Y. & Peng, K. Y. (1997). Antecedents of organization-based self-esteem: An empirical study in Singapore. International Journal of Management, 14(3), 375-386.
Thoits, P. A. (1986). Social support as coping assistance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(4), 416-423.
Vecchio, R. P. (2000). Negative emotion in the workplace: Employee jealousy and envy. International Journal of Stress Management, 7(3), 161-179.
Veldhoven, M. & Meijman, T. (1994). Het meten van psychosociale arbeidsbelasting met een vragenlijst: De vragenlijst Beleving en Beoordeling van de Arbeid (VBBA).

網路資料
Barrera, C. & Carter, P. (2017). Challenges on the home front: Underemployment hits veterans hard. Call of Duty Endowment & ZipRecruiter.
https://www.callofdutyendowment.org/content/dam/atvi/callofduty/code/pdf/ZipCODE_Vet_Report_FINAL.pdf