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研究生： 謝滄岩
Tsang-Yen Hsieh
論文名稱： 無線通信系統光纖強波器
Wireless Communication System Fiber Repeater
指導教授： 王迺愨
Nai-Chueh Wang
口試委員:
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 理學院 - 光電科學與工程學系
Department of Optics and Photonics
畢業學年度： 92
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 107
中文關鍵詞： 光纖強波器 、阻抗匹配 、雷射二極體 、預失真
外文關鍵詞： impedance match, laser diode, pre-distortion, fiber repeater
相關次數： 點閱：13  下載：0 
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    • 論文提要
    近年來，全球行動通信系統(GSM，Global System for Mobiles)技術已普遍應用在各國行動通訊系統上；雖然大多數的GSM系統已架設許多基地收發站(BTS，Base Transceiver Station)於蜂巢網中，但在某些區域，收發信號仍無法涵蓋某些角落；為了涵蓋偏遠地區如山谷及較大的區域如超高大樓及地下隧道，須在這些區域安裝一個簡單而經濟的光纖強波器(fiber repeater)，來提升信號的強度，可改善現有通信網路之通話品質。
    此類強波器基本上分成二部份，第一部份為主機部份(MU，Master Unit)，其功能為將下鏈(DL，Downlink)信號對雷射光做調變而後送入光纖中傳送，同時將上鏈(UL，Uplink)的光信號由光偵測器轉換成RF信號；第二部份為遠端機部份(RU，Remote Unit)，其功能為對下鏈信號做檢波，並對上鏈信號做調變。使用光纖強波器較不會造成熱雜訊過度放大的問題，故在光纖系統中的信號雜訊比值比傳統的系統有更好的效果。
    文內除了已建構光纖強波器基本電路架構與分析電路工作原理，並特別設計每個基本模組，使系統之三階交互調變、輸出功率、三階交叉點及鏈路預算、......等特性符合GSM11.26規範中之規格，且在某些重要參數超越現有的系統如Yutaka Fuke 、R. E. Schuh、Yoshio Ebine。我們也對雷射二極體做預失真處理，使用低價格元件傳送高功率信號至10dBm而不失真的將信號放大,可填補細胞中的盲區,擴大覆蓋通訊範圍。

    Abstract:
    In recent years, GSM systems have been deployed using many base transceiver stations (BTS) in many countries. However, in some areas, such as basements of buildings, tunnels and valleys, there may be no signal, and in some regions fading may occur. These problems can be solved cheaply by implementing fiber repeaters to strengthen the signals for the coverage of rural region such as valleys and bigger region such as high buildings and tunnels.
    A fiber repeater is consisted of two parts. The first part is the master unit (MU), which uses the downlink (DL) RF signal to modulate the laser light transmitted through fiber and uses the photodiode to detect out the up link (UL) RF signal. The second part is the remote unit (RU), which detects the DL RF signal and modulates the UL laser light. A fiber repeater amplifies less thermal noise, so the signal-to-noise-ratio is better than a traditional repeater.
    This article delineates the constructing of the basic circuits of a fiber repeater, analyzing the theorems of the circuits and specially designing every module, ensure the performances of system such as third order inter-modulation, output power, third order intercept point and link budget etc. meet the specifications of GSM11.26 standard. Some performances of our fiber repeater are better than the systems of Yutaka Fuke 、R. E. Schuh、Yoshio Ebine. We also developed the pre-distortion method of laser diode, using cheap laser diode transmit the RF signal up to 10dBm without distortion. Such fiber repeater is suited for amplifying the signals in valleys, high buildings and tunnels, reducing the blind regions of cells and expanding the coverage areas of communication.

    目錄 ....................................................................... I 圖目錄...................................................................... III 表目錄...................................................................... VI 第一章 導論 ................................................................. 1 1-1 引言 .................................................................... 1 1-2 行動通信強波器 .......................................................... 2 1-2-1 選頻式強波器 .......................................................... 3 1-2-2 寬帶強波器 ............................................................ 4 1-2-3 光纖強波器 ............................................................ 7 1-3 光纖強波器半導體雷射預失真的線性化 ...................................... 8 1-4 論文方向 ................................................................ 8 第二章 理論 ................................................................. 9 2-1 雜訊 ................................................................... 10 2-1-1 熱雜訊 ............................................................... 10 2-1-2 射雜訊 ............................................................... 11 2-1-3 接觸雜訊 ............................................................. 12 2-2 RF理論 ................................................................. 13 2-2-1 阻抗匹配 ............................................................. 13 2-2-2 一般放大器 ........................................................... 16 2-2-3 低雜訊放大器 ......................................................... 18 2-2-4 中頻濾波頻率轉換模組 ................................................. 19 2-2-5 高頻功率放大器 ....................................................... 20 2-3 雷射二極體 ............................................................. 23 2-4 E/O之雷射線路設置 ...................................................... 25 2-5 O/E線路及分析 .......................................................... 27 2-5-1 光二極體 ............................................................. 27 2-5-2 光電導偵測器之電路 ................................................... 30 2-5-3 光二極體電路設置 ..................................................... 32 2-6 GSM系統之位元錯誤率分析 ................................................ 33 2-7 GSM系統偵測器接收之最小光功率 .......................................... 35 2-8 功率預算分析 ............................................................37 2-8-1 路徑損失 ............................................................. 37 2-8-2 基地台與移動台之參數 ................................................. 38 2-8-3 GSM光纖強波器之鏈路預算 .............................................. 39 2-9 雷射二極體之預失真 ..................................................... 40 2-10 系統架構圖 ............................................................ 45 2-10-1 主機之架構 .......................................................... 45 2-10-2 遠端機之架構 ........................................................ 46 第三章 計算與分析 .......................................................... 49 3-1 GSM系統之熱雜訊位準 .................................................... 49 3-2 RF電晶體之主動偏壓設計 ................................................. 50 3-3 低雜訊放大器模組之設計 ................................................. 51 3-3-1 低雜訊放大器之設計 ................................................... 51 3-3-2 低雜訊放大器模組 ..................................................... 53 3-4 中頻濾波頻率轉換模組之設計 ............................................. 54 3-5 功率放大器模組之設計 ................................................... 57 3-6 E/O雷射線路設置之設計 .................................................. 58 3-7 光二極體電路設計 ....................................................... 59 3-8 GSM系統偵測器接收之最小光功率計算 ...................................... 60 3-9 路徑損失計算 ........................................................... 64 3-10 基地台與移動台之參數計算 .............................................. 64 3-11 GSM光纖強波器之鏈路預算設計 ........................................... 65 3-11-1 基地台-->E/O-->光纖-->移動台之鏈路預算 .............................. 65 3-11-2 移動台-->E/O-->光纖-->基地台之鏈路預算 .............................. 67 3-12 雷射二極體之預失真設置 ................................................ 70 第四章 裝置與測試結果 ...................................................... 72 4-1 系統架構 ............................................................... 73 4-2 遠端機測試結果 ......................................................... 74 4-2-1 低雜訊放大器模組 ..................................................... 74 4-2-2 中頻濾波頻率轉換模組 ................................................. 76 4-2-3 功率放大器模組 ....................................................... 77 4-3 主機測試結果 ........................................................... 79 4-4 E/O、O/E模組之測試結果 ................................................. 80 4-5 雷射二極體之預失真測試結果 ............................................. 82 4-6 無線通信光纖強波器系統組合之測試結果 ................................... 95 第五章 結論 ................................................................ 99 參考文獻 .................................................................. 100 附錄 ...................................................................... 103 圖目 圖1-1 英國物理學家丁道爾於1870年指出光在水流中可彎曲行進 ..................... 1 圖1-2 貝爾用聲音振動平面鏡傳送語音的光電話 ................................... 1 圖1-3 強波器的基本構造 ....................................................... 3 圖1-4 選頻式強波器之頻率響應 ................................................. 4 圖1-5 寬帶強波器之頻率響應 ................................................... 4 圖1-6 固定頻帶式強波器之頻率響應 ............................................. 5 圖1-7 固定頻帶式強波器架構圖 ................................................. 6 圖2-1 最大功率傳輸及阻抗匹配 ............................................... 10 圖2-2 900MHz頻率時串聯9nh，可達到阻抗值50 + j51Ω ........................... 13 圖2-3 900MHz頻率時串聯3pf，可達到阻抗值50 – j59Ω .......................... 14 圖2-4 900MHz頻率時並聯10nh，可達到導納值0.02 - j0.0177姆歐 ................. 15 圖2-5 900MHz頻率時並聯10pf，可達到導納值0.02 + j0.0565姆歐 ................. 15 圖2-6 對負載阻抗Z l分別串、並聯電感、容時，整體阻抗之變化 .................. 16 圖2-7 主動偏壓 .............................................................. 17 圖2-8 把射頻信號轉換成中頻，經SAW濾波後再轉回原頻率之射頻信號 ............... 19 圖2-9 SAWTEK公司 854666 SAW filter之頻譜曲線 ... ............................ 19 圖2-10 理想功率放大器的輸出信號與輸入信號呈現理想的線性關係 ................. 20 圖2-11 非線性諧波 ........................................................... 21 圖2-12 預失真補償法之基本原理 ............................................... 22 圖2-13 FP雷射之結構、光譜及功率輸出曲線 ..................................... 24 圖2-14 DFB雷射之結構、光譜及功率輸出曲線 .................................... 24 圖2-15 VCSEL雷射之結構 ...................................................... 25 圖2-16 雷射之線路設置 ....................................................... 26 圖2-17 平面擴散型矽光二極體 ................................................. 28 圖2-18 PIN光二極體之等效電路 ................................................ 28 圖2-19 光二極體電流-電壓曲線 ................................................ 30 圖2-20 光電導偵測器之電路 ................................................... 30 圖2-21 光二極體電路 ......................................................... 32 圖2-22 在光纖中傳送含有RF調變信號之光信號 ................................... 33 圖2-23 GMSK調變系統 ......................................................... 33 圖2-24 雷射二極體之線性輸出曲線 ............................................. 35 圖2-25 雙頻RF信號因雷射二極體之非線性特性產生了三階交互調變波 ............... 40 圖2-26 在輸入端加相位相反的三階交互調變波，輸出乾淨的雙頻RF信號 ............. 40 圖2-27 E/O模組之預失真補償法之設置架構 ...................................... 41 圖2-28 MMIC正常偏壓圖 ....................................................... 42 圖2-29 可調式衰減器電路圖 ................................................... 43 圖2-30 可調式相移器電路圖 ................................................... 43 圖2-31 系統組合 ............................................................. 45 圖2-32 主機之架構 ........................................................... 45 圖2-33 遠端機之架構 ......................................................... 46 圖2-34 Yutaka FUKE、Yasushi ITO、Yoshio EBINE之下鏈 的RF特性 ................ 48 圖2-35 Yutaka FUKE、Yasushi ITO、Yoshio EBINE之上鏈 的RF特性 ................ 48 圖3-1 使用Agilent AT41511電晶體且具有主動偏壓的低雜訊放大器 ................. 50 圖3-2 Agilent AT41511電晶體的一些參數 .......................................................................... 51 圖3-3 使用Agilent AT41511電晶體且具有主動偏壓的低雜訊放大器 ................. 53 圖3-4 低雜訊放大器之線路圖 .................................................. 54 圖3-5 低雜訊放大器之實際外觀圖 .............................................. 54 圖3-6 中頻濾波頻率轉換模組之線路圖 .......................................... 55 圖3-7 中頻濾波頻率轉換模組之實際外觀圖 ...................................... 56 圖3-8 PA模組之實際外觀圖 .................................................... 57 圖3-9 E/O雷射線路設置及元件值 ............................................... 58 圖3-10 實際光二極體電路 ..................................................... 60 圖3-11 GMSK系統在不同BT之BER對Eb/N0圖 ....................................... 61 圖3-12 無線通信光纖強波器系統之下鏈功率預算 ................................. 65 圖3-13 E/O及O/E模組之輸出入功率增加為10dBm，下鏈功率預算 .................... 66 圖3-14 無線通信光纖強波器系統之上鏈功率預算 ................................. 67 圖3-15 E/O及O/E模組之輸出入功率增加為10dBm之上鏈功率預算 .................... 68 圖4-1 低雜訊放大器之輸入反射損失S11 ......................................... 75 圖4-2 功率放大器模組之實測S22 ............................................... 78 圖4-3 主機前端RF部分外觀圖 .................................................. 79 圖4-4 E/O、O/E模組之實際外觀圖 .............................................. 80 圖4-5 E/O模組之光發射頻譜為1338.3nm ......................................... 80 圖4-6 MSA-0611在輸入信號頻率900MHz、不同信號強度之 S21 相位 ................. 83 圖4-7 MSA-0611在輸入信號頻率900MHz，不同信號強度之S21大小 ................... 83 圖4-8 可調式衰減器控制電壓VS.衰減值 ......................................... 84 圖4-9 可調式衰減器控制電壓VS.相位 ........................................... 84 圖4-10 可調式衰減器對頻率響應平坦度測試結果 ................................. 85 圖4-11 可調式相移器控制電壓VS.相位 .......................................... 86 圖4-12 可調式相移器控制電壓VS.插入損失 ...................................... 86 圖4-13 預失真電路上路徑S21相位對輸入信號圖 .................................. 87 圖4-14 預失真電路上路徑S21大小對輸入信號 .................................... 87 圖4-15 預失真電路下路徑S21相位對輸入信號圖 .................................. 88 圖4-16 預失真電路下路徑S21大小對輸入信號圖 .................................. 88 圖4-17 以10dBm信號輸入E/O模組傳送至O/E模組還原至RF信號之圖形 ................ 89 圖4-18 外加預失真電路後之還原至RF信號的圖形 ................................. 89 圖4-19 中心頻率900MHz，預失真電路及沒有預失真電路三階交互調變波比較圖 ....... 91 圖4-20 中心頻率890MHz，預失真電路及沒有預失真電路三階交互調變波比較圖 ........92 圖4-21 中心頻率940MHz，預失真電路及沒有預失真電路三階交互調變比較圖 ......... 93 圖4-22 頻率875MHz預失真補償，輸出功率10dBm之三階交互調變波對溫度圖 ...........94 圖4-23 下鏈系統增益 ......................................................... 96 圖4-24 上鏈系統增益 ......................................................... 96 圖4-25 下鏈雙頻測試之輸出結果 ............................................... 97 圖4-26 無線光纖強波器之下鏈輸出RF特性 ....................................... 97 圖4-27 無線光纖強波器之上鏈輸出RF特性 ....................................... 98 表目 表1-1 固定頻帶式強波器之各級增益及雜訊指數列表................................ 6 表2-1 基地台及移動台與增益預算有關的一些基本參數 ............................ 38 表2-2 Yutaka FUKE、Yasushi ITO、Yoshio EBINE系統組合之測試結果 .............. 47 表3-1 Agilent AT41511 BJT在VCE=5V、 IC=5mA時之S-parameter ................... 52 表3-2 Agilent AT41511 BJT在VCE=5V、IC=5mA時之noise-parameter ................ 52 表3-3 Agilent AT41511 BJT在VCE=5V、IC=25mA時之noise-parameter ............... 52 表4-1 低雜訊放大器模組之各項參數測試結果 .................................... 75 表4-2 上鏈中頻濾波頻率轉換模組之各項參數測試結果 ............................ 76 表4-3 下鏈中頻濾波頻率轉換模組之各項參數測試結果 ............................ 77 表4-4 功率放大器模組之各項參數測試結果 ...................................... 78 表4-5 主機前端RF部分之各項規格 .............................................. 79 表4-6 E/O、O/E模組之規格表 .................................................. 81 表4-7 中心頻率900MHz，預失真電路及沒有預失真電路三階交互調變波比較表 ........ 91 表4-8 中心頻率890MHz，預失真電路及沒有預失真電路三階交互調變波比較表 ........ 92 表4-9 中心頻率940MHz，預失真電路及沒有預失真電路三階交互調變波比較表 .........93 表4-10 整體組合後無線通信光纖強波器系統組合之測試結果 ....................... 95

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