在過去的關於創新的研究上，往往都過於偏重於科技上的層面，而忽略了商業上的層面，本研究即針對此一問題展開此次研究，本研究想探討的問題有商業上的創新為何？為什麼有些人可以提出比較好的商業創新？以及科技創新與商業創新之間的關係為何？
本研究認為在商業創新的背後往往是有創業家在背後所推動，而本研究認為一位成功的創業家，其多半是擁有一種商業智能，其是由分析、實踐、創意三種智能所組合而成，這也使得其可以成功的建立商業創新。
在商業創新的方面，本研究採用經營模式來描述整個商業創新的過程，本研究歸納先前學者的相關論述，認為經營模式為指企業或個人所發展出來的建構核心價值及其傳遞方式以獲取財富的整合架構。並將其分為八個成分分別為價值主張、核心策略、組織設計、資源部署、價值網路、產品設計、營收機制、財富潛力，本研究並發展了一整合性的架構去探討之間的關係為何。
本研究以此一架構去探討了科技創新與商業創新之間的關連為何，並說明經營模式設計如何影響主宰設計的出現，並整合成一個完整的商業創新模型。

參考文獻
Abernathy, W. and K. Clark, 1985, ‘Innovation: mapping the winds of creative destruction,’ Research Policy, 14: 3-22
Abernathy, W. J. and J. M. Utterback, 1978, ‘Patterns of industrial innovation,’ Technology Review, 80(7): 259-277
Abernathy, W. J. and J. M. Utterback, 1988, ‘Patterns of industrial innovation,’ Readings in the Management of Innovation, 2nd ed., M. L. Tushman and W. Moore, Eds. Ballinger: 25-36
Abetti, P. A., 2002, ‘From science to technology to products and profits superconductivity at general electric and intermagnetics general (1960-1990),’ Journal of Business Venturing, 17: 83-98
Adaman, F. and P. Devine, 2002, ‘A reconsideration of the theory of entrepreneurship: a participatory approach,’ Review of Political Economy, 14(3): 329-355
Adler, P. S., B. Goldoftas and D. I. Levine, 1999, ‘Flexibility versus efficiency: a case study of model changeovers in the toyota production system,’ Organization Science, 10(1): 43-68
Afuah A., 2004, Business Models: A Strategic Management Approach, N. Y.: McGraw-Hill
Afuah, A. and C. L. Tucci, 2003, ‘A model of the internet as creative destroyer,’ IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 50(4): 395-402
Afuah, A., 2001, ‘Dynamic boundaries of the firm: are firms better off being vertically integrated in the face of a technological change?’ Academy of Management Journal, 44(6): 1211-1228
Aguilar-Saven, R. S., 2004, ‘Business process modeling: review and framework,’ International Journal of Production Economics, 90(2): 129-149
Alvarez, S. A., and J. B. Barney, 2002, ‘Resource-based theory and the entrepreneurial firm,’ In M. A. Hitt, R. D. Ireland, S. M. Camp, and D. L. Sexton(Eds.), Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating a new mindset: 89-105. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers
Amabile, T. M. 1983, The social psychology of creativity, New York: Springer-Verlag
Amabile, T. M. 1997, ‘Motivating creativity in organizations: on doing what you love and loving what you do,’ California Management Review, 40: 39-58
Amabile, T. M., and S. S. Gryskiewicz, 1987, ‘Creativity in the R&D Laboratory,’ Technical Report no. 30 Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC
Amabile, T., 1988, ‘A model of creativity and innovation in organizations,’ Research in Organizational Behavior, 10: 123-167
Amit R. and C. Zott, 2000, Value Drivers of e-Commerce Business Models?, University of Pennsylvania, US and INSEAD France
Anderson, P. and M. L. Tushman, 1990, ‘Technological discontinuities and dominant designs: a cyclical model of technological change,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 604-633
Andrews, J. and C. S. Daniel, 1996, ‘In search of the marketing imagination: factors affecting the creativity of marketing programs for mature products?’ Journal of Marketing Research, 33 (5):174-187
Åstebro, T., 2004, ‘Key success factors for technological entrepreneurs’ R&D projects,’ IEEE Transaction on Engineering Management, 51(3): 314-321
Axelrod, R., W. Mitchell, R. E. Thomas, D. S. Bennett and E. Bruderer, 1995, ‘Coalition formation standard-setting alliances,’ Management Science, 41(9): 1493-1508
Azoulay, P. and S. Shane, 2001, ‘Entrepreneurs, contracts, and the failure of young firms,’ Management Science, 47(3): 337-358
Baker T., A. S. Miner and D. T. Eesley, 2003, ‘Improvising firms: bricolage, account giving and improvisational competencies in the founding process,’ Research Policy, 32: 255-276
Baldwin, C. and Clark K., 2000, Design Rules: The Power of Modularity, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Bamford, C. E., T. J. Dean and P. P. McDougall, 1999, ‘An examination of the impact of initial founding conditions and decisions upon the performance of new bank start-ups,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 15: 253-277
Bandura, A., 1997, Self-efficacy: The exercise of control, New York: W.H. Freeman Company
Bandura, A., 1999, ‘Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective,’ Asian journal of social Psychology, 2(1): 21- 41
Barney, J. B., 2002, Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage: 2nd ed., 314-315. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Baron R. A., 2004, ‘The cognitive perspective: a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship’s basic “why” questions,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 19: 221-239
Baron, R. A. and G. D. Markman, 2000, ‘Beyond social capital: the role of social skills in entrepreneurs’ success,’ Academy of Management Executive 14: 1-15
Baron, R. A., 1998, ‘Cognitive mechanisms in entrepreneurship: why and when entrepreneurs think differently than other people,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4): 275-294
Baron, R. A., 1999, ‘Counterfactual thinking and venture formation: the potential effects of thinking about “what” might have been,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 15: 79-91
Baron, R. A., 2000, ‘Counterfactual thinking and venture formation: the potential effects of thinking about ‘what might have been’,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 15(1): 79-91
Baron, R. A., 2004, ‘The cognitive perspective: a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship''s basic "why" questions,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2): 221-239
Baron, R. A. and G. D. Markman, 2003, ‘Beyond social capital: the role of entrepreneurs'' social competence in their financial success,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1): 41-60
Benner, M. J. and M. L. Tushman, 2003, ‘Exploitation, exploration, and process management: the productivity dilemma revisited,’ Academy of Management Review, 28(2): 238-256
Berliner, P.F., 1994, Thinking in Jazz: The Infinite Art of Improvisation, University of Chicago Press, IL: Chicago
Besanko, D. and U. Doraszelski, 2004, ‘Capacity dynamics and endogenous asymmetries in firm size,’ The Rand Journal of Economics, 35(1): 23-49
Besemer, S. and O. Karen, 1986, ‘Analyzing creative products: refinement and test of judging instrument?’ The Journal of Creative Behavior, 20 (2): 115-126
Birely, S., 1986, ‘The role of new firms: births, deaths, and job generation,’ Strategic Management Journal, 7: 361–376
Block, Z. and I. C. MacMillan, 1985, ‘Growing concerns: milestones for successful venture planning,’ Harvard Business Review, 63(5): 184-196
Bluedorn, A. C., 2000, Time and organizational culture Handbook of organizational culture and climate, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bluedorn, A. C., 2002, The human organization of time: Temporal realities and experience, Stanford, CA:Stanford Business Books
Boeker, W., 1989, ‘Strategic change-the effects of founding and history,’ Academy of Management Journal, 32: 489-515
Bonaccorsi, A. and P. Giuri, 2000, ‘When shakeout doesn’t occur: the evolution of the turboprop engine industry,’ Research Policy, 29: 847-870
Borch, O. J., M. Huse and K. Senneseth, 1999, ‘Resource configuration, competitive strategies, and corporate entrepreneurship: an empirical examination of small firms,’ Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 24(1): 49-70
Boulding, W. and M. Christen, 2003, ‘Sustainable pioneering advantage: profit implications of market entry order,’ Marketing Science, 22(3): 371-392
Bourdieu, P., 1986, ‘The form of capital,’ in J. G. Richardson(Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, Westport, 241-258
Bower, H. W. T., 1991, Global Steel in the 1990s, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA
Bower, J. L. and C. M. Christensen, 1995, ‘Disruptive technologies: catching the wave,’ Harvard Business Review, 73(1): 43-53
Boyd, B., 1990, ‘Corporate linkages and organizational environment: a test of the resource dependence model,’ Strategic Management Journal, 11: 419–430
Branscombe, N.R., P. Crosby and J.A. Weir, 1993, ‘Social inferences concerning male and female homeowners who use a gun to shoot an intruder,’ Aggressive Behavior, 19: 113-124
Brockner, J., E. T. Higgins and M. B. Low, 2004, ‘Regulatory focus theory and the entrepreneurial process,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 19: 203-220
Brown, T.E., B.A. Kirchhoff, 1997, ‘The effect of resource availability and entrepreneurial orientation on firm growth,’ In: Reynolds, P.D., Bygrave, W.D., Carter, N., Davidsson, P., Gartner, W.B. and McDougall, P.P. (Eds.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, MA: Wellesley
Burgelman, R., M. Maidique and S. Wheelwright, 1996, Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation, Irwin, Chicago
Buroker, B. M., 2004, ‘Business-method patents: they’re not just for dotcom companies anymore,’ Intellectual Property and Technology Law Journal, 16(9): 1-4
Burt, R. S., 1980, ‘Models of network structure,’ Annual Review of sociology, 6: 79-141
Burt, R. S., 1997, ‘The contingent value of social capital,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 339-365
Busenitz, L. W. and J. B. Barney, 1997, ‘Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations: biases and heuristics in strategic decision making,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 12: 9-30
Cable, D.M. and S. Shane, 1997, ‘ A prisoner’s dilemma approach to entrepreneur–venture capitalist relationships,’ Academy of Management Review, 32:142-176
Carlson, N. F., 2000, ‘Developing business process patents and intellectual property,’ Strategic Finance, 82(5): 64-68
Casson, M., 1987, ‘Entrepreneur,’ in: Eatwell, J., M. Milgate and P. Newman (Eds) The New Palgrave: a dictionary of economics, London: Macmillan
Chandler, G. N. and D. W. Lyon, 2001, ‘Issues of research design and construct measurement in entrepreneurship research: the past decade,’ Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25: 101-113
Chandler, G.N. and S.H. Hanks, 1994, ‘Market attractiveness, resource-based capabilities, venture strategies, and venture performance,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 9: 331–349
Chandy, R. K. and G. J. Tellis, 1998, ‘"Organizing for radical innovation: the overlooked role of willingness to cannibalize,’ Journal of Marketing Research, 35: (November), 474-87
Charitou, C.D.and, C. C. Markides, 2003, ‘Responses to disruptive strategic innovation,’ MIT Sloan Management Review, 44 (2): 55-63
Chen, C. C., P. G. Greene and A. Crick, 1998, ‘Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers?’ Journal of Business Venturing, 13: 295-316
Chesbrough, H. and R. S. Rosenbloom, 2002, ‘The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: evidence from Xerox corporation’s technology spin-off companies,’ Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(3): 529-555
Chesbrough, H. W., 2003, ‘A better way to innovate,’ Harvard Business Review, 81(7): 12-13
Chesbrough, H. W., 2003, ‘Environmental influences upon firm entry into new sub-markets: evidence from the worldwide hard disk drive industry conditionally,’ Research Policy, 32: 659-678
Chesbrough, H. W., 2003, ‘The era of open innovation,’ MIT Sloan Management Review, 44(3): 35-44
Chesbrough, H. W., 2003, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Chesbrough, H. W., 2004, ‘Managing open innovation,’ Research Technology Management, 47(1): 23-26
Chesbrough, H., 2003, ‘The logic of open innovation: Managing intellectual property,’ California Management Review, 45(3): 33-42
Christensen, C. and, R. Rosenbloom,. 1995, ‘Ecplaining the attacker’s advantage: technological paradigms, organizational dynamics and value network,’ Research Policy, 24: 233-257
Christensen, C. M. and J. Bower, 1996, ‘Customer power, strategic investment, and the failure of leading firms,’ Strategic Management Journal (1986-1998), 17(3): 197-211
Christensen, C. M. and M. E. Raynor, 2003, ‘Why hard-nosed executives should care about management theory,’ Harvard Business Review, 81(9): 66-75
Christensen, C. M. and, Bower, J. L. Bower, 1996, ‘Customer power, strategic investment, and the failure of leading firms,’ Strategic Management Journal, 17: 197-218
Christensen, C. M., 2002, ‘The rules of innovation,’ Technology Review, 105(5): 32-38
Christensen, C. M., F. F. Suarez and J. M. Utterback, 1998, ‘Strategies for survival in fast-changing industries,’ Management Science, 44(12): 207-220
Christensen, C. M., M. Verlinden and G. Westerman, 2002, ‘Disruption, disintegration and the dissipation of differentiability,’ Industry and Corporate Change, 11: 955-993
Christensen, C. M., M. Verlinden and G. Westerman, 2002, ‘Disruption, disintegration and the dissipation of differentiability,’ Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(5): 955-994
Christensen, C. M., Mark W. Johnson and Darrell K. Rigby, 2002, ‘Foundaions for growth: how to identify and build disruptive new business,’ MIT Sloan Management Review, 43(3): 21-32
Christensen, C. M., R. Bohmer and J. Kenagy, 2000, ‘Will disruptive innovations cure healthcare?’ Harvard Business Review, 78(5): 102–112
Christensen, C., F. Suarez and, J. Utterback, 1999, ‘Strategies for survival in fast changing industries,’ Management Science, 44(12): S207-S220
Cialdini, R.B., 1994, ‘Interpersonal influence,’ In: Shavitt, S. and Brock, T.C. (Eds.) Persuasion: Psychological insight and perspectives, Boston: Allyn and Bacon
Clark, K., 1985, ‘The interaction of design hierarchies and market concepts on technological evolution,’ Research Policy, 14: 235–251
Cockerill, A., 1971, The Steel Industry: International Comparisons of Industrial Structure and Performance, Oxford University Press, London.
Cooper, Lee G., 2000, ‘Strategic marketing planning for Radically new products,’ Journal of Marketing: 64(1): 1-16
Coser, R. 1975, ‘The complexity of roles as a seedbed of individual autonomy,’ The idea of social structure: Papers in honor of Robert K Merton, New York: Harcourt Brace.
Cosier, G. and P. M. Hughes, 2001, ‘The problem with disruption,’ BT Technology Journal, 19(4): 9-14
Covin, J. G. and D. P. Slevin, 2002, ‘The entrepreneurship imperatives of strategic leadership,’ In M. A. Hitt, R. D. Ireland, S. M. Camp, and D. L. Sexton(Eds.), Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating a new mindset: 309-327. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers
Cravens, David W., Nigel F. Piercy and George S. Low, 2002, ‘The innovation challenges of proactive cannibalization and discontinuous technology,’ Eruopean Business Review, 14(4): 257-267
Creswell, J. W., 2003, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Crisci, P. E., J. K. March and K. H. Peters, 1991, ‘Empowerment with accountability: teachers evaluating teachers,’ Government Union Review, 12(1): 1-21
Crowe, E., and E.T.Higgins , 1997, ‘Regulatory focus and strategic inclinations: promotion and prevention in decision making,’ Organization Behavior and Human Decision Process, 69:117-132
Cumming, B. S., 1998, ‘Innovation overview and future challenges,’ European Journal of Innovation Management, 1(1): 21–29
D’Aveni, R. A., 1999, ‘Strategic supremacy through disruption and dominance,’ MIT Sloan Management Review, 40(3): 127-135
D’Costa, A. P., 1999, The Global Restructuring of the Steel Industry: Institutions and Industrial Change, Routledge, London
Day, G. S., A. J. Fein and G. Ruppersberger, 2003, ‘Shakeouts in digital markets: lessons from B2B exchanges,’ California Management Review, 45(2): 131-151
De Carolis, D. M., 2003, ‘Competencies and initability in the pharmaceutical industry: an analysis of their relationship with firm performance,’ Journal of Management, 29(1): 27-50
DePaulo, B.M., 1994, ‘Spotting lies: can human learn to do better?’ Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3: 83–86
Di Gregorio, S. 2000. ‘Using Nvivo for your literature review,’ paper presented at STRATEGIES IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: ISUUES AND RESULTS FROM ANALYSIS USING QSR NVIVO AND NUD*IST, conference at the Institute of Education, London, 29-30 September 2000
Diehl, M. and W. Stroebe, 1991, ‘Productivity loss in idea-generating groups: tracking down the blocking effect,’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61: 392-403
DiPietro, W. R., 2004, ‘Country creativity and IQ,’ The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, 29(3): 345-354
Dosi, G., 1984, Technical Change and Industrial Transformation, New York, St. Martin’s PressDottore, F. A., 1977, ‘Data base provides business model,’ Computerworld, 11(44): S
Duchesneau, D.A. and W.B. Gartner, 1990, ‘A profile of new venture success and failure in an emerging industry,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 5: 297-312
Durand, R. and R. Coeurderoy, 2001, ‘Age, order of entry, strategic orientation, and organizational performance,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5): 471-494
Eisenhardt, K. M. and C.B. Schoonhoven, 1990, ‘Organizational growth: linking founding team, strategy, environment, and growth among U.S. semiconductor ventures 1978–1988,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 504–529
Elsbach, K. D. and R. M. Kramer, 2003, ‘Assessing creativity in Hollywood pitch meetings: evidence for a dual-process model of creativity judgments,’ Academy of Management Journal, 46(3): 283-301
Erikson, T., 1999, ‘A study of entrepreneurial career choices among MBAs: the extended Bird Model,’ Journal of Enterprising Culture, 7 (1): 1-17
Erikson, T., 2002, ‘Entrepreneurial capital: the emerging venture’s most important asset and competitive advantage,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 17: 275-290
Ferrary, M., 2003, ‘Managing the disruptive technologies life cycle by externalising the research: social network and corporate venturing in the silicon valley,’ International Journal of Technology Management, 25-40(1, 2): 165-180
Ferrary, M., 2003, ‘Managing the disruptive technologies life cycle by externalising the research: social network and corporate venturing in the silicon valley,’ International Journal of Technology Management, 25(1,2): 165-180
Ferris, G.R., P.L. Perrewe, W.P. Anthony and D.C. Gilmore, 2000, ‘Political skill at work,’ Organization Dynamics, 28:25-37
Finck, G., J. Timmers and M. Mennes, 1998, ‘Satisfaction vs. Motivation,’ Across the Board, 35(9): 55-56
Forbes, J. B. and D. R. Domm, 2004, ‘Creativity and productivity: resolving the conflict,’ S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, 69(2): 4-27
Ford, C. and D. M. Sullivan, 2004, ‘A time for everything: how the timing of novel contributions influences project team outcomes,’ Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25: 279-292
Forgas, J.P. 1995, ‘Mood and judgment: the affect infusion model (AIM),’ Psychological Bulletin, 117: 39-66
Forster, J., H. Grant, C.L. Idson and E.T. Higgins, 2001, ‘Effects of success and failure on motivational strength: regulatory focus as moderator,’ Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37: 253–260.
Foster, R., 1986, Innovation: the Attacker’s Advantage, New York: Summit Books
Fox, S. and P. E. Spector, 2000, ‘Relations of emotional intelligence, practical intelligence, general intelligence, and trait affectivity with interview outcomes: it’s not all just “G”,’ Journal of Organization Behavior, 21: 203-220
Freiberger, P. and M. Swaine, 1984, Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer, Berkeley: Osborne/McGrawHill
Frenken, K. and L. Leydesdorff, 2000, ‘Scaling trajectories in civil aircraft (1913-1997),’ Research Policy, 29: 331-348
Friedman, R.S. and J. Forster, 2001, ‘The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity,’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81: 1001-1013
G.atignon, H., M. L. Tushman, W. Smith and P. Anderson, 2002, ‘A structural approach to assessing innovation: construct development of innovation locus, type, and characteristics,’ Management Science, 48(9) 1103-1122
Gaglio, C.M. and J.A. Katz, 2001, ‘The psychological basis of opportunity identification: entrepreneurial alertness,’ Journal of Small Business Economic, 16: 95-111
Gallagher, S. and S. H. Park, 2002, ‘Innovation and competition in standard-based industries: a historical analysis of the U.S. home video game market,’ IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 49(1): 67-82
Gans, J., D. H. Hsu and S. Stern, 2002, ‘When does start-up innovation spur the gale of creative destruction?’ The Rand Journal of Economics, 33(4): 571-586
Garvin, D. A., 2004, ‘What every CEO should know about creating new businesses,’ Harvard Business Review, 82(7/8): 18-21
Geber, B., 1990, ‘How to manage wild ducks,’ Training: The Magazine of Human Resources, 27(5): 29-36
Gersick, C. J., 1994, ‘Pacing strategic change: the case of a new venture,’ Academy of Mmanagement Journal, 37: 9-45
Ghemawat, P., 2003, ‘The forgotten strategy,’ Harvard Business Review, 81(11): 76-84
Gilbert, C. and J. L. Bower, 2002, ‘Disruptive change: When trying harder is part of the problem,’ Harvard Business Review, 80(5): 95-100
Gist, M. E. and T. R. Mitchell, 1992, ‘Self-efficacy: a theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability,’ Academy of Management Review, 17(2): 183-211.
Glasmeier, A., 1991, ‘Technological discontinuities and flexible production networks: the case of Switzerland and the world watch industry,’ Research Policy, 20 (5): 469–485
Glynn, M. A., 1996, ‘Innovative genius: a framework for relating individual and organizational intelligences to innovation,’ Academy of Management Review, 21(4): 1081 - 1112
Gower, A. P., H. V. Lacohee, M. L. R. Jones, K. Tracey, M. Trimby and A. V. Lewis, 2001, ‘Design for disruption,’ BT Technology Journal, 19(4): 52-59
Granovetter, M. S., 1973, ‘The strength of weak ties,’ American Journal of Sociology, 78: 1360-1380
Granovetter, M., 1985, ‘Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness,’ American Journal of Sociology, 91(3): 481-510
Granvovetter, M. S. 1982, ’The strength of weak ties: a network theory revisited,’ In P. V. Marsden and N. Lin(Eds.), Social structure and network analysis, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 105-130
Griffin, A., 1997, ‘The effect of project and process characteristics on product development cycle time,’ Journal of Marketing Research, 34: 24-35
Guard, R. and A. Kumaraswamy, 1993, ‘Changing competitive dynamics in network industries: an exploration of sun,’ Strategic Management Journal, 14: 351-369
Hage, J., M. Aiken, and C. B. Marrett, 1971, ‘Organization structure and communications,’ American Sociological Review, 36: 860-871
Halbesleben, J. R. B., M. M. Novicevic, M. G. Harvey and M. R. Buckley, 2003, ‘Awareness of temporal complexity in leadership of creativity and innovation: a competency-base model,’ The Leadership Quarterly, 14: 433-454
Hall, C. G. L., 1997, Steel Phoenix: The Fall and Rise of the US Steel Industry. St. Martin’s Press, New York, NY
Hamel, G. and C. K. Prahalad, 1995, ‘Competing for the future,’ Life & Health Insurance Sales, 138(2): 36-38
Hamel, G. and C. K. Prahalad, 1995, ‘Thinking differently,’ Business Quarterly, 59(4): 22-23
Hamel, G., 2000, Leading the Revolution, Harvard Business School Press, Boston
Hamel, G., 2003, ‘Radical innovation,’ Executive Excellence, 20(5): 11
Hargadon, A. B. and Y. Douglas, 2001, ‘When innovation meet institutions: edison and design of the electric light,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(3): 476-501
Harry, M. and R. Schroeder, 2001, ‘Six sigma: The breakthrough management strategy revolutionizing the world’s top corporations,’ Purchasing B2B: 21
Hart, C., 2001, Doing a Literature Search: A Comprehensive Guide for the Social Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Hart, S. L. and C. M. Christensen, 2002, ‘The great leap: Driving innovation from the base of the pyramid,’ MIT Sloan Management Review, 44(1): 51
Harvey, M. and M. M. Novicevic, 2001, ‘The impact of hypercompetitive “timescapes” on the development of a global mindset,’ Management Decision, 39(6): 70-82
Harvey, M., C. Speier and M. Novicevic, 2000, ‘The impact of emerging markets on staffing the global organization,’ Journal of International Management, 5: 167-186
Harvey, M., M. R. Buckley, M. M. Novicevic, and A. Elfessi, 2002, ‘Developing a timescape-based framework for an online education strategy,’ International Journal of Educational Management, 16: 46-53
Hatch, J.M., 1997, ‘Jazzing up the theory of organizational improvisation,’ In: Walsh, P.P., Huff, A.S. (Eds.), Advances in Strategic Management, JAI Press, CT: Greenwich
Hayek, F., 1945, ‘The use of knowledge in society,’ American Economic Review, 35 ( 4): 519-530
Hellmann, T. and M. Puri, 2000, ‘The interaction between product market and financing strategy: the role of venture capital,’ Review of Financial Studies , 13(4): 59-84
Henderson, R. M. and K. B. Clark, 1990, ‘Architectural innovation: the reconfiguration of existing product technologies and the failure of established firms,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1): 9-30
Henderson, R. M. and K. B. Clark, 1990, ‘Architectural innovation: the reconfiguration of existing,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1): 9-31
Henderson, R., 1995, ‘Of life cycles real and imaginary: the unexpectedly long old age of optical lithography,’ Research Policy, 24(4) 631-645
Herriott, S. R., D. Levinthal and J. G. March, 1985, ‘Learning from experience in organizations,’ The American Economic Review, 75(2): 298-302
Hindle, K. and J. Yencken, 2004, ‘Public research commercialization, entrepreneurship and new technology based firms: and integrated model,’ Technovation, 24: 793-803
Hitt, M.D., R.D. Ireland and R.E. Hoskisson, 1999, Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization third ed. South-Western College Publishing, Cincinnati, OH
Hogan, W. T., 1991, Global Steel in the 1990s, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA
Hooijberg, R., J. G. Hunt, and G. E. Dodge, 1997, ‘Leadership complexity and development of the Leaderplex model,’ Journal of Management, 23: 375-408
Hoskisson, R.E., and L. W. Busenitz, 2002, In M. A. Hitt, R.D. Ireland, S. M. Camp, and D. L. Sexton(Eds.), Market uncertainty and learning distance: 151-172. Oxford: Black well Publishers
Ibarra, H. 1992, ‘Homophily and differential returns: sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 37: 422-447
Ibarra, H., and S.B. Andrews, 1993, ‘Power, social influence, and sense making: effects of network centrality and proximity on employee perceptions,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 277-303
Im, S. and J. P. W. Jr, 2004, ‘Market orientation, creativity, and new product performance in high-technology firms,’ Journal of Marketing, 68(2): 114-133
Ireland R. D., M. A. Hitt, and D. G. Sirmon, 2003, ‘A model of strategic entrepreneurship: The construct and its dimensions,’ Journal of Management, 29(6):963-989
Ireland, R. D. and M. A. Hitt, 1999, ‘Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: The role of strategic leadership,’ Academy of Management Executive, 13(1):43-57.
Isen, A.M. and R.A. Baron, 1991, ‘Affect and organizational behavior,’ in B.M. Staw and L.L. Cummings, eds., Research in organizational behavior, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 15: 1-53
Jenkins, M and Steven, F., 2001, ‘Trajectories in the evolution of technology: a multi-level study of competition in formula 1 racing,’ Organization Studies, 22(6): 945-969
Johnson, L. K. 2002, ‘The organizational identity trap,’ MIT Sloan Management Review, 43(4):11
Johnson, M.K. and S. J. Sherman, 1990, ‘Constructing and reconstructing the past and the future in the present,’ In E.T. Higgins and R.M. Sorrentio(Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, NY: Guilford press, 2: 485-526
Johnston Jr., R. E. and D. Bate, 2003, The Power of Strategy Innovation: A New Way of Linking Creativity and Strategic Planning to Discover Great Business Opportunities, New York, N. Y.: AMACOM.
Kahneman, D. and D. Lovallo, 1994, ‘Timid choices and bold forecasts: a cognitive perspective on risk taking,’ In: Rumelt, R.P., Schendel, D.E. and Teece, D.J. (Eds.), Fundamental Issues in Strategy: A Research Agenda, 71-96
Kanter, R. M. 1988, ’When a thousand flowers bloom: structural, collective, and social conditions for innovation in organization,’ Research in Organizational Behavior, 10: 169-211
Kassicieh, S. K., S. T. Walsh, J. C. Cummings, P. J. McWhorter, A. D. Roming and W. D. Williams, 2002, ‘Factors differentiating the commercialization of disruptive and sustaining technologies,’ IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 49(4): 375-387
Kaufmann, G., 2004, ‘Two kinds of creativity: but which ones?’ Creativity and Innovation Management, 13(3): 154-165
Kearns, D. T. and D. A. Nadler, 1992, ‘A handbook for competitive decline,’ Across the Board, 29(9): 15-16
Kenagy, J. W. and C. M. Christensen, 2002, ‘Disruptive innovation: a new diagnosis for health care’s "financial flu",’ Healthcare Financial Management, 56(5): 62-66
Kern, S., 1983, The culture of time and space: 1880–1918, Cambridge: Harvard University Press
Kilduff, M. and D. Y. Day, 1994, ‘Do chameleons get ahead: the effects of self-monitoring on managerial careers,’ Academy of Management Journal, 37:1047-1060
King, A. A. and C. L. Tucci, 2002, ‘Imcubent entry into new market niches: the role of experience and managerial choice in the creation of dynamic capabilities,’ Management Science, 48(2): 171-186.
Kirzner, I. 1997, ‘Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: an Austrian approach,’ Journal of economic Literature, 35: 60-85
Kirzner, I. M., 1997, ‘Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: an Austrian approach,’ Journal of Economic Literature, 35: 60–85
Klepper, S., 2002, ‘Firm survival and the evolution of oligopoly,’ The Rand Journal of Economics,’ 33(1): 37-61
KMLab, Inc, http://www.kmlab.com/4Gwarfare.html, accessed 20 June 2000
Kogut, B., and U. Zander, 1992, ‘Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology,’ Organization Science, 3: 383-397
Kolesar, P. J., 1993, ‘The relevance of research on statistical process control to the total quality movement,’ Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 10(4): 317-338
Kolvereid, L., 1996, ‘Prediction of entrepreneurial employment status choice intentions,’ Entrepreneurship Theory Practice, 21 (1): 47-57.
Konczal, E. F., 1975, ‘Models are for managers, not mathematicians,’ Journal of Systems Management, 26(1): 12-14
Kotha, S., 1998, ‘Competing on the internet: The case of amazon.Com,’ European Management Journal, 16(2): 212-222
Krishnan, V. and S. Gupta, 2001, ‘Appropriateness and impact of platform-based product development,’ Management Science, 47(1): 52-68
Krueger Jr., N. 1993, ’The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability,’ Entrepreneurship Theory Practice, 18 (1): 5-19
Krueger Jr., N. and A.L. Carsrud, 1993, ‘Entrepreneurial intentions: applying the theory of planned behavior,’ Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 5 (4):315-330
Krueger Jr., N. and D.V. Brazeal, 1994, ‘Entrepreneurship potential and potential entrepreneurs,’ Entrepreneurship Theory Practice, 19 (3):91-104
Landman, J., A.A. Vandewater, A.J. Stewart, and J.E. Malley, 1995, ‘Missed opportunities: psychological ramifications of counterfactual tough in midlife women,’ Journal of Adult Development, 2: 87-97
Leason, A., 1992, ‘Network dyads in entrepreneurial settings: A study of the governance of exchange relationships,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 37: 76–104
Leonard, D. and W. Swap, 2000, ‘Gurus in the Garage,’ Harvard Business Review, 78(6): 71-3, 76-80, 82
Leonard, D. and S. Straus, 1997, ‘Putting your company''s whole brain to work,’ Harvard Business Review, 75(4): 110-113+
Lesavich, S., 2001, ‘Are all business method patents ‘one-click’ away from vulnerability?’ Intellectual Property and Technology Law Journal, 13(6): 1-5
Lévesque , M. and D. A. Shepherd, 2004, ‘Entrepreneurs’ choice of entry strategy in emerging and developed markets,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 19(1): 29-54.
Levine, R. V. and A. Narenzayan, 1999, ‘The pace of life in 31 countries,’ Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30: 178-205
Levinthal, D. A. and J. G. March, 1993, ‘The myopia of learning,’ Strategic Management Journal, 14: 95-102
Levi-Strauss, C., 1966, The Savage Mind, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Lewis, A. V., G. Cosier and P. M. Hughes, 2001, ‘Dimensions of Change-a better picture of disruption,’ BT Technology Journal, 19(4): 15-23
Lincoln, J.R., and J. Miller, 1979, ‘Work and friendship ties in organizations: a comparative analysis of relational networks,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 24:181-199.
Linton, J. D., 2002, ‘Forecasting the market diffusion of disruptive and discontinuous innovation,’ IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 49(4): 365-374
Lucas, B., 2001, ‘Creativity, management and the brain,’ The British Journal of Administrative Management, 28: 10-11
Maffatto, M. and M. Roveda, 2000, ‘Develop product platforms: analysis of the development process,’ Technovation, 20: 617-630
Magretta, J., 1998, ‘The power of virtual integration: an interview with dell computer’s michael dell,’ Harvard Business Review, 76(2): 72-84
Magretta, J., 2002, ‘Why business models matter,’ Harvard Business Review, 80 (5): 86-92
Maidique, M. A., 1980, ‘Entrepreneurs, champions, and technological innovation,’. Sloan Management Review, 21(2): 59-76
Markman, D., D. B. Balkin, and R. A. Baron, 2002, ‘Inventors and new venture formation: the effects of general self-efficacy and regretful thinking,’ Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2): 149-166
Markman, G. D. and R. A. Baron, 2003, ‘Person-entrepreneurship fit: why some people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others,’ Human Resource Review, 13: 281-301.
Markman, G. D., and R. A. Baron, 2003, ‘Person-entrepreneurship fit: why some people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others,’ 13: 281-301.
Mascitelli, R., 2000, ‘From experience: harnessing tacit knowledge to achieve breakthrough innovation,’ Journal of product innovation management, 17: 179-193
McGrath, R. G., 1997, ‘A real options logic for initiating technology positioning investments,’ The Academy of Management Review, 22(4): 974-996
McGrath, R. G., I. C. MacMillan and M. L. Tushman, 1992, ‘The role of executive team action in shaping dominant designs: towards the strategic shaping of technological progress,’ Strategic Management Journal, 13: 137-161
McGrath, R. M., 1999, ‘Falling forward: Real options reasoning and entrepreneurial failure,’ Academy of Management Review, 24: 13-30
McGrath, R. M., and I. C. MacMillan, 2000, The entrepreneurial mindset, Boston: Havward business school press
Medvec, V.H., S.F. Madey and T. Gilovich, 1995, ‘When less is more: counterfactual thinking and satisfaction among Olympic athletes,’ Journal of Personality and Psychology, 69:603–610
Michael, S. C., 2003, ‘First mover advantage through franchising,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 18: 61-80
Miller, S. M., 1996, ‘Monitoring and blunting of threatening information: cognitive interference and facilitation in the coping process,’ In I. G. Sarason, G.R. Pierce and B. R. Sarason(Eds.), Cognitive Interference: Theory, Methods, and Findings, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate Publishers, 175-190
Miner, A.S., D.T. Eesely, M. DeVaughn, and T. Rura, 2001, ‘The magic beanstalk vision of university venture formation,’ In: Schoonhoven, C.b. and Romanelli, E.(Eds), The entrepreneurship Dynamic: Origins of Entrepreneurship and its Role in Industry Creation and Evolution, CA: Stanford University press
Miner, A.S., P. Bassoff, and C. Moorman, 2001, ‘Organizational improvisation and learning: a field study,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 46: 304-337
Mitchell, D. and C. Coles, 2003, ‘Gaining and Extending Industry Leadership Through Continuing Business Model Innovation,’ http://www.refresher.com/!dmccinnovation.html
Mitchell, D. and C. Coles, 2003, ‘The ultimate competitive advantage of continuing business model innovation,’ The Journal of Business Strategy, 24(5): 15-21
Mitchell, D. and C. Coles, 2003, The Ultimate Competitive Advantage: Secrets of Continually Developing a More Profitable Business Model, San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler
Mitchell, D. W. and C. B. Coles, 2004, ‘Business model innovation breakthrough moves,’ The Journal of Business Strategy, 25(1): 16-26
Moore, G. A., 1991, Crossing the Cham, New York: Harper Collins
Morris, M. H., M. Schindehutte and R. W. LaForge, 2002, ‘Entrepreneurial marketing: a construct for integrating emerging entrepreneurship and marketing perspectives,’ Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 10(4): 1-19
Morris, M., M. Schindehutte and J. Allen, 2005, ‘The entrepreneur''s business model: toward a unified perspective,’ Journal of Business Research, 58(6): 726-743
Mosakowski, E., 2002, ‘Overcoming resource disadvantage in entrepreneurial firms: when less is more, In M. A. Hitt, R. D. Ireland, S. M. camp, and D. L. Sexton(Eds.), Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating a new mindset:106-126. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers
Nair, A. and D. Ahlstrom, 2003, ‘Delayed creative destruction and the coexistence of technologies,’ Journal of Engineering and Technology Management Jet-M, 20: 345-365
Neck, C. P., H. M. Neck, C. C. Manz and J. Godwin, 1999, ‘‘I think I can; I think I can’ a self-leadership perspective toward enhancing entrepreneur thought patterns, self-efficacy, and performance,’ Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14(6): 477-501
Nuňes, T., 1994, ‘Street intelligence,’ In: Sternberg, R.J. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Intelligence, New York: Macmillan, 2: 1045–1049
O’Reilly, C. A. and M. L. Tushman, 2004, ‘The ambidextrous organization,’ Harvard Business Review, 82(4): 74-81
Paap, J. and R. Katz, 2004, ‘Anticipating disruptive innovation,’ Research Technology Management, 47(5): 13-22
Pablo, A. L., S. B. Sitkin and D. B. Jemison, 1996, ‘Acquisition decision-making processes: the central role of risk,’ Journal of Management, 22(5): 723-746
Patrick Stähler, 2002, ‘Business Models as an Unit of Analysis for Strategizing,’ Patrick.Staehler@alumni.unisg.ch
Perry-Smith, J. E. and C S Shalley, 2001, ‘The social side of creativity a static and dynamic social network perspective,’ Academy of Management Review, 28(1): 89-106
Pettigrew, A.M., 1992, ‘On studying managerial elites,’ Strategic Management Journal, 13: 163–182
Petty, R.E. and Cacioppo, J.T., 1990, ‘Involvement and persuasion: tradition versus integration,’ Psychological Bulletin, 107: 367-374
Pfeffer, J. and G.R. Salancik, 1978, The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective, Harper and Row, New York
Pinard, M. C. and R. J. Allio, 2005, ‘Innovations in the classroom: improving the creativity of MBA students,’ Strategy & Leadership, 33(1): 49-51
Pisano, G. P., 1996, ‘Learning-before-doing in the development of new process technology,’ Research Policy, 25(7): 1097-1120
Porter, M. E., 1987, ‘From competitive advantage to corporate strategy,’ Harvard Business Review, 65(3): 43-60
Porter, M. E., 2001, ‘Strategy and the internet,’ Harvard Business Review, 79(3): 63-79
Powell, W. W., 1990, ‘Neither market nor hierarchy: network forms of organization,’ Research in Organizational Behavior, 12: 295-336
Prahalad, C. K., and R. A. Bettis, 1986, ‘The dominant logic: a new link between diversity and performance,’ Strategic Management Journal, 7:485-501
Pugh, D. S., D. J. Hickson, C. H. Hinings and, C. Turner, 1968, ‘Dimensions of organization structure,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 13: 65-106
Quinn, J.B., 1980, Strategies for Change: Logical Incrementalism, Irwin(Richard D.), IL: Homewood
Rafii, Farshad and Paul Kampas, 2002, ‘How to identify your enemies before they destroy you,’ Harvard Business Review, 80(11): 115-123
Raynor, M. E. and C. M. Christensen, 2003, ‘Innovating for growth: now is the time,’ Ivey Business Journal Online: 1-9
Raynor, M. E. and C. M. Christensen, 2003, ‘The innovator’s solution,’ Optimize: 64-69
Reed, R. and R.J. DeFillippi, 1995, ‘Casual ambiguity, barriers to imitation, and sustainable competency-based advantage,’ Academy of Management Review, 15(1): 88-102
Reitan, B., 1997, ‘Where do we learn that entrepreneurship is feasible, desirable and/or profitable?’ A paper presented at the ICSB Conference, CA: San Francisco
Rindova, V. P. and S. Kotha, 2001, ‘Continuous ‘morphing’ competing through dynamic capabilities, form, and function,’ Academy of Management Journal, 44(6):1263-1280
Roese, N.J. 1994, ‘The functional basis of counterfactual thinking,’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66: 805-858
Roese, N.J. and J.M. Olson (Eds.), 1995, What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Roese, N.J., 1997, ‘Counterfactual thinking,’ Psychological Bulletin, 121: 133–148.
Rosegger, G., 1980, The Economics of Production and Innovation, Pergamon Press, New York
Rosenberg, N., 1983, Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economic, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Rowe, W. G., 2001, ‘Creating wealth in organizations: The role of strategic leadership,’ Academy of Management Executive, 15(1): 81-94
Sandberg, B., 2002, ‘Creating the market for disruptive innovation,’ Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 11(2): 184-196
Sanders, WM. G., and S. Boivie, 2004, ’ Sorting things out: valuation of new firms in uncertain markets,’ Strategic Management Journal, 25(2): 167-186
Sanderson, S. and, M. Uzumeri, 1995, ‘Product platforms and dominant designs: the case of Sony’s Walkman,’ Research Policy, 24: 583-607
Schilling, M. A., 2002, ‘Technology success and failure in winner-take-all markets: the impact of learning orientation, timing and network externalities,’ Academy of Management Journal, 45(2): 387-398
Schilling, M., 2000, ‘Toward a general modular systems theory and its application to interfirm product modularity,’ Academy Management Review, 25: 312–334
Schmid, B., R. Alt, H. Zimmermann, and B. Buchet, 2001, ‘Anniversary edition: business models,’ Electronic Markets, 11(1): 3-9
Schumpeter, J. A., 1911, The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge: MA, Harvard University Press
Schumpeter, J., 1943, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Allen and Unwin, London
Scott, D., 1999, ‘Do you need to be creative to start a successful business?’ Management Research News, 22(9): 26-41
Selz, D. 1999, Value Webs: Emerging forms of fluid and flexible organizations: Thinking, organizing, communicating, and delivering value on the Internet, Dissertation, University of St. Gallen.
Shafer, S. M., H. J. Smith and J. C. Linder, 2005, ‘The power of business models,’ Business Horizons, 48: 199-203
Shamsie, J., C. Phelps and J. Kuperman, 2004, ‘Better late than never: a study of late entrants in household electrical equipment,’ Strategic Management Journal, 25: 69-84
Shane, S. and S. Venkataraman, 2000, ‘The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research,’ Academy of Management Review, 25: 217-226
Sheremate, Willow A., 2000, ‘Centrifugal and centripetal forces in radical new product development under time pressure,’ Academy of Management Review, 25(2): 389-408
Simonton, D. K, 2003, ‘Scientific creativity as constrained stochastic behavior: the integration of product, person, and process perspectives,’ Psychological Bulletin, 129(4): 475-494
Solso, R.L., 1999, Cognitive Psychology, 5th ed., Boston: Allyn and Bacon
Srinivasan, R., G. L. Lilien and R. Arvind, 2004, ‘First in, first out: the effects of network externalities on pioneer survival,’ Journal of Marketing, 68: 41-58
Stanford, C. S., 2003, ‘Business method patents and financial services,’ Economic Review-Federal Reserve Band of Atlanta, 88(4): 5-7
Sternberg, R. J., 2004, ‘Successful intelligence as a basis for entrepreneurship,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2): 189-201
Stoltz, P. G., 2000, Adversity quotient at work, New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers
Sull, D. N., 2004, ‘Disciplined entrepreneurship,’ MIT Sloan Management Review, 46(1): 70-79
Tang, P. and D. Pare, 2003, ‘Gathering the foam: are business method patents a deterrent to software innovation and commercialization,’ International Review Law Computers and Technology, 17(2) 127-162
Tapscott, D., David Ticoll, and Alex Lowy, 2000, Digital Capital: Harnessing the Power of Business Webs, Harvard Business School Press, Boston
Tassey, G., 2000, ‘Standardization in technology-based markets,’ Research Policy, 29: 587-602
Teece, D. J., G. Pisano and A. Shuen, 1997, ‘Dynamic capabilities and strategic management,’ Strategic Management Journal, 18(7): 509-534
Tegarden, L. F., D. E. Hatfield and A. E. Echols, 1999, ‘Doomed from the start: what is the value of selecting a future dominant design?’ Strategic Management Journal: 20(6): 495-518
Timmers, P., 1998, ‘Business Models for Electronic Markets,’ Electronic Markets International Journal of Electronic Commerce & Business Media, 8(2): 3-8
Tripsas, M., 1997, ‘Unraveling the process of creative destruction: complementary assets and incumbent survival in the typesetter industry,’ Strategic Management Journal, 18: 119-142
Tushman, M. and, J. P. Murmann, 1998, ‘Dominant designs, technology cycles, and organizational outcomes,’ Research in Organizational Behavior, 20: 231-266
Tushman, M. L., and P. Anderson, 1986, ‘Technological discontinuities and organizational environments,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 31: 439-465
Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman, 1973, ‘Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability,’ Cognitive Psychology, 5: 207-232
Ulrich, K. and S. Eppinger, 1995, Product Design and Development, McGraw-Hill, New York
Van de ven, A. H., 1993, ‘The development of an infrastructure for entrepreneurship,’ Journal of Business Venturing, 83: 211–230
Van Heerde, H. J., C. F. Mela and P. Manchanda, 2004, ‘The dynamic effect of innovation on market structure,’ Journal of Marketing Research, 41: 166-183
Venkatraman, N. and J. C. Henderson, 1998, ‘Real strategies for virtual organizing,’ Sloan Management Review, 40(1): 33-49
Veryzer, R., 1998, ‘Discontinuous innovation and the new product development process,’ Journal of Product Innovation Management, 15(4): 304–321
Vesper, K.H., 1990, New Venture Strategies, second ed, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Viscio, A. and B. Paternack, 1996, ‘Toward a new business model,’ Strategy and Business, 20(2)
Voelpel, S. C., M. Leibold, and E. B. Tekie, 2004, ‘The wheel of business model reinvention: how to reshape your business model to leapfrog competitors,’ Journal of Change Management, 4(3): 259-276
Walsh, S. T., B. A. Kirchhoff and S. Newbert, 2002, ‘Differentiating market strategies for disruptive technologies,’ IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 49(4): 341-351
Walters, D., 2004, ‘A business model for the new economy,’ International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 34(3/4): 346-357
Ward, T. B., 2004, ‘Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship,’ Journal of Business Venture, 19: 173-188
Weick, K.E., 1996, ‘Drop your tools: an allegory for organizational studies,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 41:301-313
Weick, K.E., 1998, ‘Improvisation as a mindset for organizational analysis,’ Organization Science 9:543-555
Winter, S., 1994, ‘Organizing for continuous improvement: evolutionary theory meets the quality revolution,’ In J. Baum and J. Singh (Eds.), Evolutionary Dynamics of Organization: 90-108. New York: Oxford University Press
Wolpert, J. D., 2002, ‘Breaking out of the innovation box,’ Harvard Business Review, 80(8): 77-84
Wood, R. and A. Bandura, 1989, ‘Social cognitive theory of organizational management,’ Academy of Management Review, 14(3): 361-384.
Woodman, R.W., J.E. Sawyer, and R. W. Griffin, 1993, ‘Toward a theory of organizational creativity,’ Academy of Management Review, 18: 293-321
Yip, G. S., 2004, ‘Using strategy to change your business model,’ Business Strategy Review, 15(2): 17-24
Zhou, J. and J. M. George, 2003, ‘Awakening employee creativity: the role of leader emotional intelligence,’ Leadership Quarterly, 14(4, 5): 545-568
吳凱琳譯，《【創新的兩難》，台北：商週出版，民國八十九年
李田樹與李芳齡合譯，《啟動革命》，台北：天下文化，民國八十九年十二月。
李芳齡與李田樹合譯，《創新者的解答》，台北：天下文化，民國九十二年。
李芳齡譯，《創新者的修練》，台北：天下文化，民國九十四年。
蕭富峰與李田樹合譯，《創新與創業精神》，台北：臉譜出版，民國九十一年。
莊安琪譯，《7種IQ》，台北：時報文化，民國八十七年。