A Comparative Study Evaluating the One-More-Than Technique with and without the Use of a Mobile Purchasing System on the Independent Purchasing Skills for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

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研究生：	徐國樑 Guo-Liang Hsu
論文名稱：	A Comparative Study Evaluating the One-More-Than Technique with and without the Use of a Mobile Purchasing System on the Independent Purchasing Skills for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities A Comparative Study Evaluating the One-More-Than Technique with and without the Use of a Mobile Purchasing System on the Independent Purchasing Skills for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities
指導教授：	黃武元 Wu-Yuin, Hwang 唐榮昌 Jung-Chang, Tang
口試委員:
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	資訊電機學院 - 網路學習科技研究所 Graduate Institute of Network Learning Technology
論文出版年：	2014
畢業學年度：	102
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	119
中文關鍵詞：	再多付購物策略、中度智能障礙、購物技能、智慧型手機購物輔助系統
外文關鍵詞：	the one-more-than technique, moderate intellectual disabilities, making purchases, the mobile purchasing assistance system
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再多付購物策略是一種常用於協助智能障礙者購物的策略，但由於過度依賴受試者幣值數數的認知能力，因此限制了智能障礙者之購物表現。本研究採用跨受試者、跨情境與跨消費金額的多試探多基線設計，旨在探討二種再多付購物策略（再多付購物策略內嵌於智慧型手機購物輔助系統、傳統再多付購物策略）對四位國中中度智能障礙學生，在二種社區購物情境（超級市場與便利商店）、三種購物消費金額(NT$1-NT$100, NT$101-NT$500 和NT$501-NT$1000）下之購物付款與購物找零表現。另外，由於幣值種類的差異，本研究亦探討單一幣值和混合二種以上之幣值，對於傳統再多付購物策略在購物表現上之成效差異。此外，並使用描述性統計、視覺分析及效果量的方式，來分析這些學生，於基線期、介入期、保留期及類化期的購物表現。

研究結果顯示：

1.對於每一種消費金額在有限的二週介入訓練下，傳統再多付購物策略並無法有效產生立即性、維持性之購物表現效果。進一歩研究分析指出，與混合幣值相比較，在台灣當地對於傳統再多付購物策略而言，使用單一幣值再多付一百元策略是一種可能之可行性策略，具有良好的立即性購物成效。此外，以往再多付購物策略相關研究，僅著重購物付款之探究，而本研究結果顯示，參與者購物付款所使用之幣值，會直接影響購物找零之表現，及其可能之喪失金額，因此當使用再多付購物策略時，除了著重購物付款，亦應納入購物找零之探究。

2.相對於傳統再多付策略，研究結果証實無論消費金額之高低、不同二種社區情境，再多付策略內嵌於智慧型手機購物輔助系統，對四位研究參與者，都具有良好的立即性購物付款與購物找零之學習成效。藉由手機購物輔助系統之協助，可以有效地降低執行再多付購物策略對幣值數算認知能力之需求，同時亦能夠將原本被視為實行再多付購物策略阻礙之幣值數算問題，轉化成購物付款和購物找零過程中的優勢。

3.研究結果亦証實，手機購物輔助系統能夠有效降低參與者過度依賴真實購物情境中不同收銀機之訊息，有助於本研究四位參與者類化所習得之購物技能於四所社區購物場所。在手機購物輔助系統的協助下，四位參與者均能夠有效地維持購物技能至少八週。

The heavy cognitive demands of money-counting skills potentially limit how individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) shop when they use the one-more-than technique to make purchases. This study employed a multi-probe multiple baseline design across participants, settings (convenience stores and supermarkets), and increasing prices (NT$1-NT$100, NT$101-NT$500, and NT$501-NT$1000), with and without the assistance of a Mobile Purchasing Assistance System (MPAS), to assess the effectiveness of the one-more-than technique on independent purchases (i.e., the payment and the change) for items with prices beyond the money counting capacity of four male secondary school students with moderate ID. Meanwhile, the money combinations, which included single-type currency and multiple types of currency, were included to investigate the feasibility of the one-more-than technique for local denominations in Taiwan. Finally, descriptive statistics, visual inspection, and percentage of non-overlapping data were utilized to analyze the results. Implications for practice and future studies are provided in this study.
The findings of the study are as follows:

1.Within a 2-weeks intervention each price range, the traditional one-more-than technique did not have immediate effect and maintenance effect for four participants in Taiwan required more money supporting daily living. Use of a single-type of money (i.e., paying one more hundred note) was a potential approach for the traditional one-more-than technique in Taiwan, compared with the use of multiple-types of money. All previous research regarding the one-more-than technique focused more on exploring the effective alternative treatments pertaining to the payment procedure; however, no research focused on the issue of the change. The findings demonstrated that the payment given and the change received should be considered a complete process, an integral whole, rather than two isolated components involving the approach of the traditional one-more-than technique.

2.The approach of the MPAS equipped with the one-more-than technique would be of great benefit. It would be an advantage over the use of the traditional one-more-than technique. Results demonstrated the functional relationship between the MPAS approach and independent purchases across four participants, three levels of price ranges, and two community settings. The techniques with the MPAS could effectively convert participants’ initial money counting problems into useful advantages for successfully promoting the independent purchasing skills.

3.Also noteworthy is the finding that the mobile technology facilitated participants’ portable personal ability, which did not rely heavily on the physical conditions of community sites. Furthermore, the MPAS effectively facilitated the generalization of acquired skills from trained situations to four non-trained new environments. Four participants independently maintained their newly acquired skills for at least eight weeks after the removal of the MPAS intervention.

Table of contents

Chinese Abstract …………………………………………………………………………… i
English Abstract …………………………………………………………………………… ii
Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………………iii
List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………iv
List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………………v
Chapter 1:  Introduction    1
Chapter 2:  Literature Review    5
2.1. Research concerning community-based instruction for individuals with ID    5
2.2. Research concerning making purchases for individuals with ID    8
2.3. Research on the assistance of handheld computers for individuals with ID    12
Chapter 3: Methods    17
3.1. Participants    17
3.2. Settings    23
3.3. Materials and equipment    23
3.3.1. Mobile device    25
3.3.2. Task analysis of making purchases    25
3.4. Data collection    27
3.4.1. Dependent variables    27
3.4.2. Inter-observer agreement (IOA)    28
3.4.3. Social validity    29
3.5. Data Analysis    30
3.5.1. Visual analysis    30
3.5.2. Effect size analysis    31
3.6. Experimental design    31
Chapter 4:  Results    39
4.1. The effects of the payment    43
4.1.1. The independent payment performance of the participant Luo    43
4.1.2 The independent payment performance of the participant Wang    48
4.1.3. The performance of independent payment of the participant Li    53
4.1.4. The independent payment performance of the participant Zeng    58
4.2. The effects of independently verifying change from cashiers    62
4.2.1. Luo’s performance of independently verifying the change received    62
4.2.2. Wang’s performance of independently verifying the change received    66
4.2.3. Li’s performance of independently verifying the change received    70
4.2.4. Zeng’s performance of independently verifying the change received    74
4.3. The analysis of effect size between two treatments    78
4.4. Social validity    79
Chapter 5: Discussion    82
5.1. The immediate effects of two treatments    82
5.2. The maintenance effects of two treatments    94
5.3. Effects of independently checking the change on the generalization issue across two types of treatments    96
5.4. The relationship between the two dependent variables across two treatments    98
Chapter 6: Conclusion    104
References    112
Appendix  An illustration of MPAS use    119



List of Figures
Figure 1. Luo's percentage of correct payment across levels of price    46
Figure 2. Wang's percentage of correct payment across levels of price    51
Figure 3. Li's percentage of correct payment across levels of price    56
Figure 4. Zeng’s percentage of correct payment across levels of price    60
Figure 5. Luo’s percentage of correctly verifying the change across levels of price    65
Figure 6. Wang's percentage of correctly verifying the change across levels of price    69
Figure 7. Li's percentage of correctly verifying the change across levels of price    73
Figure 8. Zeng's percentage of correctly verifying the change across levels of price    77


List of Tables
Table 1. Descriptions of participants    17
Table 2. Participants’ prior knowledge of math counting skills    22
Table 3. A task analysis of making purchases.    27
Table 4. Groups, participants, and treatment sequences    32
Table 5. Explanation of experimental phases    33
Table 6. Luo’s overall performance of independently making purchases    47
Table 7. Wang’s overall performance of independently making purchases    52
Table 8. Li’s overall performance of independently making purchases    57
Table 9. Zeng’s overall performance of independently making purchases    61




                                

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