| 研究生: |
徐明宏 Ming-Hung Hsu |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
界面活性劑對土壤/水系統中有機污染物傳輸特性之影響及其土壤污染整治應用評估 The Study of Surfactants for the Organic Pollutants Partition Behavior in Soil - Water Systems and assessment the application on soil remediation |
| 指導教授: |
李俊福
Jiunn-Fwu Lee |
| 口試委員: | |
| 學位類別: |
博士 Doctor |
| 系所名稱: |
工學院 - 環境工程研究所 Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering |
| 畢業學年度: | 92 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 170 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 土壤復育 、界面活性劑 、有機污染物 、分佈係數 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | surfactant washing, soil remediation, organic contaminants, micelle |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:9 下載:0 |
| 分享至: |
| 查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
有機物在土壤-水-界面活性劑系統中之分佈情形曾引起廣泛的重視,因為所獲得的結果除將影響有機物在環境中之傳輸與宿命外,同時也是以界面活性劑復育受污染土壤的重要參考依據。一般認為界面活性劑之種類、土壤性質與有機物之水溶解度為決定其分佈最主要的參數,在本研究中參照上述參數並以一系列之實驗探討Kd值與Kd*值之變化解釋這些參數所產生的影響。
界面活性劑可增加有機污染物在水相中的溶解度,也可吸附於土壤上增加土壤有機質含量使有機物脫附困難,陽離子界面活性劑與土壤間的作用機制主要為電荷引力,因此土壤的陽離子交換能力(CEC)是最主要的影響因子,且其容易於表面形成吸附性微胞導致污染物傾向分佈於土壤;影響非離子界面活性劑吸附於土壤的主要因子為土壤無機相性質;包括電荷間斥力、凡得瓦爾力、與氫鍵等皆會影響陰離子吸附,因其吸附機制複雜所以目前尚未能獲得一具體結論。
由研究結果顯示,土壤有機質含量愈高,以界面活性劑復育愈困難,其主要原因在以分佈形式存在於土壤有機質中污染物較難被脫附。高水溶解度有機物在土壤-水-界面活性劑系統中其分佈行為主要受到土壤有機質與吸附於土壤上界面活性劑性質之影響,因此界面活性劑對土壤之吸附特性為決定其吸脫附之重要因子;低水溶解度的有機物在此系統中容易受到溶液性質之影響,界面活性劑在溶液中形成微胞可明顯增加污染物自土壤上脫附。綜合上述因子以陰離子界面活性劑、針對低有機質土壤、低水溶解度污染物將是提高脫附效率的最佳選擇。
Distribution of organic contaminants in soil-water-surfactant system has been an important issue in recent years. The distribution coefficients determine the fate and transportation of contaminants in the environments. Also, the efficiency of soil remediation by surfactant washing could be evaluated via the contaminant distribution coefficients. The objective of this study is to evaluate soil remediation efficiency using surfactant washing on the basis of surfactant properties, soil properties and contaminant solubility. The normalized value, Kd*/Kd, was used to elucidate the remediation efficiency under the above operation conditions.
In this research, prior to finding the relation between the soil properties and the surfactant adsorption characteristics, as a guide to proper surfactant selection and the best concentration for maximum performance, is necessary. Cationic surfactants tended to be strongly adsorbed to soils and clays via the electrostatic interactions and thus the adsorption capacities were directly proportional to the CEC values of the examined solids. The anionic surfactant sorption is related to the van der Waals force or hydrogen bonding for clay surface. The adsorption of nonionic surfactants usually showed a correlation with the soil mineral properties.
For the relatively water-soluble compounds, the surfactant adsorption on the soil surface is the dominant factor determining the desorption capacity. For the less-soluble compounds, the existence of micelles in the solution leads to significant contaminant desorption. The contaminants partitioning to the SOM or the adsorbed surfactants causes a relatively poorer desorption efficiency. Anionic surfactants do not form admicelle on soil surface to significantly enhance SOM. Thus, the anionic surfactant to remedy low solubility compounds on low SOM soil is the best choice.
一、外文參考文獻
Abdul,A.S.; Gibson,T. L. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25 (1991) 665.
Abriola,L.M.; Dekker,T.J.andPennell,K.D.“ Surfactant- Enhanced
Solubilization of Residual Dodecane in Soil Columns.2. Mathematical Modeling”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 2341-2351, (1993).
Bower,C. A.; Gschwend, F. B. Soil Sci. Proc.1952, 16, 342.
Braja,B. M.原著,胡德欽譯,「土壤力學」,高立,初版,(1997)。
Burns,W.A.; Mankiewisz, P.J.; Bence, A.E.; Page, D.S. and Paker, K.R.
“A Principal-Component and Least-Squares Method For Allocating Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Sediment to Multiple sources”, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., Vol. 16, p.1119-1131, (1997).
Carriere, P. E.; Mesania, F. A., “Enhanced Biodegradation of Creosote-Contaminated Soil”, Waste Managemen,. 15, (8), 579-583,(1995).
Cheah, E. P. S.;Reible,; T. Valsaraj, D. D. K.;Constant, W. D.; Walsh, B. W.; Thibodeaux, L. J.; J. Hazard. Mater. 59(1998) 107.Chemical Review, 1975, 75, (6), 731-753.
Chin, Y.-P.; G. R.; Danielsen, K. M., Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1630, (1997).
Chiou, C. T.; Peter, L. J.; Freed, V. H., “A Physical Concept of Soil-Water Equilibria for Nonionic Organic Compounds”, Science, 206, 831-832, (1979).
Chiou,C.T.; Poter, P. E. amd Schmedding, D. W. “Partation Equilibria of Nonionic Organic Compounds between Soil Organic Matter and Water”, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 227-231, 1983.
Chiou, C. T.; Shoup ,T. D. and Poter, P. E. “Mechanistic Roles of Soil Humis and Minerals in the Sorption of Nonionuc Organic Compounds from Aqueous and Organic Solutions”, Org. Geochem., Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 9-14, 1985.
Chiou, C. T.; Shoup, T. D., “Soil Sorption of Organic Vapors and Effects of Humidity on Sorptive Mechanism and Capacity”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, (12), 1196-1200, (1985).
Chiou, C. T., “Partition Coefficients of Organic Compounds in Lipid-Water Systems and Correlations with Fish Bloconcentration Factors”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 57-62, (1985).
Chiou, C. T., “The Surface Area of Soil Organic Matter”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 24, 1164-1166, (1990).
Chiou, C. T.; Kile, D. E.; Rutherford, D. W.;Environ. Sci. Technol. 25 (1991) 660.
Chiou, C. T.; Adsorption and Partition of Organic Pollutants and
Pesticides on Soils, 1st Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New
York, 42,( 1997) .
Chiou, C. T.; Macgroddy, S. E.; Kile, D. E., “Partition Characteristics
of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Soils and Sediments”, Environ. Sci. & Technol. 32, (32), 264-269(1998).
Chiou, C. T.; Kile, D. E., “Water Solubility Enhancement of DDT and Trichlorobenzene by some surfactant Below and Above the Critical Micelle Concentration”, Environ. Sci. & Technol. 23, (7), 832-838,(1998).
Chiou, C. T.; Soil Sorption of Organic Pollutants and Pesticides, In Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation, 1st Ed., Wiley, New York. , 4517,(1998).
Kile, D. E.; Chiou, C. T., “Effect of Some Petroleum Sulfonate Surfactants on the Apparent Water Solubility of Organic Compounds”, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 205-208, 1990.
Dma, K. H.; Ann, N.C.; Megehee, M. Separ. Sci. Technol. 28 (1993)
2319.
Donald L. Sparks原著,王明光譯,「環境土壤化學」,五南,初版, (2000)。
Edwards, D. A.; Liu, Z.; Luthy, R. G., “Interaction Between Nonionic Surfactant Monomers, Hydrophobic Organic Compounds and Soil”, Wat. Sci. Tech. 26, (1-2), 147-158, (1992).
Edwards, D. A.; Liu, Z.; Luthy, R. G., “Surfactant Solubilization of Organic Compounds in Soil/Aqueous Systems”, J. Environmental Engineering, 120, (1), 5-22, (1994).
Edwards,D.A.;Adeel, Z. and Richard, G.L. Environ. Sci.
Technol.28 (1994) 1550.
Gauthier, T. D.; Seitz, W. R.; Grant, C. L. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 243, (1987).
Giger, W.; Schaffner, C., ”Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment by glass capillary gas chromatography”, Anal. Chem. 50, (2), 243-249.
Guha, S.; Jaffe P. R., “Bioavailability of Hydrophobic Compounds Partitioned into the Micellar Phase of Nonionic Surfactant”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, (4), 1382-1391 (1996).
Gu, T., Zhu, B.Y., and Rupprecht, H., 1992,“Surfactant Adsorption and Surface Micellization,”Progr. Colloid Polym. Sci.,Vol. 88, pp.74-85.
Handbook of CHEMISTRY and PHYSICS, 68th, CRC Press. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameter on Other Cohesion Parameters.
Harwell, J.H., Hoskins, J.C., Schechter, R.S., and Wade, W.H., 1985,“Pseudophase Separation Model for Surfactant Adsorption - Isomerically Pure Surfactants,” Langmuir, Vol. 1, No. 2,pp. 251-262.
Ick, T. Y.; Mriganka, M. G.; Chris, D. C., “Kinetic Aspects of Surfactanr Solubilization of Soil-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons”, Environ. Sci. & Technol. 30, 1589-1595, (1996).
Javert, C. T., “Sediment and Saturated-Soil-Associated Reaction Involving an Anionic Surfactant (Dodesylsulfate). 2.Partition of PAH Compounds among Phases”, Environ. Sci. & Technol. 25, (6), p.1039-1045,(1991).
Jafvert, C. T.; Hoof, V. P. L.; Wat. Res. 28 (1994) 1009.
Kibbey, T. C. G.; Hayes, K. F., “A Predictive Numerical Thermodynamic Model of Mixed Nonionic Surfactant Sorption in Natural Systems (1.model formulation and sensitivity analysis)”, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 197, 210-220, (1998).
Kile, D. E.; Chiou, C. T., “Water Solubility Enhancement of DDT and Trichlorobenzene by Some Surfactants Below and Above the Critical Micelle Concentration”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 23, (7), 832-838 (1989).
Kile,D. E. ;Chiou, C. T.;Zhou, H.;Li,H. ;Xu, O.;Environ.
Sci. Technol. 29 (1995) 1401.
Klumpp, E.; Heitmann,H.; Lewandowski, H.; Schwuger, M. J.;
Progress in Colloid Polym. Sci. 89(1992) 181.
Klumpp, E.; Heitmann, H.;Schwuger, M. J.; Colloid and Surfaces
A. 78(1993) 93.
Kondo, Y.; Abe, M.; Ogino, K., Uchiyma, H.; Scamehorn, J. F.,
Ticker, E. E.; Christian, S. D., “Solubilization of 2-Phenylethanol in Surfactant Vesicles and Micelles”, Langmuir, 9, (4), 899-902 (1993).
Kopinke, F. D.; Georgi, A.; Mackenzie, K., “Sorption of Pyrene to Dissolved Humic Substances and Related Model Polymers. 1.Structure-Property Correlation”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 2536-2542, (2001).
Lambert, S.M., “A Useful Index of Soil Sorption Equilibrium”, J. Agriculture and Food Chemistry, Vol.16, pp340-343, 1968.
Lambert, S. M., “Functional Relationship Between Sorption in Soil and Chemical Structure”, J. Agric. Food Chem. (15), 572-576, (1989).
Lee, B. H.; Christian, S. D.; Ticker, E. E.; Scamehorn J. F., “Solubilization of Mono- and Dichlorophenols by Hexadecyl -pyridinium Chloride Micelles. Effects of Substituent Group”, Langmuir, 6, (1), 230-235 (1990).
Lee, J.F., Liao, P. M., Kuo, C.C., Yang, H.T., and Chiou, C.T., “Influence of a Nonionic Surfactant (Triton X-100) on Contaminant Distribution between Water and Several Soil Solids,”J. Colloid Interface Sci., Vol. 229, No. 2,pp. 445-452(2000).
Levitz, P.E., (2002) Adsorption of nonionic surfactant at the solid/water interface, Colloid and Surfaces A. 205 31-38.
Liu, Z.; Laha, S.; Luthy, R. G., “Surfactant Solubilization of Policyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds in Soil-Water Suspensions”, Water Science and Technology, 29, (4), 903-913, (1995).
Lyklema, J., 1994,“Adsorption of Ionic Surfactants on Clay Minerals and New Insights in Hydrophobic Interactions,”Progr. Colloid & Polym. Sci., Vol. 95, No 11, pp. 91-97.
McBride, M. B., “Environmental Chemistry of Solids”, Oxford University Press, Inc. 1994.
Mackay,D.; Shiu, W. N.; Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 10 (1981) 1175.
Mcgroddy, S. E.and Farrington, J. D. “ Sediment Porewater Partitioning of PolycYclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Three Cores From Boston Harbor”Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 29, p. 1542-1550 (1995).
Mitra, S.; Dickhut, R. M.; Kuehl, S. A. and Kimani, K. L.
“Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) sediment Deposition Patterns and Particle Geochemistry as Factors Influencing PAH Distribution Coefficients in Sediments of the Elizabeth River, VA, USA”, Mar.Chem., Vol. 66, p. 113-127 (1999).
Michal J. Brown & David R. Burris, “Enhanced Organic Contaminant Sorption on Soil Treated with Cationic Surfactants”, ”GROUND WATER., VOL. 34, NO.4 P. 734-744 (1996).
Mortland, M. M.; Huang, P. M.; Schnitzer, M. E., “Mechanisms of Adsorption of Nonhimic Organic Species by Clays”, Interactions of Soil Mineral with Natural Organics and Microbes, SSSA Special Publication(17) Soil Sci Soc. Am. Inc. Madison, 61-66, (1995).
Osipow L. I. 原著,高文弘,周賢孟譯著,「界面化學」,黎明,四版,(1988)。
Pennell,K.D.;Abriola,L.M.and Weber,W.J.“ Surfactant-Enhanced Solubilization of Residual Dodecane in Soil Columns.1. Experimental Investigation”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 2332-2340, (1993).
Rupprecht, H.; Gu, T.;Colloid Polym. Sci. 269 (1991) 506.
Rutland, M. W.; Senden,T. J.; Langmuir 9 (1993) 412.
Shen, Y.-H., 2000,“Sorption of Non-ionic Surfactants to Soil: the Role of Soil Mineral Composition,”Chemosphere, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 711-716.
Sheng, G. Y.;Wang, X.; Wu, S.;Boyd, S.A.;J. Environ. Qual. 27 (1998) 806.
Sun, S.; Inskeep, W. P.; Boyd, S. A., “Sorption of Nonionic Organic Compounds in Soil-Water Systems Containing A Micelle-Forming Surfactant”, Environ. Sci. & Technol. 29, (4), 903-913, (1995).
Shunitz, T.; Kiyoshi Oba; Masami Fukushima; Ken, N.; Kiyoshi, H., “Water solubility enhancement of pyrene in the presence of humic substances”, Analytica Chimica Acta, 337, 351-357, (1997).
Swoboda, A. R., Thomas, G. W., “Movement of Parathion in Soil Columns” J. Agriculture and Food Chemistry, Vol.16, pp923-927, 1968.
Tanaka, S.; Oba, K.; Fukushima, M.; Nakayasu, K.; Hasebe, K. Anal. Chim. Acta. 337, 351, (1997).
Weil, L.; Duré, G.; Quentin, K.E. Z.; Wasser Abwasser Forch. 7(1974) 169.
Xu, Q.; Snell, E. D., “Adsorption Behavior of Alkylarylethoxylated Alcohols on Silica”, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 144, (1), 165-173, (1991).
Xu, S.and Boyd, S.A., 1995,“Alternative Model for Cationic Surfactant Adsorption by Layer Silicates,”Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 29, No. 12, pp. 3022-3028.
Zanette, M.; Antonio, M.; Marchiori, E.; Roberto, S., “High Performance Liquid Chromatographic-Fluorscence Determination of Aliphatic Alcohol Polyethoxylates and Polythlene glycols in Aqueous Sample”, Joural of Chromatography A. 756, 159-174, (1996).
Zytner, Richard G., “Sorption of benzene, toluene, ethylbaezene and xylenes to various media”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 38 , 113-126, (1994).
刈米孝夫原著,王鳳英編譯,“界面活性劑的原理與應用”,高立圖書有限公司,五版,(1998)。
二、中文參考文獻
王一雄、陳尊賢、李達源,「土壤污染學」,國立空中大學,初版,(1995)。
王一雄,「土壤環境污染與農藥」,文海環境科學叢書,初版,(1999)。
王鳳英編譯,”界面活性劑的原理與應用”,高立圖書有限公司,五版,(1993)。
金相燦,「環境毒性有機污染化學」,淑馨出版社,初版,(1998)。
洪崑煌譯,「土壤化學」,國立編譯館,初版,(1996)。
郭俊智,「界面活性劑於土壤/水系統中對土壤有機質特性與非離子性化合物分佈行為之影響」,碩士論文,中央大學環境工程研究所,(1998)。
陳百合,“不同土壤組成對界面活性劑吸附機制之研究”,碩士論文,中央大學環境工程研究所,(1997)。
張仁福,「土壤污染防治學」,高雄復文,初版,(1998)。
張清裕,「有機滲液對黏土及改良黏土之滲透性與有機污染物阻滯能力之影響」,碩士論文,中央大學環境工程研究所,(1995)。
趙承琛,”工業升級之特用化學品-界面活性劑”,復文書局,(1993)。
趙承琛,”界面科學基礎”,復文書局,十九版,(2000)。
閻誠麟,「不同類型界面活性劑對黏土礦物吸附非離子有機污染物之影響」,碩士論文,中央大學環境工程研究所,(1997)。
戴國邦,「土壤礦物」,能源、資源與環境,第六卷,第三期,第16-21頁,(1993)。
魏興華,「多環芳香族碳氫化合物在土壤中生物降解影響因子之探討」,碩士論文,東吳大學微生物系研究所,(1998)。
李育輯,「土壤吸附非離子界面活性劑對土壤/水系統中有機污染物分佈行為之影響」,碩士論文,中央大學環境工程研究所,(1999)。
王舜屏,「界面活性劑對土壤/水系統中有機污染物分佈行為之影響」,碩士論文,中央大學環境工程研究所,(2000)。
葉佩雯,「分子間作用力影響土壤中非離子有機污染物傳輸行為之影響」,碩士論文,中央大學環境工程研究所,(2002)。