雙流化床氣化冷流系統之計算流體力學 (CFD) 研究與實驗驗證

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研究生：	丁公平 Dinh Cong Binh
論文名稱：	雙流化床氣化冷流系統之計算流體力學 (CFD) 研究與實驗驗證 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study with experimental validation of a dual fluidized bed gasification cold flow system
指導教授：	蕭述三 Hsiau Shu-San
口試委員:
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工學院 - 能源工程研究所 Graduate Institute of Energy Engineering
論文出版年：	2019
畢業學年度：	108
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	107
中文關鍵詞：	雙流化床、冷流系統、不穩定的特徵、多相流模型、砂循環率、意外的逆流
外文關鍵詞：	dual fluidized bed, cold flow system, unsteady characteristics, multiphase flow model, sand circulation rates, unexpected reverse flow
相關次數：	點閱：12 下載：0
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產學界提出雙流化床系統技術，並已成功地應用於生物質氣化以產生高質量的產物合成氣。我們在台灣NCU的實驗室中設計並安裝了一個雙流化床氣化（DFBG）冷流系統，該系統以氣動空氣作為流化媒介，並以矽砂作為床層材料。以實驗和數值研究該系統中空氣-矽砂流動的非穩態特性。除了以商業軟件ANSYS FLUENT開發二維計算流體動力學（CFD）模型外，還使用與CFD模型相同的工作條件同時進行了實驗測試，以研究影響系統流體動力學的參數。將歐拉多相流模型與顆粒流動力學理論相結合，在整個過程中執行了空氣和砂相的非穩態行為。在這項研究工作中，初始時觀察並分析了不同操作和幾何條件下流體流動行為的變化。後續接著對主要因素進行參數研究，例如流化空氣入口速度和靜態砂床高度，以確定它們對流體流動特性的影響。對於DFBG系統不同區域的固體流型，壓力分佈，壓降和砂的循環速率，獲得了一些典型結果。
砂的體積分率的結果分別正確地確認了在氣化爐和立管中形成的鼓泡和快速流化模式。立管進氣速度和靜態砂床高度發現會顯著影響砂體積分率，混合物壓力和砂循環速率的分佈，而氣化爐進氣速度對這些分佈曲線的影響卻很小。底部區域的混合物壓力大於上部區域的混合物壓力，從而保持了氣體密封、固體分離和固體循環的穩定運行。同時顯示出總砂流量隨立管空氣速度的增加而顯著增加，而不隨著氣化爐中流化空氣速度和立管靜態床層高度的變化明顯變化。還值得注意的是，初始沙床高度和立管中空氣入口速度的進一步增加應被限制在其最大值，否則，可能會發生意外的逆流，從而中斷壓力平衡和系統的正常運行。通常，應適當控制所有影響參數，以確保系統穩定運行。儘管建模結果相對再現了實驗數據，但是由於所提出的是簡化模型，它們之間仍然存在某些差異。所有獲得的結果可期望為防止不良現像以及改善實際DFBG工廠的設計和性能提供可靠實用的預測。

The technology of dual fluidized bed system has been proposed and successfully applied to biomass gasification to generate product syngas of high quality. A dual fluidized bed gasification (DFBG) cold flow system, equipped with pneumatic air as a fluidizing agent and silica sand as bed material, has been designed and installed at our lab in NCU, Taiwan. The unsteady characteristics of the air-silica sand flow in that system have been studied experimentally and numerically. Besides developing a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with the commercial software ANSYS FLUENT, experimental tests were simultaneously conducted with the same operating conditions as those of the CFD model to investigate the parameters affecting the system hydrodynamics. A combination of the Eulerian multiphase flow model and the kinetic theory of granular flows was applied to perform the unsteady behaviors of the air and sand phases during the entire process. The variations of the fluid flow behavior with different operating and geometrical conditions were initially observed and analyzed in this work. Accordingly, a parametric study was carried out for the major factors, such as fluidizing air inlet velocities and static sand bed heights, to determine their effects on the fluid flow characteristics. Some typical results were obtained for the solid flow patterns, pressure distribution, pressure drop, and sand circulation rate in different zones and over the height of the DFBG system.
The results of the sand volume fraction properly identified the bubbling and fast fluidization patterns formed in the gasifier and riser, respectively. The riser air inlet velocity and static sand bed height were found to considerably affect the distributions of sand volume fraction, mixture pressure and sand circulation rates, while the gasifier air inlet velocity insignificantly influenced to those profiles. The mixture pressures at the bottom regions were greater than those at the upper regions, which maintain the stable operations of gas sealing, solid separation, and solid circulation. It was also indicated that the total sand flow rates considerably increased with the increasing riser air velocity, while they did not significantly change with varying the fluidizing air velocity in the gasifier and the riser static bed height. It was also noteworthy that further increases of the initial sand bed height and the air inlet velocity in the riser were restricted at their maximum values, otherwise, an unexpected reverse flow possibly occurred to interrupt the pressure balance and normal operation of the system. In general, all affecting parameters should be appropriately controlled to ensure stable system operation. Although the modeling results relatively reproduced the experimental data, there still existed certain discrepancies between them due to the simplifications of the proposed model. All the obtained results are expected to provide valuable predictions for preventing undesired phenomena and for improving the designs and performances of practical DFBG plants.

摘要    i
Abstract    ii
Acknowledgments    iv
Table of Contents    v
List of Figures    viii
List of Tables    xi
Nomenclature with Units    xii
Abbreviations    xv
Chapter 1: Introduction    1
1.1. Research motivation    1
1.2. Research objectives    3
1.3. Dissertation structure    4
Chapter 2: Theoretical background and Literature review    5
2.1. Fundamentals of fluidization and fluidized bed technology    5
2.1.1. Geldart classification of solid particles    5
2.1.2. Minimum fluidization velocity of the solid phase    7
2.1.3. Terminal velocity of the solid phase    8
2.1.4. Superficial gas velocity    9
2.1.5. Regimes of fluidization    9
2.2. Non-mechanical valves and loop-seals in CFB systems    11
2.3. Operation principle of a DFBG system    12
2.4. Overview of the feedstock used in a DFBG system    13
2.4.1. Biomass as a fuel    14
2.4.2. Bed materials    14
2.5. Hydrodynamic parameters commonly considered in a cold flow DFBG system    16
2.6. Potential of the CFD in modeling DFB systems    17
2.7. Literature review    18
Chapter 3: Methodology    21
3.1. Experimental DFBG CFM    21
3.1.1. Design and description of the experimental CFM    21
3.1.2. Measurement techniques and data acquisition    22
3.1.3. Experimental parameters with related calculations    24
3.2. CFD model development    25
3.2.1. Introduction of the commercial CFD software ANSYS FLUENT version 17.2    25
3.2.2. Geometry and meshing    27
3.2.3. Multiphase flow model – Governing equations    30
3.2.3.1. Conservation equations    30
a. Continuity equations for the phases (conservation of mass)    30
b. Momentum equations for the phases (conservation of momentum)    30
3.2.3.2. Closure equations    30
a. Drag model – Interphase momentum transfer    31
b. Stress tensor    32
c. Solid-phase pressure    32
d. Solid shear viscosity    32
e. Solid bulk viscosity    32
f. Radial distribution function    33
g. The KTGF for the secondary sand phases    33
3.2.3.3. Turbulence model for the primary air phase and secondary sand phases    34
3.2.4. Simulation setup and boundary conditions    35
3.2.5. 3D CFD modeling of the air-sand flow behaviors in the cyclone of the DFBG system    37
Chapter 4: Results and discussion    39
4.1. Some typical CFD results    39
4.1.1. Mesh-independent analysis    39
4.1.2. Sand flow characteristics – Distribution of sand volume fraction    40
4.1.3. Pressure drop    45
4.1.4. Mixture pressure distribution    47
4.1.5. Sand circulation rates    51
4.1.6. Sands mass balances    54
4.2. Validation of the CFD predicted results with experimental data    55
4.2.1. Flow patterns of the operating experimental system    56
4.2.2. Profiles of mixture static pressure    57
4.2.3. Sand circulation rates    61
4.2.4. Air-sand flow behaviors in the cyclone of the DFBG system    64
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations    66
5.1. Conclusions    66
5.2. Recommendations    67
Bibliographies    69
Appendices    79
Appendix A: Calculations    79
A.1. Modeling parametric study    79
A.1.1. Calculation of the minimum fluidization velocity    79
A.1.2. Simulation cases    79
A.2. Theoretical formulations    80
A.2.1. Calculation of turbulent intensity – Boundary conditions used in the CFD model    80
A.2.2. Calculation of sand circulation rates    81
A.2.3. Evaluation of the fluctuation and stability of sand circulation    82
Appendix B: Supplemental data    83
Appendix C: Some related photos    84
Appendix D: Publications    88

                                

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