汽車工業長期以來不論在GDP或支撐就業人口甚至民間消費上一直扮演著極為重要的角色，90年代美國汽車產業因受到日本與歐洲汽車工業的興起其競爭力被受關注，於是政府發動聯合產業共同聯合投資計畫-PNGV (the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles)。然則，在同一時期內並非僅有美國發展計畫開發新一代汽車－如油電混合汽車或全電動車等，歐洲(Framework Programmes)日本( New Sunshine Project)也相繼投入參與新一代汽車競爭大賽；雖然，美國政府在計畫經費的支出遠超國任何其他國家，但以美國三大車廠出產的汽車卻不見其在燃油效率上改善了多少。本論文透過美國與歐洲日本汽車聯合產業計畫的比較進而評估美國聯合廠商投資行為之效果。

This research assesses the effectiveness of public-private cooperation, the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) program in improving fuel efficiency of automobile industry. The period examined is the decade of the 1990s, a period when Japanese and European automobile industry was booming and U.S. industrial competitiveness was a significant national concern. Laws enabled new forms of industrial cooperation such as R&D partnerships.
The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles, while in a class of its own for trying to develop supercars such as HEV, BPEV and FCEV, is confronted by numerous similar programs in Japanese and European. By no means is the PNGV the one answer to the new generation of vehicle puzzle. Programs such as Framework Programmes(EU) and New Sunshine Project(Japan) provide insight to where the United States stands in the competition, and possibilities for the program’s future.
Although the United States government invest more money than any other countries, there is no evidence presented in the product from “THREE BIG”. Undoubtedly, it is a success in the sense that both US government and automakers are pleased. But how has it served the public? Has it be the best investment of government R&D funds and has it achieve the goal?

英文文獻
[1] C.E. Thomas,"Fuel cell and battery electric vehicles compared", journal of hydrogen energy, 2008
[2] Chan, C.C. and Chau, “Modern Electric Vehicle Technology”, Oxford University Press, 2001
[3] Chen, Belinda, Ethan Abeles, Andrew Burke, and Daniel Sperling,“ Effect of Emissions Regulation on Vehicle Attributes”, 2004
[4] Cramer, D.R. and Taggart, D.F., “Design and Manufacture of an Affordable Advanced-composite Automotive Body Structure, Proceedings of the 19th International Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell electric Vehicle”, Rocky Mountain Institute, 2002
[5] Dyerson R, Pilkington A., “Innovation in complex systems: regulation and technology towards the electric vehicle”, Int J Innovation Mgmt, 2000
[6] Edward Elger, “Environmental Federalism in the European Union and the United States”, 2005
[7] Froud J, Haslam C, Johal S, Williams K. “Breaking the chains? A sector matrix for motoring”, Royal Holloway School of Management, 2001
[8] Kawahara, “The Origin of Competitive Strength: Fifty Years of the Auto Industry in Japan and the U.S.”, Springer, New York,1998
[9] Kempton, W., J.S. Boster, and J.A. Hartley,“Environmental Values in American Culture”, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1995
[10] Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Advanced Vehicle Systems- EUCAR, EU, prepared by General Motors, EU Joint Research Center, Conawe, December 2003
[11] Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), "Battery-Powered Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Projects to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions", 2002
[12] Sperling, Daniel, “Gearing Up for Electric Cars”, Issues in Science and Technology, 1994
[13] Ulrich JÜRGENS, ” Characteristics of the European Automotive System Is There a Distinctive European Approach?”, 2002
[14] Yannick Lung,“Coordinating Competencies and Knowledge in the European Automobile System”, 2002
[15] Zorpette, Glenn, “Waiting for the Supercar: Overly ambitious goals may have hurt the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles,” Scientific American, 1999
中、日文文獻
[16] 財団法人-日本自動車研究所， 電気自動車キャラバン報告書，1984
[17] 財団法人-日本自動車研究所，電気自動車城市施行報告書，1992
[18] 財団法人-日本自動車研究所，電気自動車城市施行報告書，1996
[19] 財団法人-日本自動車研究所，燃料電池自動車に関する調査報告書，2004
[20] おもちゃメーカーなのに　タカラが電気自動車の　キー・プレーヤーに，日経エレクトロニクス，2002年9月9號
[21] H.K. Ma，「燃料電池技術」，臺灣大學機械工程系能源環境實驗室，2007/11
[22] 李堅明與利秀蘭，「歐盟後京都責任分擔與排放權核配規劃對台灣的啟示」，碳經濟，第九期，2-13頁，2008年5月
[23] 季達，「電動車和汽油車的 百年賽跑」，新紀元周刊，146期，2009年11月
[24] 劉文海，「日本電動汽車產業回顧與展望」，機械工業306期，，87-100頁，2008年9月
網路文獻
[25] 行政院環保署網站http://www.epa.gov.tw/main/index.asp
[26] 財團法人車輛研究測試中心網http://www.artc.org.tw/index.asp
[27] 電動車輛產業網網站http://evs.org.tw/index.htm
[28] 行政院國家科學委員會電動機車學習網網站http://www.nsc.gov.tw/dept/acro/version01/battery/electric/index.html
[29] 國際能源總署(International Energy Agency, IEA) http://www.iea.org
[30] IEK產業情報網 http://ieknet.itri.org.tw/
[31] JARI計畫網站http://www.jari.org.jp/
[32] “Investment Guide Baden-Württemberg”, Hhttp://www.bw-invest.de/eng/data/060303_Investment_Guide_B-W.pdf
[33] “Japan’s Approach to Commercialization of Fuel Cell / Hydrogen Technology”, Hhttp://www.iea.org/work/2003/hydrogen-coIEA/AG4-1JAP.PDF
[34] “JRC Activities Supporting The Hydrogen Economy”, European Communities, http://www/jrc.cec.eu.int
[35] 財団法人日本電動車両協会http://sociosys.mri.co.jp/ITS/member/policy/group/jeva.html
[36] “Twenty Hydrogen Myths”, Amory B. Lovins, 17 February 2005, Hwww.rmi.org