我們利用測光與偏振來研究年輕星體的變化。目標涵蓋T Tauri星、Herbig A/B型發射星和UX\,Ori(UXor)型態星。UXor是T Tauri和Herbig A/B型發射星的一種次型態分類，這類恆星偶爾顯現出環星塵埃的遮擋現象。我們主要研究的目標GM Cephei屬於這類型態變星，位在年齡約4百萬年的Trumpler 37疏散星團內，距離約850秒差距，恆星展現顯著的紅外超量，發射線光譜還有太陽閃焰的活動。我們從2008年至2019年利用多波段光度監測偵測到： (1)一個大約3.43天左右的週期變化，這個週期變化可能來自於表面星斑的旋轉； (2)因為星球吸積而造成偶爾亮度變亮的現象； (3)因環星塵埃消光而造成不規律的小程度亮度減弱事件； (4)大程度的亮度減弱事件，每次影響時間長達數個月，大約每兩年會重複發生，但並沒有特定週期。這個恆星因大尺寸塵埃而經歷了一般的星際紅化，亦即亮度變暗而變紅，但在亮度最暗時顯示了一個不尋常的藍化效應，也就是亮度變暗而變藍。對於短時間長度的變暗事件(小於50天)，其最大消光程度正比於
事件的時間長度，此效應是來自於不同大小塵埃團的消光所造成。對於長時間長度的變暗事件(大於100天)，其最大消光大約保持在變暗1.5個星等左右，與時間長度沒有特定關聯，顯現長時間長度事件是因為鍊狀結構或螺旋狀結構的塵埃團橫越星體所造成。而對恆星的偏極化監測發現其在可見光偏振程度約有3至8百分比，而偏振程度與恆星亮度有一個緩慢的反向相關的變化。藉由不同時間觀測到的恆星亮度與偏極化程度，我們將之拆解成偏極化光流量與非偏極化光流量，使我們可以對那些與年輕恆星或散射包層有交互作用的環星物質的尺寸與距離加以限制。那些造成掩星的塵埃團塊以鍊狀、環狀或螺旋狀的形式存在於環星盤上，近期已在年輕星球內利用紅外散射光的影像或者是次毫米望波段對帶有熱源塵埃的觀測偵測到此類結構。

此外，我們執行了一個小規模的偏極化巡天，總共觀測35個T Tauri星和15個Herbig A/B型發射星。以我們TRIPOL儀器的優勢，我們有能力去研究年輕星體的偏極化變化以及波長的的相關性。我們發現有一半的目標星體展現了偏極化強度小於1.5百分比，而恆星數量隨著偏極化程度上升而遞減。一般而言，相較於T Tauri星，Herbig A/B型發射星傾向顯示較高的偏極化程度，因為它們擁有較多數量塵埃在它們的環星盤上，而有些Herbig A/B型發射星周圍還留有恆星形成後殘存的雲氣。在我們的樣本裡，大約有60百分比的T Tauri星與80百分比的Herbig A/B型發射星顯示有偏極化強度或角度的變化而偏極化變化的來源可能是因為 (1)在環星盤最內側的結構發生變化； (2)吸積的活動像是星球熱斑； (3)來自於環星物質的消光效應。UXor是顯現環星物質消光效應的主要型態，其展示了偏極化強度與亮度的反向相關的關係。我們觀測了五個UXors (UX Ori、 RR Tau、 BM And、 BF Ori和RZ Psc)發現了同樣的反向相關的特性。但我們也發現到某些資料點稍微小於模型的預測，認為其可能有著與GM Cep有著相同的機制，亦即除了恆星光其散射光也被環星物質所遮擋而減少。另外，我們利用TRIPOL觀測了一個延展的目標R Mon。因為雲氣散射來自恆星的光而呈現中心對稱的偏極化向量結構也被我們再次確認。而我們的多次觀測發現在3年內其向量強度發生變化，有可能來自於近距離的物質遮擋而
造成了遠處雲氣接收到不同強度的恆星光所造成。

We used photometry and polarimetry to study the young stellar variability. The targets include T Tauri stars, Herbig Ae/Be stars, and UX Ori type stars. UX Orionis stars, or UXors, are a sub-type of Herbig Ae/Be or T Tauri stars exhibiting sporadic occultation of stellar light by circumstellar dust. Our main target, GM Cephei is such a UXor in the young (~4Myr) open cluster Trumpler 37 at a distance of ~850pc, showing prominent infrared excess, emission-line spectra, and flare activity. Our multiband photometric monitoring from 2008 to 2019 detects (1) a ~3.43 day period, likely arising from rotational modulation by surface starspots, (2)sporadic brightening on time scales of days due to young stellar accretion, (3)irregular minor flux drops due to circumstellar dust extinction, and (4)major flux drops, each lasting for a couple of months, with a recurrence time, but not exactly periodic, of about two years. The star experiences normal reddening by large grains, i.e., redder when dimmer, but exhibits an unusual "blueing" phenomenon in that the star turns blue near brightness minima. The maximum extinction during relatively short (lasting less than about 50 day) events, is proportional to the duration, a consequence of varying clump sizes. For longer events, the extinction is independent of duration, suggestive of a transverse string distribution of clumps. Polarization monitoring indicates an optical polarization varying ~3-8 percent, with the level anticorrelated with the slow brightness change. Temporal variation of the unpolarized and polarized light, after decomposition of the total flux, sets constraints on the size and orbital distance of the circumstellar clumps in the interplay with the young star and scattering envelope. These transiting clumps are edge-on manifestations of the ring- or spiral-like structures found recently in young stars with imaging in infrared of scattered light, or in submillimeter of thermalized dust emission.

In addition, we carried out a small scale of polarmetric survey to 35 T Tauri and 15 Herbig Ae/Be stars. With the advantage of our TRIPOL instrument, we are able to study the polarimetric variability and wavelength dependence of these YSOs. We found that half of our targets present P<1.5%, and ratio becomes lower for larger P. In general, HAEBE stars tend to show higher polarization than T Tauri stars because they contain abundant in dust in the circumstellar disk, and some of them also contain the nebular cloud near the star. In our sample, up to 60% of T Tauri and ~80% of HAEBE stars show polarimetric variability either in P or angle, where the polarimetric variability probably arise from the (1)structure changes at innermost region; (2)accreting activity like hot spots; and (3)extinction events from circumstellar cloud. UXor is the main type to show extinction events by its circumstellar clouds and display the anti-correlation between polarization and brightness. We observed 5 UXors (UX Ori, RR Tau, BM And, BF Ori, and RZ Psc) and found the similar conclusion with anti-correlation. But we found that in some case we detected a slightly lower polarization than the prediction of model, suggesting that these stars may also have similar mechanism as GM Cep with reducing the polarized component during the occultation events as well. In addition, we observed a extending source, R Mon, by using TRIPOL. The centrosymmetric pattern of polarization vectors due to single scattering from the central star has been revealed again by this work. Our multiepoch observation detected a pattern changes within 3 years interval, possibly induced by the
occultation events at inner part so that the reflecting cloud at far side receive different intensities of directly stellar light.

Ababakr, K. M., Oudmaijer, R. D., & Vink, J. S. 2016, MNRAS, 461, 3089
Ababakr, K. M., Oudmaijer, R. D., & Vink, J. S. 2017, MNRAS, 472, 854
Alcala, J. M., Manara, C. F., Natta, A.,et al. 2017, A&A, 600, A20
Allen, L. E., Calvet, N., D'Alessio, P., et al. 2004, ApJS, 154, 363
Alonso-Albi, T., Fuente, A., Bachiller, R., et al. 2009, A&A, 497, 117
Alonso-Albi, T., Riviere-Marichalar, P., Fuente, A., et al. 2018, A&A, 617, A31
Andre, P., Ward-Thompson, D., & Barsony, M. 1993, ApJ, 406, 122
Appenzeller, I., & Wol, B. 1982, A&A, 105, 313
Argiroffi, C., Drake, J. J., Bonito, R., et al. 2017, A&A, 607, A14
Aspin, C., McLean, I. S., & Coyne, G. V. 1985, A&A, 149, 158
Audard, M., Abraham, P., Dunham, M. M., et al. 2014, Protostars and Planets VI, 387
Axon, D. J., & Ellis, R. S. 1976, MNRAS, 177, 499
Barriere-Fouchet, L., Gonzalez, J.-F., Murray, J. R., Humble, R. J., & Maddison, S. T. 2005, A&A, 443, 185
Bastien, P. 1981, A&A, 94, 294
Bastien, P. 1982, A&AS, 48, 153
Bastien, P. 1985, ApJS, 59, 277
Bastian, U., Finkenzeller, U., Jaschek, C., & Jaschek, M. 1983, A&A, 126, 438
Bastien, P., & Landstreet, J. D. 1979, ApJL, 229, L137
Batalha, C., Batalha, N. M., Alencar, S. H. P., Lopes, D. F., & Duarte, E. S. 2002, ApJ, 580, 343
Bateson, F. M., and Jones, A. F. 1957, Circ: R:A:S: New Zealand; V ar: Star Sec:, No. 79.
Bergner, Y. K., Miroschnichenko, A. S., Yudin, R. V., et al. 1987, Soviet Astronomy Letters, 13, 84
Bibo, E. A., & The, P. S. 1990, A&A, 236, 155
Bibo, E. A., & The, P. S. 1991, A&AS, 89, 319
Blinova, A. A., Romanova, M. M., & Lovelace, R. V. E. 2016, MNRAS, 459, 2354
Blondel, P. F. C., Talavera, A., & Djie, H. R. E. T. A. 1993, A&A, 268, 624
Bouvier, J., & Bertout, C. 1989, A&A, 211, 99
Bouvier, J., Chelli, A., Allain, S., et al. 1999, A&A, 349, 619
Bouvier, J., Grankin, K. N., Alencar, S. H. P., et al. 2003, A&A, 409, 169
Bouvier, J., Grankin, K., Ellerbroek, L. E., Bouy, H., & Barrado, D. 2013, A&A, 557, A77
Boyd, D. 2018, arXiv:1808.01645
Brandeker, A., Jayawardhana, R., & Najita, J. 2003, AJ, 126, 2009
Breger, M. 1974, ApJ, 188, 53
Brice~no, C., Hartmann, L., Hernandez, J., et al. 2007, ApJ, 661, 1119
Brugel, E. W., Mundt, R., & Buehrke, T. 1984, ApJL, 287, L73
Canto, J., Rodriguez, L. F., Barral, J. F., & Carral, P. 1981, ApJ, 244, 102
Carmona, A., van den Ancker, M. E., Henning, T., et al. 2008, A&A, 478, 795
Carrasco-Gonzalez, C., Henning, T.,
Chandler, C. J., et al. 2016, ApJL, 821, L16
Carrasco, L., Strom, S. E., & Strom, K. M. 1973, ApJ, 182, 95
Chauvin, G., Menard, F., Fusco, T., et al. 2002, A&A, 394, 949
Chen, W. P., Hu, S. C.-L., Errmann, R., et al. 2012, ApJ, 751, 118
Chiang, E. I., & Goldreich, P. 1997, ApJ, 490, 368
Chugainov, P. F. 1966, Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, 172, 1
Close, L. M., Roddier, F., Hora, J. L., et al. 1997, ApJ, 489, 210
Cody, A. M., & Hillenbrand, L. A. 2010, ApJS, 191, 389
Cody, A. M., Staufer, J., Baglin, A., et al. 2014, AJ, 147, 82
Cohen, M., Harvey, P. M., & Schwartz, R. D. 1985, ApJ, 296, 633
Connelley, M. S., & Reipurth, B. 2018, ApJ, 861, 145
Contreras, M. E., Sicilia-Aguilar, A., Muzerolle, J., et al. 2002, AJ, 124, 1585
Dahm, S. E., & Simon, T. 2005, AJ, 129, 829
Dodin, A. V., Emelyanov, N. V., Zharova, A. V., et al. 2016, Astronomy Letters, 42, 29
Dodin, A., Grankin, K., Lamzin, S., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 482, 5524
Dougados, C., Cabrit, S., Lavalley, C., & Menard, F. 2000, A&A, 357, L61
Davis, L., Jr., & Greenstein, J. L. 1951, ApJ, 114, 206 de Wit, W. J., Grinin, V. P., Potravnov, I. S., et al. 2013, A&A, 553, L1
Dullemond, C. P., Dominik, C., & Natta, A. 2001, ApJ, 560, 957
Eiroa, C., Oudmaijer, R. D., Davies, J. K., et al. 2002, A&A, 384, 1038
Eisner, J. A., Lane, B. F., Hillenbrand, L. A., Akeson, R. L., & Sargent, A. I. 2004, ApJ, 613, 1049
Errmann, R., Neuhauser, R., Marschall, L., et al. 2013, Astronomische Nachrichten, 334, 673
Evans, A., Davies, J. K., Kilkenny, D., & Bode, M. F. 1989, MNRAS, 237, 695
Findeisen, K., Hillenbrand, L., Ofek, E., et al. 2013, ApJ, 768, 93
Finkenzeller, U. 1985, A&A, 151, 340
Finkenzeller, U., & Mundt, R. 1984, A&AS, 55, 109
Fritzewski, D. J., Kitze, M., Mugrauer, M., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 462, 2396
Fuente, A., Alonso-Albi, T., Bachiller, R., et al. 2006, ApJL, 649, L119
Fuente, A., Rodriguez-Franco, A., Testi, L., et al. 2003, ApJL, 598, L39
Gaia Collaboration, Brown, A. G. A., Vallenari, A., et al. 2018, arXiv:1804.09365
Garai, Z., Pribulla, T., Hambalek, L., et al. 2016, Astronomische Nachrichten, 337, 261
Garrison, L. M., Jr., & Anderson, C. M. 1978, ApJ, 221, 601
Giannini, T., Munari, U., Lorenzetti, D., et al. 2018, Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society, 2, 124
Goldreich, P., & Ward, W. R. 1973, ApJ, 183, 1051
Grady, C. A., Perez, M. R., The, P. S., et al. 1995, A&A, 302, 472
Grankin, K. N. 1998, Astronomy Letters, 24, 497
Greene, T. P., Wilking, B. A., Andre, P., Young, E. T., & Lada, C. J. 1994, ApJ, 434, 614
Grinin, V. P. 1988, Soviet Astronomy Letters, 14, 27
Grinin, V. P., Kiselev, N. N., & Minikulov, N. K. 1989, Soviet Astronomy Letters, 15, 448
Grinin, V. P., Kiselev, N. N., Minikulov, N. K., Chernova, G. P., & Voshchinnikov, N. V. 1991, Ap&SS, 186, 283
Grinin, V. P., Kolotilov, E. A., & Rostopchina, A. 1995, A&AS, 112, 457
Grinin, V. P., The, P. S., de Winter, D., et al. 1994, A&A, 292, 165
Grinin, V. P., Rostopchina, A. N., Barsunova, O. Y., & Demidova, T. V. 2010, Astrophysics, 53, 367
Grinin, V. P., Rostopchina, A. N., Okazaki, O., Kikuchi, S., & Minikhulov, N. H. 1994, The Nature and Evolutionary Status of Herbig Ae/Be Stars, 62, 86
Grinin, V. P., Rostopchina, A. N., & Shakhovskoi, D. N. 1998, Astronomy Letters, 24, 802
Grinin, V. P., Shakhovskoi, D. N., Shenavrin, V. I., Rostopchina, A. N., & Tambovtseva, L. V. 2002, Astronomy Reports, 46, 646
Guenther, E., & Hessman, F. V. 1993, A&A, 276, L25
Gullbring, E., & Gahm, G. F. 1996, A&A, 308, 821
Gullbring, E., Hartmann, L., Brice~no, C., & Calvet, N. 1998, ApJ, 492, 323
Guo, Z., Herczeg, G. J., Jose, J., et al. 2018, ApJ, 852, 56
Hall, J. S. 1949, Science, 109, 166
Hall, J. S. 1958, Publications of the U.S. Naval Observatory Second Series, 17, 275
Hall, D. S. 1972, PASP, 84, 323
Hamilton, C. M., Herbst, W., Shih, C., & Ferro, A. J. 2001, ApJL, 554, L201
Hartmann, L., & Kenyon, S. J. 1985, ApJ, 299, 462
Hartmann, L., & Kenyon, S. J. 1996, ARA&A, 34, 207
Harvey, K. L. 1992, The Solar Cycle, ASP Conf. Ser., 27, 580
Herbig, G. H. 1960, ApJS, 4, 337
Herbig, G. H. 1962, Advances in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1, 47
Herbig, G. H. 1966, Vistas in Astronomy, 8, 109
Herbig, G. H. 1977, ApJ, 217, 693
Herbig, G. H., & Bell, K. R. 1988, Third catalog of emission-line stars of the Orion population., by G.H. gerbig and K.R. Bell. Lick Observatory Bulletin #1111, Santa Cruz: Lick Observatory, Jun 1988, 90 p., 1111
Herbig, G. H. 1989, European Southern Observatory Conference and Workshop Proceedings, 33, 233
Herbst, W., Holtzman, J. A., & Klasky, R. S. 1983, AJ, 88, 1648
Herbst, W., Herbst, D. K., Grossman, E. J., & Weinstein, D. 1994, AJ, 108, 1906
Herbst, W., & Shevchenko, V. S. 1999, AJ, 118, 1043
Herczeg, G. J., & Hillenbrand, L. A. 2014, ApJ, 786, 97
Hildebrand, R. H. 1988, QJRAS, 29, 327
Hillenbrand, L. A. 2008, Physica Scripta Volume T, 130, 014024
Hillenbrand, L. A., Strom, S. E., Vrba, F. J., & Keene, J. 1992, ApJ, 397, 613
Hiltner, W. A. 1949, Science, 109, 165
Hiltner, W. A. 1951, ApJ, 114, 241
Hiltner, W. A. 1954, ApJ, 120, 454
Hoffleit, D. 1939, Harvard College Observatory Bulletin, 911, 41
Hough, J. H., Bailey, J., Cunningham, E. C., McCall, A., & Axon, D. J. 1981, MNRAS, 195, 429
Huang, P.-C., Chen, W.-P., Hu, C.-L., et al. 2018, Bulletin de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege, 87, 145
Huang, Y. F., Li, J. Z., Rector, T. A. & Mallamaci, C. C. 2013, AJ, 145, 126
Huang, P. C., Chen, W. P., Mugrauer, M., et al. 2019, ApJ, 871, 183
Hubble, E. P. 1916, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 2, 230
Hutchinson, M. G., Albinson, J. S., Barrett, P., et al. 1994, A&A, 285, 883
Jain, S. K., Bhatt, H. C., & Sagar, R. 1990, A&AS, 83, 237
Jain, S. K., & Bhatt, H. C. 1995, A&AS, 111, 399
Jester, S., Schneider, D. P., Richards, G. T., et al. 2005, AJ, 130, 873
Johansen, A., Oishi, J. S., Mac Low, M.-M., et al. 2007, Nature, 448, 1022
Jones, B. F., & Herbig, G. H. 1982, AJ, 87, 1223
Kato, S., Mizuno, N., Asayama, S.-i., et al. 1999, PASJ, 51, 883
Kearns, K. E., & Herbst, W. 1998, AJ, 116, 261
Kennedy, G. M., Kenworthy, M. A., Pepper, J., et al. 2017, Royal Society Open Science, 4, 160652
Kenyon, S. J., & Hartmann, L. 1987,ApJ, 323, 714
Kesseli, A. Y., Petkova, M. A., Wood, K., et al. 2016, ApJ, 828, 42
Kim, K. H., Watson, D. M., Manoj, P., et al. 2013, ApJ, 769, 149
Kiselev, N. N., Minikulov, N. K., & Chernova, G. P. 1991, Astrophysics, 34, 175
Kratter, K., & Lodato, G. 2016, ARA&A, 54, 271
Krist, J. E., Stapelfeldt, K. R., Burrows, C. J., et al. 1999, ApJL, 515, L35
Krist, J. E., Stapelfeldt, K. R., Hester, J. J., et al. 2008, AJ, 136, 1980
Krist, J. E., Stapelfeldt, K. R., Menard, F., Padgett, D. L., & Burrows, C. J. 2000, ApJ, 538, 793
Kron, G. E. 1947, PASP, 59, 261
Kuker, M., Rudiger, G., & Kitchatinov, L. L. 2011, A&A, 530, A48
Kun, M. 1986, Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, 2961, 1
Kruszewski, A., Gehrels, T., & Serkowski, K. 1968, AJ, 73, 677
Lada, C. J. 1987, Star Forming Regions, 115, 1
Lada, C. J., & Lada, E. A. 2003, ARA&A, 41, 57
Lada, C. J., & Wilking, B. A. 1984, ApJ, 287, 610
Landolt, A. U. 1972, Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, 642, 1
Lazarian, A. 2007, JQSRT, 106, 225
Lazarian, A. 2008, arXiv e-prints , arXiv:0811.1020.
Lee, T. A. 1970, PASP, 82, 765
Lee, H.-T., & Chen, W. P. 2007, ApJ, 657, 884
Lightfoot, J. F. 1989, MNRAS, 239, 665
Liu, H. B., Takami, M., Kudo, T., et al. 2016, Science Advances, 2, e1500875
Lomb, N. R. 1976, Ap&SS, 39, 447
Luhman, K. L., Mamajek, E. E., Allen, P. R., & Cruz, K. L. 2009, ApJ, 703, 399
Lynden-Bell, D., & Pringle, J. E. 1974, MNRAS, 168, 603
Maheswar, G., Manoj, P., & Bhatt, H. C. 2002, A&A, 387, 1003
Mamajek, E. E., Meyer, M. R., Hinz, P. M., et al. 2004, ApJ, 612, 496
Marschall, L. A., Karshner, G. B., & Comins, N. F. 1990, AJ, 99, 1536
Martin, E. L., Montmerle, T., Gregorio-Hetem, J., & Casanova, S. 1998, MNRAS, 300, 733
Mathewson, D. S., & Ford, V. L. 1970, MmRAS, 74, 139
Mathis, J. S. 1990, ARA&A, 28, 37
Matsumura, M., Seki, M., & Kawabata, K. 1999, AJ, 117, 429
McGinnis, P. T., Alencar, S. H. P., Guimar~aes, M. M., et al. 2015, A&A, 577, A11
McLaughlin, D. B. 1946, AJ, 52, 109
McLean, I. S., Coyne, G. V., Frecker, J. E., & Serkowski, K. 1979, ApJ, 228, 802
Meinunger, L. 1969, Zentralinstitut fuer Astrophysik Sternwarte Sonneberg Mitteilungen ueber Veraenderliche Sterne, 5, 47
Meinunger, L. 1971, Zentralinstitut fuer Astrophysik Sternwarte Sonneberg Mitteilungen ueber Veraenderliche Sterne, 5, 173
Mekkaden, M. V. 1998, A&A, 340, 135
Menard, F., & Bastien, P. 1992, AJ, 103, 564
Mendoza V., E. E. 1968, ApJ, 151, 977
Menu, J., van Boekel, R., Henning, T., et al. 2014, A&A, 564, A93
Mercer, E. P., Miller, J. M., Calvet, N., et al. 2009, AJ, 138, 7
Minchin, N. R., Hough, J. H., McCall, A., et al. 1991, MNRAS, 249, 707
Monet, D. G., Levine, S. E., Canzian, B., et al. 2003, AJ, 125, 984
Mora, A., Mern, B., Solano, E., et al. 2001, A&A, 378, 116
Morgenroth, O. 1939, Astronomische Nachrichten, 268, 273
Mugrauer, M., & Berthold, T. 2010, Astronomische Nachrichten, 331, 449
Mugrauer, M. 2016, Astronomische Nachrichten, 337, 226
Munari, U., Castellani, F., Giannini, T., et al. 2017, Atel#11004
Mundt, R., & Giampapa, M. S. 1982, ApJ, 256, 156
Murdin, P., & Penston, M. V. 1977, MNRAS, 181, 657
Natta, A., Testi, L., Muzerolle, J., Randich, S., Comeron, F., & Persi, P. 2004, A&A, 424, 603
Natta, A., Testi, L., Calvet, N., et al. 2007, Protostars and Planets V, eds. B. Reipurth, D. Jewitt, and K. Keil, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 767
Natta, A., & Whitney, B. A. 2000, A&A, 364, 633
Neuhauser, R., Errmann, R., Berndt, A., et al. 2011, Astronomische Nachrichten, 332, 547
Oudmaijer, R. D., Palacios, J., Eiroa, C., et al. 2001, A&A, 379, 564
O'Sullivan, M., Truss, M., Walker, C., et al. 2005, MNRAS, 358, 632
Patel, N. A., Goldsmith, P. F., Snell, R. L., Hezel, T., & Xie, T. 1995, ApJ, 447, 721
Percy, J. R., Grynko, S., Seneviratne, R., & Herbst, W. 2010, PASP, 122, 753
Pereyra, A., Girart, J. M., Magalh~aes, A. M., Rodrigues, C. V., & de Araujo, F. X. 2009, A&A, 501, 595
Perez, L. M., Carpenter, J. M., Andrews, S. M., et al. 2016, Science, 353, 1519
Perez, M. R., Imho, C. L., & The, P. S. 1991, BAAS, 23, 1374
Petrova, N. N., & Shevchenko, V. S. 1987, Soviet Astronomy Letters, 13, 289
Potravnov, I. S., Grinin, V. P., & Ilyin, I. V. 2013, Astrophysics, 56, 453
Pugach, A. F. 1981, Astrophysics, 17, 47
Pugach, A. F. 1983, Astrophysics, 19, 419
Punzi, K. M., Kastner, J. H., Melis, C., et al. 2018, AJ, 155, 33
Raetz, S., Schmidt, T. O. B., Czesla, S., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 460, 2834
Roberge, A., Weinberger, A. J., & Malumuth, E. M. 2005, ApJ, 622, 1171
Rodgers, B., Wooden, D. H., Grinin, V., Shakhovsky, D., & Natta, A. 2002, ApJ, 564, 405
Rodriguez, J. E., Pepper, J., Stassun, K. G., et al. 2015, AJ, 150, 32
Rodriguez, J. E., Reed, P. A., Siverd, R. J., et al. 2016, AJ, 151, 29
Romanova, M. M., Ustyugova, G. V., Koldoba, A. V., & Lovelace, R. V. E. 2013, MNRAS, 430, 699
Rostopchina, A. N., Grinin, V. P., Okazaki, A., et al. 1997, A&A, 327, 145
Rostopchina, A. N., Grinin, V. P., & Shakhovskoi, D. N. 1999, Astronomy Letters, 25, 243
Safronov, V. S. 1972, Evolution of the protoplanetary cloud and formation of the earth and planets., by Safronov, V. S.. Translated from Russian. Jerusalem (Israel): Israel Program for Scientic Translations, Keter Publishing House, 212 p.,
Sartori, M. J., Gregorio-Hetem, J., Rodrigues, C. V., Hetem, A., Jr., & Batalha, C. 2010, AJ, 139, 27
Sato, S., Huang, P.-C., Chen, W.-P., et al. 2019, RAA, accepted.
Scargle, J. D. 1982, ApJ, 263, 835
Scarrott, S. M., & Warren-Smith, R. F. 1989, MNRAS, 237, 995
Schmidt, J. F. J. 1861, Astron. Nach., 55, 91
Schmidt, G. D., Elston, R., & Lupie, O. L. 1992, AJ, 104, 1563
Schulte-Ladbeck, R. 1983, A&A, 120, 203
Schulz, R., Erd, C., Guilbert-Lepoutre, A., et al. 2014, AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts #46, 46, 214.05
Semkov, E. H., & Peneva, S. P. 2012, Ap&SS, 338, 95
Semkov, E. H., Ibryamov, S. I., Peneva, S. P., et al. 2015, PASA, 32, e011
Serkowski, K. 1969, ApJL, 156, L55
Serkowski, K. 1973, Interstellar Dust and Related Topics, 52, 145
Serkowski, K., Mathewson, D. S., & Ford, V. L. 1975, ApJ, 196, 261
Shakhovskoi, D. N., Grinin, V. P., & Rostopchina, A. N. 2003, Astronomy Reports, 47, 580
Shawl, S. J. 1975, AJ, 80, 595
Shenavrin, V. I., Grinin, V. P., Rostopchina-Shakhovskaja, A. N., Demidova, T. V., & Shakhovskoi, D. N. 2012, Astronomy Reports, 56, 379
Shenavrin, V. I., Rostopchina-Shakhovskaya, A. N., Grinin, V. P., et al. 2016, Astronomy Reports, 60, 753
Shevchenko, V. S., & Ezhkova, O. V. 2001, Astronomy Letters, 27, 39
Shevchenko, V. S., Grankin, K. N., Ibragimov, M. A., Mel'Nikov, S. Y., & Yakubov, S. D. 1993, Ap&SS, 202, 121
Shu, F. H., Adams, F. C., & Lizano, S. 1987, ARA&A, 25, 23
Shu, F. H., Lizano, S., Ruden, S. P., & Najita, J. 1988, ApJL, 328, L19
Sicilia-Aguilar, A., Hartmann, L. W., Brice~no, C., Muzerolle, J., & Calvet, N. 2004, AJ, 128, 805
Sicilia-Aguilar, A., Hartmann, L. W., Hernandez, J., Brice~no, C., & Calvet, N. 2005, AJ, 130, 188
Sicilia-Aguilar, A., Hartmann, L. W., Furesz, G., et al. 2006, AJ, 132, 2135
Sicilia-Aguilar, A., Hartmann, L. W., Calvet, N., et al. 2006, ApJ, 638, 897
Sicilia-Aguilar, A., Merin, B., Hormuth, F., et al. 2008, ApJ, 673, 382
Spitzer, L. 1978, Physical processes in the interstellar medium, Wiley, New York
Stassun, K., & Wood, K. 1999, ApJ, 510, 892
Stauffer, J., Cody, A. M., McGinnis, P., et al. 2015, AJ, 149, 130
Steenman, H., & The, P. S. 1989, Ap&SS, 159, 189
Steenman, H., & The, P. S. 1991, Ap&SS, 184, 9
Strassmeier, K. G. 2009, A&A Rv, 17, 251
Strom, S. E., Strom, K. M., Grasdalen, G. L., et al. 1985, AJ, 90, 2281
Strom, K. M., Strom, S. E., Edwards, S., Cabrit, S., & Skrutskie, M. F. 1989, AJ, 97, 1451
Strom, K. M., Strom, S. E., & Yost, J. 1971, ApJ, 165, 479
Strom, S. E., Strom, K. M., Yost, J., Carrasco, L., & Grasdalen, G. 1972, ApJ, 173, 353
Suyarkova, O. G. 1975, Peremennye Zvezdy, 20, 167
Tamura, M., & Fukagawa, M. 2005, Astronomical Polarimetry: Current Status and Future Directions, 343, 215
Tamura, M., & Sato, S. 1989, AJ, 98, 1368
Tang, Y.-W., Guilloteau, S., Pietu, V., et al. 2012, A&A, 547, A84
Tang, Y.-W., Guilloteau, S., Dutrey, A., et al. 2017, ApJ, 840, 32
Tazzari, M., Testi, L., Natta, A., et al. 2017, A&A, 606, A88
Terquem, C., & Papaloizou, J. C. B. 2000, A&A, 360, 1031
The, P. S., & Tjin A Djie, H. R. E. 1978, A&A, 62, 439
Tjin A Djie, H. R. E., Remijn, L., & The, P. S. 1984, A&A, 134, 273
Torres, R. M., Loinard, L., Mioduszewski, A. J., & Rodrguez, L. F. 2009, ApJ, 698, 242
Tsukagoshi, T., Nomura, H., Muto, T., et al. 2016, ApJL, 829, L35
van de Hulst, H. C. 1957, Light Scatteringby Small Particles, Dover, New York
Vink, J. S., Drew, J. E., Harries, T. J., & Oudmaijer, R. D. 2002, MNRAS, 337, 356
Vink, J. S., Drew, J. E., Harries, T. J., Oudmaijer, R. D., & Unruh, Y. 2005, MNRAS, 359, 1049
Voshchinnikov, N. V., & Grinin, V. P. 1991, Astrophysics, 34, 84
Voshchinnikov, N. V., Grinin, V. P., Kiselev, N. N., & Minikulov, N. K. 1988, Astrophysics, 28, 182
Vrba, F. J. 1975, ApJ, 195, 101
Vrba, F. J., Chugainov, P. F., Weaver, W. B., & Stauer, J. S. 1993, AJ, 106, 1608
Vrba, F. J., Rydgren, A. E., Chugainov, P. F., Shakovskaia, N. I., & Weaver, W. B. 1989, AJ, 97, 483
Vrba, F. J., Schmidt, G. D., & Hintzen, P. M. 1979, ApJ, 227, 185
Vrba, F. J., Strom, S. E., & Strom, K. M. 1976, AJ, 81, 958
Wachmann, A. 1954, ZA, 35, 74
Walker, M. F. 1980, PASP, 92, 66
Walter, F. M. 1986, ApJ, 306, 573
Wardle, J. F. C., & Kronberg, P. P. 1974, ApJ, 194, 249
Warren-Smith, R. F., Draper, P. W., & Scarrott, S. M. 1987, ApJ, 315, 500
Ward-Thompson, D., Warren-Smith, R. F., Scarrott, S. M., & Wolstencroft, R. D. 1985, MNRAS, 215, 537
Watanabe, M., Takahashi, Y., Sato, M., et al. 2012, Proc. SPIE, 8446, 84462O
Weber, R. 1956, L'Astronomie, 70, 193
Weber, R. 1961, Journal des Observateurs, 44, 275
Weidenschilling, S. J. 2000, SSRv, 92, 295
Wenzel, W. 1969, Commmunications of the Konkoly Observatory Hungary, 65, 61
Wilner, D. J., D'Alessio, P., Calvet, N., Claussen, M. J., & Hartmann, L. 2005, ApJL, 626, L109
White, R. J., & Basri, G. 2003, ApJ, 582, 1109
Whitney, B. A., & Hartmann, L. 1992, ApJ, 395, 529
Wickramasinghe, N. C., & Nandy, K. 1971, MNRAS, 153, 205
Wilking, B. A., Schwartz, R. D., & Blackwell, J. H. 1987, AJ, 94, 106
Wood, K., Kenyon, S. J., Whitney, B. A., & Bjorkman, J. E. 1996, ApJL, 458, L79
Xiao, H. Y., Covey, K. R., Rebull, L., et al. 2012, ApJS, 202, 7
Xiao, L., Kroll, P., & Henden, A. A. 2010, AJ, 139, 1527
Yudin, R. V. 1988, Soviet Ast., 32, 652
Yudin, R. V. 2000, A&AS, 144, 285
Yudin, R. V., & Evans, A. 1998, A&AS, 131, 401
Zapata, L. A., Galvan-Madrid, R., Carrasco-Gonzalez, C., et al. 2015, ApJL, 811, L4
Zickgraf, F.-J., & Schulte-Ladbeck, R. E. 1989, A&A, 214, 274
Zhu, Z., Dong, R., Stone, J. M., & Rafikov, R. R. 2015, ApJ, 813, 88