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研究生： 呂明遠
Ming-Yuan Lu
論文名稱： 無線感測器熱電轉換電源之發展
The Development of Thermoelectric Converters of Power Supply for Wireless Sensor Nodes
指導教授： 吳炤民
口試委員:
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 資訊電機學院 - 電機工程學系在職專班
Executive Master of Electrical Engineering
畢業學年度： 100
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 72
中文關鍵詞： 熱電發電機 、熱電轉換
外文關鍵詞： thermoelectric, seebeck effect, thermocouple
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    • 本篇論文主要是探討利用熱電器將熱能轉換成電能，對鎳氫電池充電，並且供無線電和生理感應器電源使用之可行性。本研究利用市面上常用的制冷片(Thermal Cooler)，在它的熱板使用電熱片加熱，與冷板間產生溫差，進而產生電能。此產生的電能除了能供應無線電傳輸平台運作外，並對鎳氫電池充電。從實驗結果來看，在低溫環境下(<500K)，30~40 ℃的溫差，熱電發電的效率不高，嚴重的限制熱電發電的應用領域。利用體溫與外界溫度的溫差，由於體溫與氣溫的溫度差不大，使用一般熱電制冷片發電以供應醫療感測器和無線傳輸平台是非常困難。除非採用客製化高密度的熱偶合熱電發電機以及搭配低功率的醫療感測器與無線傳輸平台，但這將造成很高的成本而無法大量施行。但從此實驗可以得到當兩個熱電發電機串連時，相同的輸出電壓時，需要的溫度差可以有效的降低。這或許是另一種可行的方法。

    This paper investigates the feasibility of sensors and wireless transmission powered by thermoelectric generator whose power can charge Ni-MH battery. This research used a thermal cooler and applied heat on the hot plate to produce a difference of temperature between the hot and cold plate. The generated electrical power was used for wireless platform operation and battery charging. According to the results of experiment, the efficiency of thermoelectric generator (TEG) under low temperature condition (<500K) is quite low and therefore limits the application of thermoelectric generator unless customized high density thermopiles and very low power consumption wireless sensor platform were used. However, the disadvantage of this customized high density thermopiles is the high cost for commercial application. From our experiments, we also discovered the output voltage is same as that of a TEG when two TEGs were connected in series to generate electrical power, but the temperature difference of the hot and cold plate of the TEG was effectively lower. This result implies a feasible approach for future application.

    目錄 摘要 ………………………………………………………................Ⅰ Abstract…………………………………………………….................Ⅱ 目錄…………………………………………………………..............Ⅲ 圖目錄………………………………………………………..............Ⅵ 表目錄……………………………………………………..................Ⅸ 第一章 序論………………………………………………..................1 1.1 前言…………………………………………................1 1.2 研究動機……………………………………................1 1.3 相關文獻探討………………………………................2 1.3.1 熱電發電歷史...............................................2 1.3.2 熱電發電機的特性.......................................4 1.3.3 低輸入高效率直流電壓轉換器.................7 1.3.4 手錶型熱電發電機.......................................9 1.4 論文提要……………………………………..............10 第二章 原理探討…………………………………………................11 2.1塞貝克(Seebeck effect)效應……………………………11 2.2佩爾蒂埃效應 (Peltier Effect)……………………….…13 2.3湯姆生效應 (Thomson Effect)……................................14 2.4湯姆生關係式 (The Thomson relationships)…..............16 2.5熱電勢(Thermopower) …………………………..........17 2.6電荷載子的擴散(Charge-carrier diffusion)……………19 2.7聲子拖拉 (Phonon drag)………………….....................22 2.8塞貝克效應和磁自旋電池 (Spin Seebeck Effect and Magnetic Batteries)...........................................................22 2.9熱電系數的質量指標(figure of Merit)………................23 2.10 利用熱電發電機做為無線感測器的原理探討...........23 第三章電路設計介紹…………………………………......................32 3.1概述…………………………………………….................32 3.2使用零件介紹………………………………….................34 3.2.1微控制器…………………………………...............34 3.2.2無線電傳輸模組…………………………...............34 3.2.3 TEG………………………………………..............35 3.2.4 ECG sensor……………………………...............…36 3.2.5電源供應………………...........................................37 3.3.6 電池…………………………………….................37 3.2.7 RS232電腦介面收發晶片.......................................38 3.3 線路圖…………………………………………...............38 3.3.1無線電發射板……………………………...............38 3.3.2無線電接收板……………………………...............42 3.4實驗設備……………………………………….................46 3.5實驗步驟……………………………………….................46 3.5.1充電實驗………………………………...............…46 3.5.2無線傳輸實驗……………………………...............48 第四章 結果與討論……………………………………….................50 4.1充電實驗記錄分析………………………………….........50 4.1.1單一TEG實驗紀錄.................................................50 4.1.2兩個TEG串聯實驗紀錄.........................................52 4.2充電實驗結果討論……………………………………….55 4.3無線傳輸實驗………………………………….................59 第五章 結論與展望……………………………………….................60 參考文獻…………………………………………………...............…61 圖目錄 圖1熱電模組最大效率對界面溫度關係圖.......................................... .5 圖2熱電模組V/V_max對介面溫度的關係圖.............................................6 圖3熱電模組I/I_max對介面溫度關係圖...................................................6 圖4直流電壓轉換架構圖.........................................................................8 圖5. DC converter測試結果.....................................................................9 圖6. Seebeck effect的電路圖………………..........................................12 圖7. 以thermoelectric當做制冷器的示意圖……………….................21 圖8. 以thermoelectric當做發電機的示意圖….....................................21 圖9. 熱傳線路模型……………………………………….....................24 圖10. 使用在身體上的熱電發電機…………………….......................28 圖11. 熱電發電機的熱電路模型………...............................................28 圖12. 手錶型的電熱發電機………………………...............................29 圖13. 在靜止空氣狀態下，”five to seven” TEG產生的功率...............29 圖14. “Five to seven” TEG在室內環境所產生的電壓.............……..30 圖15. 以手錶型TEG做的無線脈沖式血氧濃度計…………..............30 圖16. 發射板方塊圖…………………………………...........................32 圖17. 接收板方塊圖……………………………………..................….34 圖18. 無線電傳輸模組...........................................................................35 圖19. 熱電發電機TEG………………………......................................36 圖20. 生訊科技公司ECG sensor…………………………...................37 圖21. 發射板電源供應電路圖...............................................................38 圖22. 發射板無線電介面電路圖...........................................................39 圖23.無線電發射板微控制器電路圖....................................................41 圖24. 無線電發射板與無線電傳輸模組...............................................42 圖25. 接收板電源供應電路圖...............................................................42 圖26. 接收板RS232電路圖...................................................................43 圖27. 接收板無線電介面電路圖...........................................................44 圖28. 接收板微控制器電路圖...............................................................45 圖29. 接收板與無線電傳輸模組...........................................................45 圖30. 實驗設備圖...................................................................................46 圖31. TEG對鎳氫電池充電圖................................................................47 圖32. ECG的輸出波形...........................................................................49 圖33. TEG輸出電壓與冷熱板溫度對應圖............................................51 圖34. 電池電壓與TEG冷熱板溫度對應圖..........................................52 圖35. 兩個TEG串聯輸出電壓與冷熱板溫度對應圖..........................54 圖36. 兩個TEG串聯電池電壓與冷熱板溫度對應圖..........................54 圖37. 鎳氫電池充電曲線圖...................................................................55 圖38 鎳氫(Ni-MH)電池的充電曲線圖.................................................57 圖39 TEG充電線路圖...........................................................................58 圖40 計算機還原的心跳波形................................................................59 表目錄 表1. TEG在不同溫度的電壓輸出與電池電壓.....................................51 表2. 兩個TEG串聯，在不同溫度的電壓輸出與電池電壓..................53

    參考文獻
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