論文提要內容：
知識經濟時代的來臨，員工對於企業的期望不再僅是要求完善的薪酬制度以求得家庭溫飽即可，更希望能擁有參與企業內部決策的機會，以獲得工作滿意及個人的成就感。企業主亦逐漸認知到要吸引優秀的員工，無法單就薪酬的給予激勵，於是在當前產業人才競爭激烈的環境下，企業多藉以分紅入股的財務參與來提高員工工作意願，使員工獲得企業所有權之參與來提高員工組織承諾;再者，為避免股票分紅所引起的搭便車效應，學者們紛紛建議應搭配決策參與之措施與之抗衡，希望藉由妥善的參與制度以提升員工對於組織的認同感，進而提升組織績效。
本研究將以台灣上市、上櫃、興櫃及公開發行之所有產業為研究對象，利用2003年期的問卷調查資料及2004年期的財務會計資料，針對國內產業目前所採行的員工參與制度，包含股票分紅之財務參與，溝通、團隊參與之決策參與，就以生產力為指標的組織績效進行實證分析，以探究員工決策參與及財務參與對於企業生產力的影響。共發放問卷至1,392家公司，經刪除資料不足之樣本後，實際回收198份問卷，整體回收率約為14.22％。
結果指出，財務參與部分，企業實施股票分紅制度對於提升企業生產力有正向且顯著的影響;決策參與部分，實施溝通機制對於提升企業生產力亦有正向且顯著之影響，然而，實施團隊參與對於提升生產力則無顯著影響。進一步討論員工財務參與及決策參與共同實施的作用，股票分紅與溝通機制同時實施，對於員工生產力的無顯著影響；股票分紅與團隊參與同時實施，彼此可抗衡所產生之問題，於是對於提升生產力有正向且顯著之影響。

ABSTRACT
Taiwanese firms have been growing rapidly in the past decade. Employee participation, which can attract and retain high quality employees, has been thought as one the key successful factors for contemporary enterprises. Most of Taiwanese firms, as well, catch the growing trend and adopt stock profit sharing plans and participative decision-making for the purpose of enhancing organization performance.
In order to examine the effects of employee participation in Taiwanese firms, the study collected a data set containing financial data and survey data to examine the effects of employee participation plans on firm performance. After collection, there are totally 198 questionnaires replied, yielding a 14.22 percent response rate.
Stock ownership programs have positive effects on organization productivity. However, participative decision-making plans didn’t affect organization performance. At the mean time, the effects of communication plans on organization performance. Finally, when firms adopt financial participation and participative decision-making at the same time, the firm’s productivity will be enhanced significantly. That is, the positive interaction effects between participative decision-making and financial participation exist.

參考文獻
一、 中文部分
天下雜誌編輯部，2006 年5 月，1000 大製造業行業排名、500 大服務業行業排名，天下雜誌1000 大特刊。
丁幼泉，1977，謳歌與期待—略論分紅、入股辦法的制訂與實施，中國勞工，第417期，頁3-7。
王世榕，1991，公、民營事業單位實施勞工分紅入股與年終獎金之研究，省政研究發展叢書第59 輯。
王健安，1998，高科技產業員工分紅入股制度的影響與設計，產業金融季刊，第一百期：pp.89-99。
石世賢，1996，財務報表分析（下），台北：保成。
林欽榮，1983，管理心理學，台北：五南書局。
吳家聲，1988，員工分紅入股制度之研究，行政院勞委會。
黃家齊，2000。人力資源管理系統內部契合與組織績效之關聯性研究，中山管理評論，第8 卷，第3 期：511-536。
黃家齊，2002。人力資源管理系統與組織績效－智慧資本觀點，管理學報，第19 卷，第3 期：415-450。
陳繼盛，1985，勞資關係，台北：正中書局。
陸光，1978，國外分紅入股制度簡介，第五二八期，中國勞工月刊。
曹國雄，1992，參與品管圈對員工工作態度與工作表現之影響—以食品製造業員工為例，人力資源學報，(2)，17-29。
傅肅良，1983，人事管理(初版)，台北：三民書局。
鄭邦偉，1990，台灣地區企業員工分紅入股之研究。臺灣銀行季刊，41 卷(3)，395-428。
賴士葆、鍾國貴，1995，製造業早期參與新產品開發活動的程度與新產品開發的製造績效相關之研究-台灣區汽車零件組件業之實徵研究，中山管理評論,4(3)，96-111。
劉念琪、范姜如萱，2001，台灣電子資訊公司分紅入股措施對員工生產力之影響。高科技產業人力資源管理，頁240-272。台北：天下文化。
趙曉玲，2002，員工分紅入股制度對組織績效的影響，國立中央大學人力資源研究所碩士學位論文。
二、 英文部分
Abdel-Halim, A. A., 1983. Power Equalization, Participative Decision Making and Individual Differences. Human Relations, 36(8), 683-704.
Alchian, A. A.& Demsetz, H., 1972. Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization. American Economic Review, v62, n5 (Dec.): 777-95.
Baddon, L., Hunter, L., Hyman, J., Leopold, J. & Ramsay, H., 1989. People’s Capitalism? A Critical Analysis of Profit-Sharing and Employee Share Ownership. London: Routledge.
Bakan, I., Suseno, Y., Pinnington, A. & Money, A., 2004. The Influence of Financial Participation and Participation in Decision-making on Employee Job Attitudes. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(3), pp.587-616.
Becker, B. E. & Craig A. O., 1992, Unions and Firm Profits, Industrial Relations, 31, pp.395-415.
Ben-Ner, A. & Jones, D. C., 1995. Employee Participation, Ownership, and Productivity: A Theoretical Framework. Industrial Relations, 34(4), 532-554.
Black, J. S. & Gregersen, H. B., 1997. Participative Decision-making: An Integration of Multiple Dimensions, Human Relations, 50(7), 859-878.
Blair, M., Kruse, D. & Blasi, J., 2000. Is Employee Ownership an Unstable Form? or a Stabilizing Force? in Kochan, T., & Blair M., eds., The New Relationship: Human Capital in the American Corporation.
Blair, M.& Kochan, T., 2000. Human Capital: The New Relationship .Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Blanchard, K. H., Carlos, J. P. & Randolph, W. A. 1995. The Empowerment Barometer and Action Plan. Escondido, CA: Blanchard Training and Development.
Blasi, J., Conte, M. & Kruse, D., 1996. Employee Stock Ownership and Corporate Performance among Public Companies. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 50(1), 60-79.
Blinder, A. S., 1990. Paying for Productivity: A Look at the Evidence. Washington, D. C. : Brookings Institution.
Bush, J. B. & Frohman, A. L., 1991.Communication in a “Network” Organization., Organizational Dynamics, vol.20,pp.23-35.
Byars, L. L. & Rue, L. W., 1994. Human Resource Management 4th ed. Burr Ridge: IRWIN.
Cable, J., 1987. Some Tests of Employee Participation Indices, Advances in The Economic Analysis of Participatory and Labor-Managed Firms, 2, 583-590.
Campion, M. A., Medsker, G. J. & Higgs, A. C., 1993. Relations between Work Group Characteristics and Effectiveness: Implications for Designing Effective Work Groups. Personnel Psychology, 46: 823–850.
Clinton, B. D., 1999. Antecedents of Budgetary Participation: The Effects of Organizational, Situational, and Individual Factors. Advances in Management Accounting, 8:45-70.
Conger, J. A. & Kanungo, R. N., 1988. The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice. Academy of Management Review, 13: 471–482.
Conte, M. A. & Svejnar, J., 1988. Productivity Effects of Worker Participation in Management, Profit-sharing, Worker Ownership of Asset and Unionization in U.S. Firms. International Journal of Organization, 6, 139-151.
Conyon, M. J. & Freeman, R. B., 2001. Shared Modes of Compensation and Firm Performance: UK Evidence. Working Paper No. 8448, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
Cotton, J. L., Vollrath, D. A. ＆ Froggatt, K. L., et al., 1988. Employee Participation: Diverse Forms and Different Outcomes. Academy of Management Review, 13(1), 8-22.
Cotton, J. L., 1990. Employee Involvement Methods for Improving Performance and Work Attitudes, US: Sage Publications.
Cox, A., 2000. The Importance of Employee Participation in Determining Pay System Effectiveness. International Journal of Management Reviews, 2: 4, 357-375.
Cronbach, L. J., 1987. Statistical Tests for Moderator Variables: Flaws in Analyses Recently Proposed, Psychological Bulletin, 102: 414-417.
Defourney, J., Estrin, S. & Jones, D. C., 1985. The Effects of Workers’ Participation on Enterprise Performance. International Journal of Industrial Organization Ⅲ, 197-217.
Delery, J. E. & Doty, D. H., 1996. Modes of Theorizing in Strategic Human Resources Management: Tests of Universalistic, Contingency, and Configurational Performance Prediction, Academy of Management Joutnal, 39: 802-835.
Dochler, H. P. & Wilpert, B., 1978. Conceptual Dimensions and Boundaries of Participation in Organizations: A Critical Evaluation, Administrative Science Quarterly, 23, 1-39.
Doucouliagos, C., 1995. Worker Participation and Productivity in Labor-managed and Participatory Capitalist Firms: A Meta-analysis. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 49: 1, 58-77.
Fisher, S. & Shaw, J., 1993. Human Resource Management. New York: McGraw-Hill.
FitzRoy, F. R. & Kraft, K., 1987. Cooperation, Productivity and Profit Sharing, Quarterly Journal of Economics 102 (February):23-25
FitzRoy, F. R. & Kraft, K., 1992. Forms of Profit Sharing and Firm Performance: Theoretical Foundations and Empirical Problems. Kyklos, 0023-5962, June 1, 1992, Vol. 45, Issue 2
Freeman, R. B. & Dube, A., 2000. Shared Compensation Systems and Decision Making in the US Job Market, Draft, Harvard University Department of Economics.
Goodman, P. S., Ravlin, E. C. & Schminke, M., 1987. Understanding Groups in Organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.). Research in Organizational Behavior, 9, pp. 121-173. Greenwich, CT：JAI Press.
Griffin, R. W. & McMahan, G. C., 1994. Motivation through Job Design. Organizational Behavior, pp. 23-43.
Hackman, J. R. & Oldham, G. R., 1980. Work Redesign. Reading, MA：Addison Wesley.
Herzberg, F., 1968. January-February. One More Time How Do You Motivate Employees? Harvard Business School, pp. 53-62.
Ichniowski, C., Kochan, T.A. & Levine, D. et al., 1996. What Works at Work: Overview and Assessment. Industrial Relations, 35(3), pp. 299-333.
Jenkins, G. D., & Lawler, E. E., 1981. Impact of Employee Participation in Pay Plan Development, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 28,111-128.
Jones, D. C. & Kato, T., 1995. The Productivity Effects of Employee Stock-Ownership Plans and Bonuses: Evidence from Japanese Panel Data. The American Economic Review, 85（3）, 391-413.
Jones, D. C. & Kato, T., 2003. The Effects of Employee Involvement on Firm Performance: Evidence from an Econometric Case Study. Working Paper No. 612. William Davidson Institute, University of Michigan
Kalmi, P., Pendleton, A. ＆Poutsma, E., 2005. Financial Participation and Performance in Europe. Human Resource Management Journal, 15:4, 54-67.
Kato, T. & Morishima, M., 2002. The Productivity Effects of Participatory Employment Practices: Evidence from New Japanese Panel Data. Industrial Relations, Vol. 41, No. 4, October, pp. 487-520
Kim, S., 1998. Does Profit Sharing Increase Firm’s Profits? Journal of Labor Research, 19（2）, 351-370.
Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B., 1999. Beyond Self-management: Antecedents and Consequences of Team Empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 42: 58–74.
Kominkiewicz, S., 1996. Credibility-“It’s Not Only What You Say”, Communication World, vol:13, 6, pp. 24.
Kotowitz, Y., 1989. Moral Hazard, in Eatwell, John et al (Eds). Allocation, Information and Markets, The New Palgrave, W.W. Norton, New York, pp. 207-213.
Kruse, D., 1996. Why Do Firms Adopt Profit Sharing and Employee Ownership Plans? British Journal of Industrial Relations, 34: 515–38.
Kruse, D., Freeman R., & Blasi, J., et al., 2003. Motivating Employee-Owners in ESOP Firms: Human Resource Policies and Company Performance. NBER Working Paper Number 10177.
Lambert, R. A., Larcher, D. F. & Weigelt K., 1993. The Structure of Organizational Incentives. Administrative Science Quarterly 38: 438-461.
Ledford, G. E., Lawler, E. E., & Mohrman, S. A., 1988. The Quality Circle and Its Variations. In Campbell, J. P. & Campbell, R. J. (Eds.). Productivity in Organizations, pp. 255-294. San Francisco：Jossey-Bass.
Levine, D. & Tyson, L., 1990. Participation, Productivity and the Firm''s Environment. In Blinder, A. (Ed.), Paying for Productivity: A Look at the Evidence. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute. 183-243
Liden, R. C., & Tewksbury, T. W., 1995. Empowerment and Work Teams. In Ferris, G. R., Rosen, S. D., &Barnum, D. T. (Eds.), Handbook of Human Resources Management: 386–403. Oxford, England: Blackwell.
Long, R. J., 1980. Job Attitudes and Organizational Performance under Employee Ownership, Academy of Management Journal, 23(4), 726-737.
Long, R. J., 2002. Performance Pay in Canada, in Michelle Brown ＆ John Heywood (eds.), Paying for Performance. An International Comparison, EM Sharpe, pp. 52 - 89.
Manz, C. C. & Sims, H. P., Jr., 1987. Leading Workers to Lead Themselves: The External Leadership of Self-managing Work Teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.32, pp.106-128
McHugh, P. P., 1997. Team-based Work Systems: Lessons from the Industrial Relations Literature. HR. Human Resource Planning, 20(3): pp. 44-47.
McNabb, R. & Whitfield, K., 1998. The Impact of Financial Participation and Employee Involvement on Financial Performance. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 45: 2, 171-187.
Miller, K. I., & Monge, P. R., 1986. Participation, Satisfaction, and Productivity: A Meta-analytic Review, Academy of Management Journal, 29(4), 727-753.
Milgrom, P., & Roberts, J., 1995. Complementarities and Fit: Strategy, Structure, and Organizational Change in Manufacturing. Journal of Accounting and Economics 19(April):179-208.
Mitchell, T. R., 1973. Motivation and Participation: An Integration. Academy of Management Journal, 16（4）, 670-679.
Morrow, P. C., 1997. The Measurement of TQM Principles and Work-related Outcomes, Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol.18, pp.363-376.
Mussa, M., 1999. Reforming the International Financial Architecture: Limiting Moral Hazard and Containing Real Hazard, in David Gruen and Luke Gower, eds., Capital Flows and the International Financial System (Sidney: Reserve Bank of Australia), 216-36.
Noe, R. A., & Ford, J. I., 1992. Emerging Issues and New Directions for Training Research. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 10, pp. 345-394.
Pendleton, A., 1997. Characteristics of Workplaces with Financial Participation: Evidence from the Workplace Industrial Relations Survey, Industrial Relations Journal, 28: 103–19.
Pérotin, V. & Robinson, A., 2003. Employee Participation in Profit and Ownership: A Review of Issues and Evidence, Luxembourg, European Parliament.
Pfeffer, J., 1994. Competitive Advantage through People. Harvard Business School, Boston.
Robbins, S. P., 2001. Organizational Behavior 9th ed., NJ：Prentice Hall.
Schuler, R. S., 1980. A Role and Expectancy Perception Model of Participation in Decision Making, Academy of Management Journal, 23(2), 331-340.
Seibert, S. E., Silver S. R., & Randolph, W. A., 2004. Taking Empowerment to the Next Level: A Multiple-level Model of Empowerment, Performance, and Satisfaction, Academy of Management Journal. 47(3): 332-349
Stone, E. F., 1988. Moderator Variables in Research: A Review and Analysis of Conceptual and Methodological Issues, In Ferris, G., and Rowland, K. (Ed.), Research in Personnel/Human Resources Management, 6 : 191-230. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Strauss, G., 1982. Workers Participation in Management: An International Perspective. Research in Organizational Behavior, 4, 173-265.
Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A., 1990. Cognitive Elements of Empowerment: An “Interpretive” Model of Intrinsic Task Motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15: 666–681.
Thonander, R. V., 1973. Variation of the Profit Sharing Theme in Guide to Modern Profit Sharing, Profit Sharing Cauncil of A merican
Walker, C. R., & Guest, R. H., 1952. The Man on the Assembly Line. Harvard University Press.
Wagner, S. H., Parker, C. P., & Christiansen, N. A., 2003. Employees that Think and Act Like Owners: Effects of Ownership Beliefs and Behaviors on Organizational Effectiveness. Personnel Psychology, 56, 847-871.
Weitzman, M.,& Kruse, D., 1990. Profit Sharing and Productivity. In Paying for Productivity: A Look at the Evidence, edited by Alan S. Blinder, 95-140. Washington, DC: Brookings.