戴奧辛於煙道氣及大氣中之氣固相分布特性｜國立中央大學博碩士論文系統

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研究生：	紀凱獻 Kai-Hsien CHi
論文名稱：	戴奧辛於煙道氣及大氣中之氣固相分布特性 Evaluation of PCDD/F Congener Partitioning between Vapor/Solid Phases in Flue Gases and Ambient Air
指導教授：	張木彬 Moo-Been Chang
口試委員:
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工學院 - 環境工程研究所 Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering
畢業學年度：	93
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	215
中文關鍵詞：	戴奧辛、呋喃、焚化爐、電弧爐煉鋼廠、集塵灰回收廠、排放量、控制效率、推估模式
外文關鍵詞：	electric arc furnace, waelz plant, emission, removal efficiency, prediction model, incinerator, Dioxin, furan
相關次數：	點閱：13 下載：0
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戴奧辛自污染源排放後係以氣相及固相之方式分布於大氣環境，因此系統性地對污染源煙道排氣及大氣環境中戴奧辛的氣固相分布特性進行深入之研究確有其必要性。就污染物控制的角度審視這個問題，若無法實際釐清氣固相戴奧辛之生成途徑以及控制機制，現場之操作單位或政策主管機關將無法有效控制污染排放並擬定適當之管制策略。本論文嘗試探討煙道氣中戴奧辛之氣固相分布，以釐清戴奧辛各物種於污染源中之去除機制，並瞭解污染源周界大氣中戴奧辛污染物之氣固相分布特性，以釐清大氣環境中戴奧辛之傳輸行為及氣固相轉換特性，藉以評估國內現行之空氣污染控制技術對氣固相戴奧辛物種去除效率之差異，並藉由實廠採樣數據初步建立戴奧辛各物種於煙道氣中之氣固分布推估模式。本篇論文針對國內六座戴奧辛排放源包括二座都市垃圾焚化廠(MWI-1及MWI-2)、二座事業廢棄物焚化廠(IWI-1及IWI-2)、電弧爐煉鋼廠(EAF)以及電弧爐集塵灰資源回收廠(Waelz plant)進行氣固相戴奧辛煙道採樣及分析工作，研究結果指出，各污染源煙道氣中氣固相戴奧辛之去除效率亦隨其使用之APCDs不同產生變化，進而影響戴奧辛於煙道氣中之氣固相分布。當煙道氣分別經過旋風集塵器(CY)及袋濾式集塵器(BF)後，煙道氣中70%以上之戴奧辛分布於氣相，而活性碳注入技術(ACI)搭配BF其對煙道氣中固相戴奧辛之去除效率高於氣相，使得煙道氣中之氣相戴奧辛由70％上升至90%以上，另外使用選擇性還原觸媒反應器(SCR)則可有效將煙道氣中之氣相戴奧辛予以破壞去除。由於污染源控制設備對戴奧辛去除機制之不同，將改變煙道氣流中戴奧辛之氣固分布特性進而對整廠之戴奧辛排放量造成影響，使用SCR作為戴奧辛控制設備之MWI-2其整廠戴奧辛排放量僅為使用ACI之MWI-1的三分之二，而都市垃圾焚化廠之戴奧辛排放量95％以上皆分布於飛灰及反應灰中，這些含有戴奧辛污染物固體廢棄物可能成為未來環境污染問題的隱憂。此外使用傳統空氣污染控制設備(CY及BF)的戴奧辛排放源，由於其無法有效控制氣相戴奧辛之排放，其戴奧辛排放量將近47%至66％由煙囪排出，其對鄰近地區環境生態的影響值得重視。污染源煙道排氣及周界大氣中之氣固相戴奧辛樣品採樣結果亦指出MWI-1周界大氣中其戴奧辛物種將近80%以上分布於固相，而EAF周界大氣中戴奧辛物種有35%至55%分布於氣相。造成上述差異的原因除了受污染源與大氣測站的距離遠近、大氣中懸浮微粒濃度高低影響之外，污染源所排放出之氣固相戴奧辛濃度分布亦造成相當程度的影響，由於EAF並未配置可有效控制氣相戴奧辛排放之控制設備，進而造成鄰近地區大氣中戴奧辛物種分布於氣相之比率較MWI-1周界地區高。此外研究結果亦指出大氣溫度下降100C時大氣中戴奧辛物種分布於固相之比率將會增加20％，顯示環境溫度之變化對戴奧辛氣固相分布特性之影響值得注意。MWI-1實廠煙道氣採樣結果指出煙道氣溫度之改變將影響氣固相戴奧辛之去除效率，兩者之間雖不具線性相關，但以ACI+BF技術控制氣固相戴奧辛亦存在一最佳操作溫度（1600C）。而本研究所建立之氣相戴奧辛吸附載體測試系統(PAS)分析結果指出當氣流溫度為1500C時，約50％之氣相戴奧辛轉移至固相，當氣流溫度上升至2000C時戴奧辛由氣相轉移至固相之比率則下降至20％，此外該測試結果亦顯示當煙道氣流溫度介於de novo再合成之溫度窗時(2500C)，吸附載體上將會有戴奧辛再生成的現象發生，並揮發至氣流中。
綜觀來說，戴奧辛於煙道氣中之氣固分特性受粒狀物濃度、環境溫度以及空氣污染控制設備形式影響甚巨，故整合實廠採樣結果以及參考相關文獻本論文初步建立戴奧辛污染排放源煙道氣中戴奧辛氣固相之推估模式log (Cv/Cs) =m logP0L+log (c/PM)。該模式可推估煙道氣於高溫爐體出口以及氣流通過旋風集塵器、袋濾式集塵器、乾/濕式靜電集塵器、固定式活性碳吸附塔、活性碳注入以及觸媒反應器後戴奧辛於氣固相之分布係數。經由模式推估結果與實廠採樣分析數據之比對，亦發現其推估結果尚稱理想，但若是煙道氣中粒狀物濃度過高時，其氣固相之分布係數推估結果將明顯高估，此外若煙道氣溫度介於de novo再合成之溫度窗(2500C～4500C)時其氣固相之分布係數推估結果將明顯低估。綜觀來說，此推估模式可初步作為國內探討污染源煙道排氣中氣固相戴奧辛分布特性之參考。

Around 60 to 80% of the seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/F concentrations in the atmosphere are bounded to particles. Partitioning of PCDD/F congeners between vapor and solid phases in flue gas of the PCDD/F emission sources and ambient air in Taiwan are evaluated via stack sampling and analysis in this study. This dissertation emphasizes the understanding of the partitioning and removal efficiency of PCDD/Fs of flue gas at two municipal wastes incinerator (MWI-1 and MWI-2), two industrial wastes incinerators (IWI-1 and IWI-2), one electric arc furnace (EAF) and one Waelz plant equipped with different types air pollution control devices (APCDs). The results indicate that the vapor-phase PCDD/Fs can be emitted from the stack by penetrating through cyclone (CY), bag filter (BF) and electrostatic precipitator (EP) if no effective control device is applied. Vapor-phase PCDD/Fs can be removed by various means including adsorption with carbon-based adsorbents, and catalytic destruction. Compared to the activated carbon injection technology which only transfers vapor-phase PCDD/Fs to the fly ash and would make ash disposal even more complicated, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system can destroy PCDD/Fs and serves as a better control technology for removing PCDD/Fs from gas streams. The results of the emission from several facilities demonstrate that 99.7% and 0.3% of PCDD/F output in MWI-2 is discharged with EP ash (98.3 µg-TEQ/ ton waste) and stack gas, respectively. SCR system removes and destroys most of the PCDD/F congeners. The emission rate of MWI-1 is much higher than that of MWI-2 caused by the PCDD/F removal efficiencies achieved with different APCDs adopted, resulting in different PCDD/F removal mechanisms. It is noted that total PCDD/F discharge in Waelz plant is 840.3 µg-TEQ/ton EAF-dust, among which 33.3% is discharged with fly ash and needs to effectively reduce PCDD/F formation and install better PCDD/F control devices for the perspective of total environmental management. The results obtained from the ambient air sampling indicate that the mean PCDD/F concentration measured in the vicinity area of the MWI (56~348 fg-I-TEQ/m3) and EAF (61~312 fg-I-TEQ/m3) investigated are lower than the ambient air standard proposed in Japan (600 fg-I-TEQ/m3). The results obtained on vapor/solid partitioning of PCDD/Fs in ambient air indicate that the solid-phase portion accounts for more than 80% of the total concentration in the vicinity area of MWI investigated. Besides, the vapor-phase PCDD/Fs account for 35% to 55% in the vicinity area of EAF investigated. In addition, the temperature and the distance between emission source and sampling site would also affect the partitioning of PCDD/Fs between vapor and solid phases. The results of MWI-1 flue gas sampling indicate that there is optimal operating temperature for PCDD/F removal with ACI. In addition, the results of pilot-scale adsorption system (PAS) experimentation indicate that about 50% and 20% vapor-phase PCDD/Fs transferred to solid phase at Group 1 (1500C) and Group 2 (2000C), respectively. As the temperature is increased to 2500C, de novo synthesis significantly affects the partitioning of PCDD/Fs between vapor/solid phases.
Based on results of the partition of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/F achieved with the APCDs applied upstream and the particulate matter concentration in flue gas, this dissertation applies the equation log(Cv/Cs) =m logP0L+log(c/PM) for predicting vapor/solid-phase PCDD/F partition in flue gases downstream various APCDs including CY, EP, BF, wet electrostatic precipitator (WEP), fixed activated carbon bed (FCB), ACI and SCR. As the PM concentration is over 20,000 mg/Nm3 or temperature in flue gas is within the temperature window of de novo synthesis, the log(Cv/Cs) of observed data is significantly higher or lower than the result predicted, respectively. Accordingly, the equation can be used to predict the partitioning of PCDD/Fs between vapor and solid phases in flue gas if de novo synthesis is not significant.

Evaluation of PCDD/F Congener Partitioning between Vapor/Solid Phases in Flue Gases and Ambient Air
Table of Contents
Abstract
Chapter 1  Introduction	1
1.1 Preface	1
1.2 Research Motivation and Purposes	2
Chapter 2  Literature Review	4
2.1 The Characteristic and Structure of PCDD/Fs	4
2.2 PCDD/F Formation during Combustion Process	6
2.2.1 Formation in incinerator/furnace	7
2.2.2 Formation of PCDD/Fs from precursor compounds	7
2.2.3 De novo synthesis	9
2.3 PCDD/F Removal during Combustion Process	15
2.3.1 Traditional air pollutant control devices	15
2.3.2 Effective PCDD/F control methods	19
2.4 Partitioning of PCDD/Fs between Vapor and Solid Phases	27
2.4.1 Vapor/solid partitioning of PCDD/Fs from stack gas sampling	27
2.4.2 Vapor/solid partitioning of PCDD/Fs from ambient air sampling	29
Chapter 3  Experimental Methods	56
3.1Reserch flow chart	56
3.2 Experimental	56
3.2.1 Flue gas sampling	56
3.2.2 Ambient air sampling	59
3.2.3 Pilot-scale adsorption system (PAS) experimentation	60
3.3 PCDD/F Sampling Method	60
3.3.1 Stack gas sampling	60
3.3.2 Ambient air sampling	62
3.4 PCDD/F Samples Preparation Procedure	64
3.4.1 Sample extraction	64
3.4.2 Cleanup procedure	65
3.5 PCDD/Fs Analytical Methods	68
3.5.1 Stack gas sample analyze	68
3.5.2 Ambient air sample analyze	68
Chapter 4  Results and Discussion	91
4.1 Characteristics of PCDD/F Congener Distributions in Vapor and Solid Phases from Different Facilities	91
4.1.1 PCDD/F concentrations and congeners distribution in flue gas of six facilities	91
4.1.2 Comparison of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/F removal efficiency with different APCDs	95
4.2 PCDD/F Emissions from Four Facilities with Different APCDs	101
4.2.1 PCDD/F concentrations in stack gas of four facilities	101
4.2.2 PCDD/F concentrations in fly ash of four facilities	103
4.2.3 PCDD/F flows with different APCDs in four facilities	104
4.3 Vapor and Solid Phases PCDD/F Distributions in Flue Gas and Ambient Air	106
4.3.1 PCDD/F concentrations and congeners distribution in stack gas and ambient air	106
4.3.2 Comparison of vapor/solid phase partitioning of PCDD/F congener in stack gas and ambient air	107
4.3.3 Variation in vapor/solid phase partitioning of PCDD/Fs in stack gas and ambient air	109
4.4 PCDD/F Partitioning between Vapor and Solid Phases Affected by Environment Factors	112
4.4.1 PCDD/F concentrations in flue gas at different sampling points of MWI-1 with temperature variation	113
4.4.2 Vapor/solid-phase PCDD/F removal efficiencies in ACI+BF with temperature variation	115
4.4.3 Formation and transferring between vapor/solid-phase PCDD/Fs by PAS experimentation	116
4.5 Model Prediction of PCDD/F Partitioning between Vapor and Solid Phases in Flue Gas	118
4.5.1 Vapor/solid phase partitioning of PCDD/F congeners in flue gases of six facilities	118
4.5.2 Equation for predicting PCDD/F portioning between vapor/solid phases in flue gases	122
Chapter 5  Summary & Perspectives	172
5.1 Summary	172
5.2 Perspectives	174
References	176
Appendix
Table Caption
Table 2-1  Structure and characteristics of 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD congeners	36
Table 2-2  Structure and characteristics of 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDF congeners	38
Table 2-3  The TEF scheme for three types of TEQs	41
Table 2-4  The factors affecting PCDD/F formation during combustion process	42
Table 2-5  Review of the reported studies on the formation of PCDD/F	43
Table 2-6  Reported data on PCDD/F formation rates, expired in µg per g solid phase and per minute solid residence time	43
Table 2-7  Comparison of PCDD/F formation from laboratory experiment and model calculation	44
Table 2-8  Calculated PCDD/F formation levels for typical equipment assuming different flue gas/fly ash residence times	44
Table 2-9  Removal efficiency of PCDD/Fs achieved with ESP	45
Table 2-10  Removal efficiency of PCDD/Fs by WS with/without AC addition in scrubbing solution	45
Table 2-11  Removal of PCDD/Fs from flue gases by the combination of scrubber, bag filter and activated carbon adsorption	46
Table 2-12  Removal efficiency of PCDD/Fs at varying temperatures by SCR	46
Table 2-13  Percent distribution of PCDD/Fs between vapor and solid phases by stack gas sampling	47
Table 2-14  Percentage of each PCDD/F congener associated with the solid phase over time	48
Table 3-1  The condition of flue gas at different sampling points in several facilities	72
Table 3-2  Characteristics of the ACI and FCB system used in the MWI-1, IWI-1 and IWI-2 investigated	74
Table 3-3  Characteristics of the SCR system used in the MWI-2 investigated.	74
Table 3-4  Description of ambient air sampling sites in the vicinity area of the MWI-1 and EAF investigated	75
Table 3-5  Composition of standard solutions (NIEA A808.72B, A810.10B)	76
Table 3-6  Minimum sampling equipment calibration and accuracy requirements (NIEA A807.73C).	76
Table 3-7  Sampling quality requirements (NIEA A807.73C)	77
Table 3-8  Composition of standard solutions (NIEA A810.10B, A808.72B)	77
Table 3-9  HRGC-HRMS operation conditions	78
Table 3-10 Compositions of the initial calibration solutions of labeled and native PCDD/Fs (NIEA A810.10B, A808.70B)	79
Table 3-11 Theoretical ion abundance ratios and control limits for PCDD/Fs (NIEAA810.10B, A808.72B)	80
Table 3-12 QA/QC requirements (NIEA A810.10B, A808.70B). 	80
Table 3-13 Minimum requirements for initial and daily calibration response factors (NIEA A810.10B, A808.70B) 	81
Table 4-1  The PCDD/F concentrations in ambient air in four seasons in the vicinity area of the MWI-1 investigated	125
Table 4-2  PCDD/F concentration in stack gas and ambient air at vicinity area of the EAF investigated	125
Table 4-3  Percentage of vapor/solid phase PCDD/F concentrations in ambient air and stack gas of the MWI-1 and EAF investigated	126
Table 4-4  The operating conditions of the MWI-1 investigated	127
Table 4-5  The condition of flue gas at two sampling points in the MWI-1 investigated	127
Table 4-6   The experimental conditions of PAS experimentation	127
Table 4-7   Vapor pressure (Pa) of seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/F congener in flue gas at different operating temperature	128
Table 4-8   Equation for predicting PCDD/F partitioning between vapor and solid phases in flue gas of incinerator/furnace outlet	129
Table 4-9   Equation for predicting PCDD/F partitioning between vapor and solid phases in flue gas downstream cyclone	130
Table 4-10  Equation for predicting PCDD/F partitioning between vapor and solid phases in flue gas downstream bag filter	131
Table 4-11  Equation for predicting PCDD/F partitioning between vapor and solid phases in flue gas downstream electrostatic precipitator	132
Table 4-12  Equation for predicting PCDD/F partitioning between vapor and solid phases in flue gas downstream wet electrostatic precipitator	133
Table 4-13  Equation for predicting PCDD/F partitioning between vapor and solid phases in flue gas downstream fixed activated carbon bed	134
Table 4-14  Equation for predicting PCDD/F partitioning between vapor and solid phases in flue gas downstream selective catalytic reduction system	135
Table 4-15  Equation for predicting PCDD/F partitioning between vapor and solid phases in flue gas downstream activated carbon injection +bag filter	136
Table 4-16 The condition and characteristic of input factors in sensitive test	137
Figure Caption
Fig. 2-1  PCDD and PCDF yields as a function of the concentration of 2,4,6-Cl3Ph in the gas stream	49
Fig. 2-2  The de novo Synthesis of PCDD/Fs from heating carbon particulate at 3000C at varying retention times	49
Fig. 2-3  Temperature dependence on PCDD/F Formation	50
Fig. 2-4  Estimated carbon skeleton formation path	50
Fig. 2-5  Effect of ESP inlet temperature on PCDD/F formation during wastes combustion process	51
Fig. 2-6  Relationship between gas temperature at BF and removal efficiency	51
Fig. 2-7  Correlation between gas temperature at BF inlet and PCDD/F concentration	52
Fig. 2-8  PCDD/F reduction with urea as an inhibitor	52
Fig. 2-9  PCDD/F reductions in inhibitor tests. (a) Ammonia injection, (b) DMA and MM injections	53
Fig. 2-10  Average removal efficiencies of TEF-valued PCDD/F congeners	53
Fig. 2-11  The hydrogen-transfer process during the catalytic reaction	53
Fig. 2-12  Time profiles for dechlorination of 1,2,3,4-TeCDD with Pd/C and Pd/Al2O3  	54
Fig. 2-13  Cross-sectional view of the catalytic filter	54
Fig. 2-14  PCDD/F concentrations in the raw and clean gas	54
Fig. 2-15  PCDD/F homologs patterns in vapor and solid phases	55
Fig. 2-16 Comparison of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/F congener concentrations with temperature variation in Nagoya urban air.	55
Fig. 3-1  Research flow chart	82
Fig. 3-2  Flow diagram and sampling points of six facilities investigated	83
Fig. 3-3  Flow diagram and sampling points of the MAI-1, MWI-2, EAF and Waelz plant investigated	84
Fig. 3-4  Schematics of the pilot-scale adsorption system (PAS)	86
Fig. 3-5  Flue gas sampling system	87
Fig. 3-6  Ambient air sampling system	88
Fig. 3-7  Typical glass PUF cartridge (a) and shipping container (b) for use with PS-1sampling systems	89
Fig. 3-8  Typical absorbent cartridge assembly for sampling PCDD/Fs.	90
Fig. 4-1  Variation of PCDD/F concentration in vapor/solid phases at different sampling points in the MWI-1, MWI-2, IWI-1, IWI-2, EAF and Waelz plant investigated	138
Fig. 4-2  The characteristics of PCDD/F congener distribution at different sampling points in the MWI-1, MWI-2, IWI-1, IWI-2, EAF and Waelz plant investigated	141
Fig. 4-3  Removal efficiencies of PCDD and PCDF congeners in vapor and solid phases achieved with venturi cooler in the Waelz plant investigated.	144
Fig. 4-4  Removal efficiencies of PCDD and PCDF congeners in vapor and solid phases achieved with cyclone (CY) in the Waelz plant investigated	144
Fig. 4-5  Removal efficiencies of PCDD and PCDF congeners in vapor and solid phases achieved with electrostatic precipitator (EP) and wet electrostatic precipitator (WEP) in the MWI-2 and IWI-2, respectively	145
Fig. 4-6  Removal efficiencies of PCDD and PCDF congeners in vapor and solid phases achieved with bag filter (BF) in the EAF investigated	145
Fig. 4-7  Removal efficiencies of PCDD and PCDF congeners in vapor and solid phases achieved with activated carbon system in the MWI-1, IWI-1 and IWI-2, respectively	146
Fig. 4-8  Carbon content of particulate matter and carbon concentration in flue gases at different sampling points in the IWI-2 investigated	147
Fig. 4-9   The vapor/solid phase distribution of PCDD/F congeners in flue gas prior to WS+SCR	147
Fig. 4-10  Removal efficiencies of PCDD/F congeners in vapor and solid phases in flue gas with WS+SCR	148
Fig. 4-11  PCDD/F concentrations at stack gas of the (a) MWI-1, (b) MWI-2, (c) EAF and (d) Waelz plant investigated	148
Fig. 4-12  Partitioning of PCDD/Fs in vapor/solid phases at stack gas of the (a) MWI-1, (b) MWI-2, (c) EAF and (d) Waelz plant investigated.	149
Fig. 4-13  PCDD/F concentrations in ash samples of the MWI-1 and MWI-2 investigated.	150
Fig. 4-14  PCDD/F concentrations in ash samples of the EAF and Waelz plant investigated.	150
Fig. 4-15  PCDD/F TEQ flows in the MWI-1 and MWI-2.	151
Fig. 4-16  PCDD/F TEQ flows in the EAF and Waelz plant investigated.	152
Fig. 4-17  Variation of PCDD/F in solid phase with ambient air temperature in the vicinity area of the MWI-1investigated.	153
Fig. 4-18  Comparison of coefficient of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/F partitioning and vapor pressure in stack gas of the MWI-1and EAF investigated	153
Fig. 4-19  The coefficient of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/F partitioning in ambient air  in the vicinity area of the MWI-1 and EAF investigated 	154
Fig. 4-20  Sampling points and temperature variation of APCDs in the MWI-1 investigated..	154
Fig. 4-21  Variation of PCDD/F concentration in vapor/solid phases at CY outlet and stack of different temperatures in the MWI-1 investigated	155
Fig. 4-22  Partitioning of PCDD/Fs in vapor/solid phases at cyclone outlet and stack gas of the MWI-1investigated with temperature variation.	156
Fig. 4-23  The coefficient of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/Fs partition at CY outlet 	157
Fig. 4-24  The coefficient of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/Fs partition in stack gas	158
Fig. 4-25  Vapor/solid-phase PCDD/F removal efficiencies achieved with ACI+BF with temperature variation in the MWI-1 investigated	159
Fig. 4-26  Vapor-phase PCDD/F recovery efficiencies in PAS experimentation with temperature variation	159
Fig. 4-27  Transferring and formation of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/Fs in PAS experimentation at 2500C	160
Fig. 4-28  The coefficient of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/Fs partition in flue gases downstream incinerator/furnace at the (a)EAF, (b) Waelz plant, (c) IWI-1 and (d) MWI-2 investigated	161
Fig. 4-29  The coefficient of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/Fs partition in flue gases downstream venture cooler and scrubber at the (a) Waelz plant and (b) IWI-2 investigated	162
Fig.4-30  The coefficient of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/Fs partition in flue gases downstream cyclone(CY) at the (a) MWI-1, (b) Waelz plant and (c) EAF investigated	163
Fig. 4-31  The coefficient of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/Fs partition in flue gases downstream electrostatic precipitator (EP) and wet electrostatic precipitator (WEP) at the (a) MWI-2 and (b) IWI-2 investigated, respectively	164
Fig. 4-32  The coefficient of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/Fs partition in flue gases downstream bag filter (BF) at the Waelz plant investigated	165
Fig. 4-33  The coefficient of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/Fs partition in flue gases downstream fixed carbon bed (FCB) at the IWI-2 investigated	165
Fig. 4-34  The coefficient of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/Fs partition in flue gases downstream activated carbon injection (ACI)+BF at the (a) IWI-1 and (b) MWI-1 investigated	166
Fig. 4-35  The coefficient of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/Fs partition in flue gases downstream selective catalytic reduction (SCR) at the MWI-2 investigated 	167
Fig.4-36  Comparison of observed data from relevant studies and results predicted by PCDD/F partitioning equations	168
Fig.4-37  Sensitivity between 2,3,7,8-TCDD partitioning and the variation of particle concentration in flue gas achieved with BF	169
Fig.4-38  Sensitivity between 2,3,7,8-TCDD partitioning and the temperature variation in flue gas achieved with BF	169
Fig.4-39  Sensitivity between 2,3,7,8-TCDD partitioning and the variation of particle concentration in flue gas achieved with EP	170
Fig.4-40  Sensitivity between 2,3,7,8-TCDD partitioning and the temperature variation in flue gas achieved with EP.	170
Fig.4-41  Sensitivity between 2,3,7,8-TCDD partitioning and the variation of particle concentration in flue gas achieved with ACI+BF	171
Fig.4-42  Sensitivity between 2,3,7,8-TCDD partitioning and the temperature variation in flue gas achieved with ACI+BF	171

                                

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