近年來，軟體即服務的概念逐漸在軟體開發中被注意以及採納，著名的軟體元件
平台如多重代理人、網際服務等技術的成熟，使得軟體元件的可重複利用性在日
益複雜的系統中日漸展現其優勢，然而在一個分散且開放的軟體平台中，如何搜
尋適當且符合需求的服務就變成是一個重要的關鍵，這包含軟體開發階段的靜態
搜尋與軟體執行階段的動態搜尋等方案。要達成這樣的目標，需要一個服務配對
的平台，該平台的建置將探討以下相關的議題，包含如何描述與註冊一個軟體服
務、如何描述一個服務需求、以及如何有效的配對服務需求與註冊的服務等等。
本研究提出一個以可能性派翠網路為基底的服務配對機制，此機制透過可能性推
論與可能性派翠網路表達不確定的特性，來處理服務配對中，因為需求與服務之
間的不一致性所造成的語意以及部份相似的問題。並進一步透過可能性派翠網路
代理人描述語言來視覺化模組整個服務配對的過程，其中包含服務需求與服務提
供的表達，兩者之間的配對關聯，以及服務配對的運行和配對結果。同時，為了
方便描述與使用，我們利用XML 與Ontology 等技術，來發展結構化的服務描述
規格，與表達服務領域相關資訊，以提昇服務配對的精準度。此外，針對網際服
務架構與網際服務語言方面，也提出與可能性派翠網路配對機制結合的方式，以
整合標準的UDDI 服務註冊機，並透過自訂的技術標籤(tModel)來擴充與提升
UDDI 註冊機的搜尋速度與精準度。並藉此提出新型態的UDDI 瀏覽器，透過服務
描述語言的抽象資訊，方便網際服務的開發者以更有效率與方便性的方式，瀏覽
所需要的網際服務。最後，我們提出一個以服務為導向的多重代理人系統，來驗
證我們所提出的方法，並透過中間代理人為橋接器，來整合不同平台上的服務資
源。歸納上述所言，本研究包含以下的特點與貢獻：
􀁺
-以可能性推論與可能性派翠網路模型為基底之服務配對平台。
􀁺
-結合XML 與Ontology 技術於結構化服務描述語言與服務配對機制的使
用，達成語意配對與部分配對的功能。
􀁺
-整合代理人與網際服務平台上的服務配對。
􀁺
-與現有的UDDI 標準結合，並擴充其搜尋能力與提升搜尋效能。
􀁺
-提出服務為導向的多重代理人系統來整合異質的服務資源。

Recently, the concept “software as a service” has attracted the researchers’ attention
and adopted by the software development communities gradually. Multi-agents and Web
services are well-known software component technologies that are mature and can be lever-
aged to demonstrate the importance of reusability of software component in developing a
complex application system. However, how to locate a suitable service component becomes
a crucial issue in an open and distributed application environment. Statically matching
service in software development phase and dynamically matching service in software exe-
cution phase are approaches covered by this issue. To achieve such goal, we need a service
matching platform which deals with topics, including how to describe and register ser-
vices, how to represent requests, and how to efficiently match services with requests. This
research proposes a possibilistic Petri-nets (PPN) based service matchmaking mechanism
which leverages possibilistic reasoning and PPN formalism to handle the uncertainty fea-
ture caused by the inconsistency between requests and services when performing service
matchmaking. Additionally, a specification called PPN-ASDL (PPN-based Agent Service Description Language) is devised to visually represent the requests, services, the service
matchmaking between them, and what the matching results would be. The XML and On-
tology technologies are involved to develop structural language specification and to capture
domain information for ease of usage and helping the matching process by increasing the
precision of results. On the other hand, we propose an approach to incorporate WSDL
specification into the PPN-ASDL matchmaking model and integrate it with the standard
UDDI registry service with newly-defined tModels to extend the functionalities and perfor-
mance of UDDI registry service. Meanwhile, a new type of UDDI browser that is capable of
directly browse Web service information through meta-data of WSDL helps the developers
deal with Web services more efficiently and easily. Finally, we proposes a system called
SAM (Service-oriented Architecture for Multi-agents) to reach the wide adoption and rou-
tine use of agents, Web services, and semantic web technologies through the middle agent
(a PPN-based service matchmaker). Following features and contributions are summarized
as the conclusions of this research:
• elaborate a service matchmaking platform by leveraging possibilistic reasoning and
possibilistic Petri-nets.
• incorporate XML and Ontology technologies in developing structural service descrip-
tion language and capturing domain knowledge to cope with sematic match and partial
match.
• merge service matchmaking for multi-agents and Web services environments.
• integrate and extend UDDI standard with newly-devised searching and browsing func-
tionalities.
• propose a service-oriented architecture for multi-agents to integrate heterogenous ser-
vice resources.

[1] Fipa acl message structure specification. In Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agent,
2000.
[2] A. Ankolekar, M. Burstein, and J. Hobbs et al. DAML-S: Web service description for
the semantic web. In First International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC01), 2002.
[3] K. Arisha, T. Eiter, S. Kraus, R. Ross F. Ozcan, and V.S.Subrahmanian. Impact:
Interactive maryland platform for agents collaborating together. IEEE Intelligent Sys-
tems Magazine, 14(2):64–72, 1999.
[4] K. Arisha, F. Ozcan, R. Ross, V.S. Subrahmanian, T. Eiter, and S. Kraus. Impact: A
platform for collaborating agents. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 14(2):64-72, 1999.
[5] Tom Bellwood, Luc Clement, and David Ehnebuske et al. UDDI version 3.0 published
specification. W3C, 19 July 2002.
[6] D. E. Don Box, Gopal Kakivaya, Andrew Layman, H. F. N. Noah Mendelsohn, Satish
Thatte, and Dave Winer. Simple object access protocol (SOAP) 1.1. W3C, 2000,
http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP.
[7] A. J. Bugarin and S. Barro. Fuzzy reasoning supported by petri nets. IEEE Trans.
Fuzzy Systems, 2(2):135V150, 1994.
[8] Henrik Bulskov, Rasmus Knappe, and Troels Andreasen. On measuring similarity
for conceptual querying. In Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Flexible
Query Answering Systems, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2002.
[9] J. Cardoso and H. Camargo. Fuzziness in Petri Nets. Springer, Berlin, 1999.
[10] A. Cassandra, D. Chandrasekara, and M. Nodine. Capability-based agent matching.
In Agent 2000 Conference on Autonomous Agents, pages 201-202, Barcelona, Spain,
2000.
[11] Roberto Chinnici, Martin Gudgin, Jean Jacques Moreau, and Sanjiva Weerawarana.
Web services description language (WSDL) version 1.2 w3c working draft. W3C, 9
July 2002.
[12] The OWL-S Coalition. Owl-s (beta) draft release, http://www.daml.org/services/owl-
s/1.0/, 2003.
[13] World Wide Web Consortium. Owl web ontology language reference, W3C Recom-
mendation 10 Feb, 2004.
[14] Francisco Curbera, Yaron Goland, and et al. Business process execution language for
web service (bpel4ws) 1.0., 2002.
[15] K. Decker, K. Sycara, and M. Williamson. Middle-agents for the internet. In Pro-
ceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Nagoya,
Japan, 1997.
[16] Keith Decker, Mike Williamson, and Katia Sycara. Matchmaking and brokering. In
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems(ICMAS-
96), Dec., 1996.
[17] A. Dogac, I. Cingil, G. Laleci, and Yildiray Kabak. Improving the functionality of
UDDI registries through web services semantics. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2002.
[18] D. Dubois and H. Prade. Possibility Theory: an approach to computerized processing
of uncertainty. Plenum, New York, 1988.
[19] D. Dubois and H. Prade. The three semantics of fuzzy sets. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,
90(2):141V150, 1997.
[20] P. Fabriani, M. Missikoff, and P. Velardi. Using text processing techniques to auto-
matically enrich a domain ontology. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference
on Formal Ontology in Information Systems, Boston, 17-19 October, 2001.
[21] C. Faloutsos and D.W. Oard. A survey of information retrieval and filtering methods,
university of maryland. In Technical Report CS-TR-3514, August 1995.
[22] Alessandro Fabricio Garcia and Carlos Jose Pereira de Lucena. Software enginering for
large-scale multi-agent systems – selmas 2002: Workshop report. Software Engineering
Notes, 27(5):82–88, 2002.
[23] J.R. Graham, K.S. Decker, and M. Mersic. Decaf - a flexible multi agent system
architecture. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
[24] C. Hayes. Agents in a nutshell-a very brief introduction. IEEE Transactions on Knowl-
edge and Data Engineering, 11(1), January/February, 1999.
[25] J. Hendler. Agents and the semantic web. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 16(2):30–37,
2001.
[26] J. Hendler and D. L. McGuinness. The semantic web and its languages - the DARPA
agent markup language. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 15(6):72–73, 2000.
[27] Michael N. Huhns. Agents as web services. IEEE Internet Computing, 6(4):93–95,
July/August 2002.
[28] IBM.
Ibm uddi business registry node, Inquiry API: http://uddi.ibm.com/ubr/inquiryapi,
Publish API: https://uddi.ibm.com/ubr/publishapi.
[29] D. Dubois J. Cardoso, R. Valette. Possibilistic petri nets. IEEE Trans. Systems Man
Cybernet. B, 29(5):573V582, 1999.
[30] Nicolas Jenning. On agent-based software engineering. Artificial Intelligence, 2002.
[31] Sivashanmugam K., Verma K., Sheth A., and Miller J. Adding semantics to web
services standards. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Web Services
(ICWS’03), 2003.
[32] A. Konar and A. K. Mandal. Uncertainty management in expert systems using fuzzy
petri nets. IEEE Trans. Knowledge Data Eng., 8(1):96V105, 1996.
[33] Joe Kopena and William C. Regli. Damljesskb: A tool for reasoning with semantic
web. In ISWC 2003, 2003.
[34] L. F. Lai, J. Lee, and J. Yang. Fuzzy logic as a basis for reusing task-based specifica-
tions. Internat. J. Intell. Systems, 14:331V357, 1999.
[35] O. Lassila and R. R. Swick. Resource description framework (RDF) model and syntax
specification. W3C recommendation, 22 February 1999.
[36] J. Lee, K.F.R. Liu, and W.L. Chiang. A possibilistic-logic-based approach to integrat-
ing imprecise and uncertain information. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 113(2):309V322,
2000.
[37] J. Lee, K.F.R. Liu, andW.L. Chiang. Modeling uncertainty reasoning with possibilistic
petri nets. IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet. B, 33:214V224, 2003.
[38] Jonathan Lee, Kevin F.R. Liu, and W.L. Chiang. Modeling uncertainty reasoning with
possibilistic petri nets. IEEE Transactions on System, Man, and Cybernetics: Part B,
33(2):214–224, February, 2003.
[39] Jonathan Lee, Kevin F.R. Liu, Yao Chang Wang, and W.L. Chiang. Possibilistic
petri nets as a basis for agent service description language. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,
144(1):105–126, May, 2004.
[40] D.L. Martin, A.J. Cheyer, and D.B. Moran. The open agent architecture: A framework
for building distributed software systems. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 13:91–128,
1998.
[41] S. A. McIlraith, T. C. Son, and H. Zeng. Semantic web services. IEEE Intell. Systems,
16(2):46–53, 2001.
[42] Microsoft. Microsoft uddi business registry node, Inquiry API:
http://uddi.microsoft.com/inquire, Publish API: https://uddi.microsoft.com/publish.
[43] G.A. Miller, R. Beckwith, C. Felbaum, D. Gross, and K. Miller. Introduction to
wordnet: An on-line lexical database. International Journal of Lexicography, 3(4):235–
244, 1990.
[44] T. Murata. Petri nets: properties, analysis and applications. In IEEE, volume 77(4),
page 541V580, 1989.
[45] Katia Sycara Nicholas R. Jennings and Michael Wooldridge. A roadmap of agent
research and development. Automous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, (1):7–38, 1998.
[46] N. J. Nilsson. Probabilistic logic. Artif. Intell., 28(1):71V87, 1986.
[47] M. Nodine, J. Fowler, T. Ksiezyk, B. Perry, M. Taylor, and A. Unruh. Active infor-
mation gathering in infosleuth. Cooperative Information Systems, 9(1/2), 2000.
[48] N.F. Noy and D.L. McGuinness. Ontology development 101: a guide
to creating your 3rst ontology, http://protege.stanford.edu/publications/ontology-
development/ontology101.shtml, 2001.
[49] OASIS. Using wsdl in a uddi registry, version 2.0.2, http://www.oasis-
open.org/committees/uddi-spec/doc/tn/uddi-spec-tc-tn-wsdl-v202-20040631.htm.
[50] M. Paolucci, T. Kawamura, T.R. Payne, and K. Sycara. Importing the semantic web
in uddi. In Proceedings of E-Services and the Semantic Web Workshop, 2002.
[51] M. Paolucci, T. Kawmura, T. Payne, and K. Sycara. Semantic matching of web services
capabilities. In First Int. Semantic Web Conf. (ISWC 02), 2002.
[52] J. L. Peterson. Petri Net Theory and Modeling of Systems. Prentice-Hall, Englewoods,
NJ, 1981.
[53] C.A. Petri. Communication with automata. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bonn,
1962.
[54] P. Rajasekaran, J. Miller, K. Verma, and A. Sheth. Enhancing web services description
and discovery to facilitate composition. In In Proceedings of SWSWPC 2004: Inter-
national Workshop on Semantic Web Services and Web Process Composition, 2004.
[55] Jinghai Rao and Xiaomeng Su. A survey of automated web service composition meth-
ods. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3387:43–54, 2004.
[56] E. Ruspini. On the semantics of fuzzy logic. J. Approx. Reason., 5:45V88, 1991.
[57] S. Russell and P. Norvig. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Prentice Hall,
Upper Saddle River, N.j., 1995.
[58] H. Scarpelli, F. Gomide, and R. Yager. A reasoning algorithm for high level fuzzy petri
nets. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Systems, 4(3):282V294, 1996.
[59] Haiyan Sun, Xiaodong Wang, Bin Zhou, and Peng Zou. Research and implementation
of dynamic web services composition. In APPT 2003, pages 457–46. Springer-Verlag,
2003.
[60] K. Sycara. Multi-agent infrastructure, agent discovery, middle agents for web services
and interoperation. In ACAI, number LNAI 2086, pages 17–49. Springer-Verlab Berlin
Heidelberg, 2001.
[61] K. Sycara, J. A. Giampapa, B. Langley, and M. Paolucci. The retsina, a case study.
In SELMAS, number LNCS 2603, pages 232–250. Springer-Verlab Berlin Heidelberg,
2002.
[62] K. Sycara, J. Lu, M. Klusch, and S. Widoff. Dynamic service matchmaking among
agents in open information environment. In volume 28, ACM SIGMOD Record, 1999.
[63] K. Sycara, J. Lu, M. Klusch, and S.Widoff. Matchmaking among heterogeneous agents
on the internet. In AAAI Spring Symposium on Intelligent Agents in Cyberspace, 1999.
[64] Yiqiao Wang and Eleni Stroulia. Flexible interface matching for web-service discovery.
In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Web Information Systems
Engineering (WISE03), 2003.
[65] YiqiaoWang and Eleni Stroulia. Semantic structure matching for assessing web-service
similarity. In In Proceedings of ICSOC 2004: International Conference on Service
Oriented Computing, 2004.
[66] G. J.Wickler. Using expressive and flexible action representation to reason about capa-
bilities for intelligent agent cooperation, Ph.D. dissertation of University of Edinburgh,
1999.
[67] H. Chi Wong and Katia Sycara. Taxonomy of middle-agents for the internet. In
Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on MultiAgent Systems, pages 465–
466, Nagoya, Japan, July, 2000.
[68] A. M. Zaremski and J. M.Wing. Signature matching: a tool for using software libraries.
ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 4(2):146–170, Apr. 1995.
[69] A. M. Zaremski and J. M. Wing. Specifications matching of software components.
ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 6(4):333–369, Oct. 1997.