內省在我們理解人類識別與反思內在想法、意圖與經驗的能力中一直扮演著根本性的角色。然而，內省在多大程度上真實地反映內在狀態，與其在多大程度上受到外在情境影響，仍然是認知科學與神經科學中尚未解答的問題。透過結合實驗任務與腦電圖（EEG）分析，探討內省如何與情緒與動作歷程互動，有助於更深入地理解這些問題。本論文的核心在於探究主觀經驗（例如對行動意圖或動作準備的覺察）是否源自穩定的內在訊號，或是根據感官情境、任務需求與認知期待而動態建構的產物。
本研究涵蓋數項實驗，包含使用改良版的 Libet Clock 範式來測量行動意圖的時序，顯示內省報告會因感官回饋的操控而系統性偏移；另亦檢視情緒衝突對行為表現的影響，聚焦於視覺與語言情緒刺激不一致時對決策歷程的影響；以及分析在停止訊號任務中 EEG 中的動作準備電位（Readiness Potential, RP）成分，藉此探討動作準備訊號是否受到抑制成功與情緒線索價向的影響。
整體而言，結果顯示內省並非對內在狀態的直接讀取，而是一種可受感官資訊與任務結構調節的認知建構。對意圖、感受或自我控制的主觀覺察似乎是在整合內在預測與外在感官證據之後所產生的後設建構，並因此具有彈性與情境依賴性。這些發現強調設計具控制性與敏感度的實驗任務以有效測量內省歷程的重要性。此外，本研究對於主觀覺察、動作控制與情緒如何形塑內在感知之間關係的理論理解，也提供了概念上的貢獻。期盼本研究能作為未來在認知神經科學領域，特別是探討內省動態與人類意識經驗背後的神經機制，以及內省的有意調節是否有助於改善慢性疼痛經驗等議題之研究基礎

Introspection has been fundamental to our understanding of the ability to recognize and reflect on internal thoughts, intentions, and experiences. However, the extent to which introspection reflects “genuine” internal states and the extent to which it is shaped by external context remain open questions in cognitive science and neuroscience. How introspection interacts with emotional and motor processes through a combination of experimental tasks and electroencephalography (EEG) analysis can contribute to a better perception of these questions. Hence, the primary focus of this thesis is whether subjective experiences, such as awareness of intention to act or motor readiness, emerge as stable internal signals or as dynamically shaped constructs based on sensory context, task demands, and cognitive expectations.
This work involved several experiments, using a modified Libet Clock paradigm to assess the time for intention to act and showing that introspective reports of intention can shift systematically due to manipulation of sensory feedback and examining the effect of emotional conflict on behavioral performance, focusing on how incongruence between visual and verbal affective stimuli can affect decision-making processes, and involving the analysis of EEG readiness potenntial (RP) components in the context of a stop-signal task, to examine whether motor readiness signals are affected by the success of inhibition or the emotional valence of the cue.
Overall, the results suggest that introspection is not a direct readout of internal states, but rather a cognitive construct that can be modulated by sensory information and task structure. Subjective awareness of intention, feeling, or self-control appears to be postdictively formed through the integration of internal predictions and available sensory evidence and is therefore flexible and contextual. These findings emphasize the importance of designing controlled and sensitive tasks to allow for valid measurement of introspective processes. Furthermore, this study provides a conceptual contribution to the theoretical concept of the relationship between subjective awareness, motor control, and the influence of emotion in shaping internal perception. Thus, this work is expected to be the basis for further studies in the neuroscience domain, particularly those related to the dynamics of introspection and the neural mechanisms behind human conscious experience, as well as, importantly, the extent to which deliberate modulation of introspection may help beneficially alter chronic pain experience.

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