跳到主要內容

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 張鈞堯
Chun-Yao Chang
論文名稱: 真誠領導、正向心情、心理賦能 與敬業精神之研究
A Study of Authentic Leadership, Psychological Empowerment, Positive Affect, and Work Engagement
指導教授: 陳春希
Chun-Hsi Chen
口試委員:
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 管理學院 - 企業管理學系
Department of Business Administration
論文出版年: 2014
畢業學年度: 102
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 69
中文關鍵詞: 真誠領導心理賦能正向心情敬業精神
外文關鍵詞: authentic leadership, psychological empowerment, positive affect, work engagement
相關次數: 點閱:12下載:0
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 在全球經濟快速變動下,企業想要永續經營必須具備一流的核心能力。人才則是企業保有核心競爭能力的關鍵資源之一。人才難尋,及如何培養人才,是企業普遍碰到的議題。有鑑於此,本研究以419位各產業的員工為研究對象,探討管理者之真誠領導對於員工的心理賦能、正向心情與敬業精神之影響,以及心理賦能、正向心情對於敬業精神之作用。研究結果顯示真誠領導對員工的心理賦能、正向心情與敬業精神有正向關係;心理賦能與正向心情對於敬業精神有正向關係。此外,心理賦能與正向心情對於真誠領導與敬業精神間之關係有部分中介的效果。本研究依研究結果提出未來研究之建議及管理實務之意涵。


    This study investigates the effects and underlying process of authentic leadership, psychological empowerment, and positive affect on employees’ work engagement. It is found that authentic leadership is positively related to employees’ psychological empowerment, positive effect and work engagement. Psychology empowerment and positive affect are found to be positively related to work engagement. In addition, psychological empowerment partially mediates the relationship between authentic leadership and work engagement. Positive affect also partially mediates the relationship between authentic leadership and work engagement. Managerial implications and suggestions for future research are thus discussed.

    目 錄 中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………….…I 英文摘要………………………………………………………………………………….II 誌謝辭…………………………………………………………………………………….III 目錄……………………………………………………………………………………….IV 圖目錄…………………………………………………………………………………….VI 表目錄…………………………………………………………………………...………..VII 第一章 緒論…………..…………………………………….………………….……...….1 第一節 研究背景與動機……………………….………….…………....………..........1 第二節 研究目的………………………………………………….………..…...…......4 第三節 研究架構…………………………………………..……….……………..…...5 第四節 研究流程…………………………………………..……….……………..…...6 第二章 文獻探討…………………………………..………………..…………………....7 第一節 真誠領導……………………………………………………….…….…..........7 第二節 心理賦能………………………………………………………….….……….10 第三節 正向心情……………………………………………………………….…......13 第四節 敬業精神……………………………………………………………………...15 第五節 各變數間的關係………………………………………………………….......17 第六節 變數中介效果………………………………………….………….……….....22 第三章 研究方法…………………………………………………………..………….....23 第一節 研究架構……………………..……………………………..………......…….23 第二節 研究變項量表與衡量工具……………………………………………......….24 第三節 研究對象與問卷蒐集…………………………………………………...........26 第四節 資料分析方法…………………………………………………………….......27 目錄(續) 第四章 實證結果分析…………………………………………..……………………….31 第一節 樣本描述與敘統計…………………………………………………………...31 第二節 信度及相關分析…………………………………………………………..….34 第三節 效度分析……………………………………………………………………...36 第四節 結構方程模式分析……………………………………………………….......39 第五章 結論與建議…………………………………………………….………..............45 第一節 研究結果與討論…………………………………………………..………….45 第二節 理論貢獻與管理意涵…………………………………………………..….....48 第三節 研究限制…………………………………………………………..……..…...51 第四節 未來研究建議…………………………………………………………..….....52 參考文獻 中文部分………………………………………………………………………………….53 英文部分………………………………………………………………………………….54 附錄一 研究調查問卷…………………………………………………………………...66 附錄二 LISREL語法………………………………………………………………….....69 圖目錄 圖1-1 研究流程圖…………………………………………………………….……….6 圖3-1 研究架構圖…………………………………………………………………….23 圖4-1 潛在變數因素負荷量……….…………………………………………………38 圖4-2 H1路徑分析結果……………………………………………………………...40 圖4-3 H2路徑分析結果……………………………………………………………...40 圖4-4 H3路徑分析結果……….……………………………………………………..40 圖4-5 H4路徑分析結果……….……………………………………………………..41 圖4-6 H5路徑分析結果……….……………………………………………………..41 圖4-7 H6路徑分析結果……….……………………………………………………..42 圖4-8 H7中介效果分析結果……….………………………………………………..43 圖4-9 H8中介效果分析結果……….……………………………………….……….44 表目錄 表4-1 研究樣本之次數分配表…………………………………………………..…….33 表4-2 各變項之信度分析………………..………………..………………..………….34 表4-3 各變項之描述性統計及相關分析…………………………………….………..35 表4-4 變數因素分析結果…….......................................................................................36 表4-5 潛在變數因素負荷量…………….......................................................................37 表4-6 模型整體配飾評估結果………………...............................................................39 表4-7 研究假設檢定結果……………………………………………………………...44

    參考文獻
    一、中文部分
    邱皓政,2011,「結構方程模式:LISREL\ SIMPLIS 原理與應用」,二版,台北: 雙葉書廊。
    張緯杰,2012,「支持型組織文化、心理氣候、心理賦能與員工工作態度之研究-以高科技產業為例」,國立中央大學,博士論文。

    二、英文部分
    Amabile, T.M. (1988). A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations. In B.M. Staw & L.L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 10, pp123-176). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
    Amabile, T.M. (1996). Creativity in Context: Update to The Social Psychology of Creativity. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
    Ashforth, B.E. (1989). The Experience of Powerlessness in Organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43, 207-242.
    Ashforth, B.E. (1990). The Organizationally Induced Helplessness Syndrome: A Preliminary Model. Canadian Journal of Administrative Science, 7, 30-36.
    Avolio, B.J. (2005). Leadership Development in Balance: Made/Born. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrance Earlbaum Associates.
    Avolio, B.J., Bass, B.M., & Jung, D.I. (1999). Re-examining the Components of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Using the Multifactor Leadership. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(4), 441-462.
    Avolio, B.J. & Gardner, W L. (2005). Authentic Leadership Development: Getting to the Root of Positive Forms of Leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 315-338.
    Avolio, B.J., Gardner, WL., Walumbwa, F.O., Luthans, F., & May, D.R. (2004). Unlocking the Mask: A Look at the Process by Which Authentic Leaders Impact Follower Attitudes and Behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(6), 801-823.
    Avolio, B.J., Luthans, F., & Walumbwa, F.O. (Eds.) (2004). Authentic Leadership: Theory Building for Veritable Sustained Performance. Working paper: Gallup Leadership Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

    Avolio, B.J., & Mhatre, K.H. (2012). Advances in Theory and Research on Authentic Leadership. In K. S. Cameron & G. Spreitzer (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship (pp. 773-783). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Bandura, A. (1982). Self-Efficacy Mechanism in Human Agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
    Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    Bandura, A. (1989). Human Agency in Social Cognitive Theory. American Psychologist, 44, 1175-1184.
    Bandura, A. & Wood, R. (1989). Effect of Perceived Controllability and Performance Standards on Self-Regulation of Complex Decision Making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(5), 805-814.
    Baron, R.M. & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
    Barsade, S.G. (2002). The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and Its Influence on Group Behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 644-675.
    Bass, B.M. (1985). Leadership and Performance beyond Expectation. New York: Free Press.
    Bell, N.E. & Shaw, B.M. (1989). People as Sculptors versus Sculpture. In M.B. Authur, D.T. Hall & B. S. Lawrence (Eds.), Handbook of Career Theory (pp. 232-251). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Bentler, P.M. (1995). EQS Structural Equations Program Manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
    Bentler, P.M. & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in The Analysis of Covariance Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
    Bhatnagar, J. (2012). Management of Innovation: Role of Psychological Empowerment, Work Engagement and Turnover Intention in the Indian Context. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(5), 928-951.
    Blau, J.R. & Alba, R.D. (1982). Empowering Nets of Participation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27(3), 363-379.
    Block, P. (1987). The Empowered Manager: Positive Political Skills at Work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    Bowen, D.E. & Lawler, E. E., III. (1992). The Empowerment of Service Workers: What, Why, How, and When. Sloan Management Review, 33(3), 31-39.
    Bower, G.H. (1981). Mood and Memory. American Psychologist, 36(2), 129-148.
    Breckler, S.J. (1990). Applications of Covariance Structure Modeling in Psychology: Case for Concern? Psychological Bulletin, 107, 345-370.
    Brief, A.P. & Nord, W.R. (1990). Meaning of Occupational Work. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
    Brislin, R.W. (1986). The Wording and Translation of Research Instruments. In L.W.J. & B.J.W. (Eds.), Field Methods in Cross-Cultural Research (pp. 137-164). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
    Brissette, I., Scheier, M.F., & Carver, C.S. (2002). The Role of Optimism in Social Network Development, Coping, and Psychological Adjustment during a Life Transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 102-111.
    Browne, M.W. & Cudeck, R. (1993). Testing Structural Equation Models In K.A. Bollen & J.S. Long (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models. Newbury Park: Sage Publication.
    Campbell, D. & Pritchard, R. (1976). Motivation Theory in Industrial and Organizational Psychology. In M.D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 63-130). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
    Chen, C.V., Chang, W.C., Lee, H.M., & Yuan, M.L. (2012). Effects of Leader-Member Exchange and Locus of Control on Job Attitudes: The Mediation of Psychological Empowerment. Chiao Da Management Review, 32(2),77-104.
    Ciulla, J. (2004). Ethics, the Heart of Leadership. Westport, CT: Praeger.
    Conger, J.A. & Kanungo, R.N. (1988). The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice. The Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471-482.
    Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper and Row.
    Daft, R. (1995). Organization Theory and Design. Minneapolis/St. Paul: West Pub. Co.
    Dealy, M.D. & Thomas, A.B. (2006). Managing by Accountability: What Every Leader Needs to Know about Responsibility, Integrity-and Result. Westport, CT: Praeger.
    Deci, E.L., Connell, J.P., & Ryan, R.M. (1989). Self-Determination in a Work Organization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(4), 580-590.
    Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum.
    Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M. (1987). The Support of Autonomy and The Control of Behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 53, 1024-1037.
    Diener, E. (2003). Findings on Subjective Well-Being and Their Implications for Empowerment. Paper presented at the Measuring Empowerment: Cross- Disciplinary Perspectives, World Bank in Washington, DC.
    Drucker, P. (1973). Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices: New York: Harper and Row.
    Erickson, R.J. (1995). The Importance of Authenticity for Self and Society. Symbolic Interaction, 18(2), 121-144.
    Fiske, S.T. & Taylor, S.E. (1991). Social Congnition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
    Forgas, J.P. (1992). Mood and the Perception of Unusual People: Affective Asymmetry in Memory and Social Judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22(6), 531-547.
    Fredrickson, B.L. (2001). The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology: The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226.
    Fredrickson, B.L., Tugade, M.M., Waugh, C.E., & Larkin, G.R. (2003). What Good are Positive Emotions in Crisis? A Prospective Study of Resilience and Emotions Following the Terrorist Attacks on The United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365-376.
    Gardner, W.L., Avolio, B.J., Luthans, F., May, D.R., & Walumbwa, F. (2005). “Can You See The Real Me?” A Self-Based Model of Authentic Leader and Follower Development. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 343-372.
    Gardner, W.L., Avolio, B.J., & Walumbwa, F.O. (2005). Authentic Leadership Development: Emergent Trends and Future Directions. In W.L. Gardner, B.J. Avolio & F.O. Walumbwa (Eds.), Authentic Leadership Theory and Practice: Origins,Effects and Development (pp. 387-406). Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science.
    Gardner, W.L., Cogliser, C.C., Davis, K.M., & Dickens, M.P. (2011). Authentic Leadership: A Review of The Literature and Research Agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(6), 1120-1145.
    Gecas, V. (1989). The Social Psychology of Self-Efficacy. In W.R. Scott & S. Blacke (Eds.), Annual Reviwe of Sociology (Vol. 15, pp. 291-316). Palo Alto: Annual Reviews Inc.
    George, B. (2003). Authentic Leadership: Rediscovering the Secret to Creating Lasting Value. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
    George, B., Sims, P., McLean, A.N., & Mayer, D. (2007). Discovering Your Authentic Leadership. Harvard Business Review, 85(2), 129-138.
    George, J.M. & Brief, A.P. (1992). Feeling Good-Doing Good: A Conceptual Analysis of The Mood at Work-Organizational Spontaneity Relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 310-329.
    George, J.M. & Brief, A.P. (1996). Motivational Agendas in the Workplace: The Effects of Feelings on Focus of Attention and Work Motivation. In B.M. Staw & L.L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 18, pp. 75-109). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
    Gist, M. (1987). Self-Efficacy: Implication for Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management. Academy of Management Review, 12, 472-485.
    Gist, M.E. & Mitchell, T.R. (1992). Self-Efficacy: A Theoretical Analysis of Its Determinants and Malleability. The Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 183-211.
    Grandey, A.A., Fisk, G.M., Mattila, A.S., Jansen, K.J., & Sideman, L.A. (2005). Is “Service with a Smile” Enough? Authenticity of Positive Displays during Service Encounters. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 96(1), 38-55.
    Gregory, B., Albritton, M., & Osmonbekov, T. (2010). The Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment on the Relationships between P-O Fit, Job Satisfaction, and In-role Performance. Journal of Business & Psychology, 25(4), 639-647.
    Hackman, J.R. & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work Redesign. Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley.
    Hair, J.F., Anderson., R.E., & Tatham., R.L. (1987). Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
    Hair, J.F., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R.E., & Tatham, R L. (1992). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th Ed.). New York: Macmillan.
    Haller, M., & Hadler, M. (2006). How Social Relations and Structures can Produce Happiness and Unhappiness: An International Comparative Analysis. Social Indicators Research, 75(2), 169-216.
    Harter, S. (2002). Authenticity. In C.R. Snyder & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 382-394). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    Harvey, P., Martinko, M.J., & Gardner, W.L. (2006). Promoting Authentic Behavior in Organizations: An Attributional Perspective. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies (Baker College), 12(3), 1-11.
    Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J., & Rapson, R.L. (1994). Emotional Contagion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and Time (J. Macquirrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). New York: Harper and Row.
    Hu, L. & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
    Huijun, N. & Wei, W. (2010). Study on the Key Factors of Innovation Management in Service Enterprise. Computer Science and Information Technology, 1, 598-601.
    Ilies, R., Morgeson, F.P., & Nahrgang, J.D. (2005). Authentic Leadership and Eudaemonic Well-Being: Understanding Leader–Follower Outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 373-394.
    Kahn, W.A. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work. The Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724.
    Kanfer, R. (1990). Motivation Theory and Industrial/Organizational Psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & P. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Theory in Indusrial and Organizational Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 75-170). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
    Kanter, R.M. (1983). The Change Masters. New York: Simon & Schuster.
    Kanungo, R.N. & Mendonca, M. (1996). Ethical Dimensions of Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    Katzell, R.A. & Thompson, D.E. (1990). Work Motivation: Theory and Practice. American Psychologist, 45(2), 144-153.
    Kernis, M.H. (2003). Toward a Conceptualization of Optimal Self-Esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14(1), 1-26.
    Kizilos, P. (1990). Crazy about Empowerment? Training, 27(12), 47-56.
    Krazmien, M. & Berger, F. (1997). The Coaching Paradox. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 16(1), 3-10.
    Kreitner, R. & Kinicki, A. (1997). Organization Behavior. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
    Liden, R.C., Wayne, S.J., & Sparrowe, R.T. (2000). An Examination of the Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment on the Relations between the Job, Interpersonal Relationships, and Work Outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 407-416.
    Locke, E.A., Frederick, E., Lee, C., & Bobko, P. (1984). Effect of Self-Efficacy, Goals and Task Strategies on Task Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 241-251.
    Locke, E.A. & Latham, G.P. (1990). A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    Luthans, F. & Avolio, B.J. (2003). Authentic Leadership: A Positive Development Approach . In K.S. Cameron, J.E. Dutton, & R.E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive Organization Scholarship (pp. 241-261). San Francisco: Barrett-Koehler.
    Luthans, F., Vogelgesang, G.R., & Lester, P.B. (2006). Developing the Psychological Capital of Resiliency. Human Resource Development Review, 5(1), 25-44.
    Macey, W.H. & Schneider, B. (2008). Engaged in Engagement: We Are Delighted We Did It. Industrial & Organizational Psychology, 1(1), 76-83.
    Mainiero, L.A. (1986). Coping with Powerlessness: The Relationship of Gender and Job Dependency to Empowerment-Strategy Usage. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31(4), 633-653.
    Martinko, M.J. & Gardner, W.L. (1982). Learned Helplessness: An Alternative Explanation for Performance Deficits. Academy of Management Review, 7(2), 195-204.
    Maslow, A. (1968). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper.
    Maslow, A. (1971). The Father Reaches of Human Nature. New York: Viking.
    May, D.R., Chan, A.Y. L., Hodges, T.D., & Avolio, B.J. (2003). Developing the Moral Component of Authentic Leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 32(3), 247-260.
    Naylor, J.C., Pritchard, R.D., & Ilgen, D R. (1980). Theory of Behavior in Organizations. New York: Academic press.
    Neilsen, E.H. (1986). Empowerment Strategies: Balancing Authority and Responsibility. In S. Srivastva & Associates (Eds.), Executive Power (pp. 78-110). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    Ozer, E.M. & Bandura, A. (1990). Mechanisms Governing Empowerment Effects: A Self-Efficacy Analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 472-486.
    Redmond, M.R., Mumford, M.D., & Teach, R. (1993). Putting Creativity to Work: Effects of Leader Behavior on Subordinate Creativity. Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 55, 120-151.
    Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, C., & e Cunha, M.P.(2014). Hope and Positive Affect Mediating the Authentic Leadership and Creativity Relationship. Journal of Business Research, 67(2), 200-210.
    Rogers, C.R. (1959). Theory of Therapy, Personality and Iterpersonal Relationships, as Developed in a Client-Centered Framework In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A Study of a Science (Vol. 3, pp. 184-256). Toronto: McGraw-Hill.
    Rogers, C.R. (1963). The Actualizing Tendency in Relation to“Movies” and to Consciousness. In M.R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 11, pp. 1-24). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
    Ryan, R.M. & Deci, E.L. (2001). On Happiness And Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141.
    Saks, A.M. (2008). The Meaning and Bleeding of Employee Engagement: How Muddy Is the Water? Industrial & Organizational Psychology, 1(1), 40-43.
    Salanova, M., Llorens, S., Cifre, E., Martinez, I., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2003). Perceived Collective Efficacy, Subjective Well-being and Task Performance among Electronic Work Groups: An Experimental Study. Small Group Research, 34, 43-73.
    Salanova, M. & Schaufeli, W.B. (2008). A Cross-National Study of Work Engagement as a Mediator between Job Resources and Proactive Behaviour. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(1), 116-131.
    Schaufeli, W., Salanova, M., González-romá, V., & Bakker, A. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92.
    Schaufeli, W.B. & Bakker, A. (2004). Job Demands, Job Resources and Their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multi-Sample Study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
    Schaufeli, W.B. & Salanova, M. (2007). Work Engagement: An Emerging Psychological Concept and Its Implications for Organizations. In S.W. Gilliland, D.D. Steiner & D.P. Skarlicki (Eds.), Research in Social Issues in Management (pp. 135-177). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishers.
    Schaufeli, W.B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma , V., & Bakker, A. (2002b). The Measurement of Burnout and Engagement: A Confirmatory Factory Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71-92.
    Schoenewolf, G. (1990). Emotional Contagion: Behavioral Induction in Individuals and Groups. Modern Psychoanalysis, 15, 49-61.
    Schwarz, N., & Clore, G.L. (1988). How do I Feel about It? Informative Functions of Affective States. In K. Fiedler & J. Forgas (Eds.), Affect, Cognition, and Social Behavior (pp. 44-62). Toronto: Hogrefe International.
    Shamir, B., House, R.J., & Arthur, M.B. (1993). The Motivational Effects of Charismatic Leadership: A Self-Concept Based Theory. Organization Science, 4(4), 577-594.
    Simons, T. (2002). Behavioral Integrity: The Perceived Alignment Between Managers' Words and Deeds as a Research Focus. Organization Science, 13(1), 18-35.
    Spector, J.B. (1986). Perceived Control by Employees: A Meta-Analysis of Studies Concerning Autonomy and Participation at Work. Human Relations, 39, 1005-1016.
    Spreitzer, G.M. (1995). Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. The Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465.
    Stephens, J.P., Heaphy, E., & Dutton, J. E. (2012). High Quality Connections. In K.S. Cameron & G. Spreitzer (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship (pp. 385-399). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Sy, T., Côté, S., & Saavedra, R. (2005). The Contagious Leader: Impact of the Leader's Mood on the Mood of Group Members, Group Affective Tone, and Group Processes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 295-305.
    Thomas, K.W. & Velthouse, B.A. (1990). Cognitive Elements of Empowerment. Academy of Management Review, 15, 666-681.
    Tice, D.M. & Wallace, H.M. (2003). The Reflected Self: Creating Yourself as (You Think) Others See You. In M.R. Leary & J.P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of Self and Identity (pp. 91-105). New York: Guilford Press.
    Trilling, L. (1972). Sincerity and Authenticity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    Waite, P.J. & Richardson, G. E. (2004). Determining the Efficacy of Resiliency Training in the Work Site. Journal of Allied Health, 33(3), 178-183.
    Walumbwa, F.O., Avolio, B.J., Gardner, W L., Wernsing, T.S., & Peterson, S.J. (2008). Authentic Leadership: Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Measure. Journal of Management, 34(1), 89-126.
    Watson, D., Clark, L.A., & Tellegan, A. (1988). Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
    Wolfe, L.M. & Robertshaw, D. (1982). Effects of College Attendance on Locus of Control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(4), 802-810.
    Zhou, J. & Oldham, G.R. (2001). Enhancing Creative Performance: Effects of Expected Developmental Assessment Strategies and Creative Personality. Journal of Creative Behavior, 35, 151-167.
    Zimmerman, M.A. (1995). Psychological Empowerment: Issues and Illustrations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 581-599

    QR CODE
    :::