供應鏈管理的相關議題至今已有相當多的發展主題，但是有關不確定性、風險趨避的論點則相對比較少人探討。在現實的狀況下，風險這種受到心理影響的因素是相當難以用量化去衡量的。而此篇論文，我們基於探討這種內在影響，並且結合推式以及預先訂購折扣合約三個元素建構出決策模型。
在推式合約中，零售商會依據供應商給定的批發價以及預估銷售季節的需求量來推算期初的訂購總量。是以供應商為供應鏈領導者的模式運作。而在預先訂購折扣合約下，供應商提供了兩種不同的批發價：銷售期初訂購的折扣價以及銷售期間訂購的一般批發價。而為了簡化決策模型，在此篇論文中我們去除了銷售期間訂購的缺貨因素以及運送時間因素。在供應商已經知道銷售商為風險趨避者的情況下，我們想要了解銷售商的風險趨避程度是否與兩個批發價有特定的關係，並且求得其期望利潤。

There have been many research about supply chain anagement so far. But there have been few studies which incorporates the risk aversion into the supply chain model. In this thesis, we consider the influence of risk aversion given push and advance-purchase discount contracts. In a push contract, the retailer will make an order given demand forecast and supplier’s wholesale price before the selling session. However, it is the supplier to be the leader, because he can offer the best wholesale price to max his profit. In an advance-purchase discount contract, supplier will offer retailer two different wholesale prices, a discount price before the selling session and a regular price during the selling session. In this study, we try to determine the best wholesale prices with an advance-purchase discount contract given retailer’s risk level. We also want to study how the prices related to retailer’s risk level when the supplier knew his retailer is risk-averse and furthermore find their expected profit.

1. C. F. Menezes and D. L. Hanson. (1970). “On The Theory of Risk Aversion.” Interational
Economic Review, Vol.11, No.3, 481-487.
2. Charles J. Corbett, Deming Zhou and Christopher S. Tang. (2004). “Designing Supply
Contracts: Contract Typeand Information Asymmetry.” Management Science, Vol.50, No.
4, 550-559.
3. Charles J. Corbett and Xavier de Groote. (2000). “A Supplier''s Optimal Quantity
Discount Policy Under Asymmetric Information.” Management Science, Vol.46, No.3,
444-450.
4. Christopher S. Tang, Kumar Rajaram, Aydin Alptekinoğlu and Jihong Ou. (2004). “The
Benefits of Advance Booking Discount Programs: Model and Analysis.” Management
Science, Vol.50, No.4, 465-478.
5. Cuihong Li and Alan Scheller-Wolf . (2009). “Push or Pull? Auctioning Supply
Contracts.”
6. Edwin S. Mills. (1959). “Uncertainty and Price Theory.” The Quarterly Journal of
Economics, Vol.73, No.1, 116-130.
7. G?rard P. Cachon. (2004). “The Allocation of Inventory Risk in a Supply Chain: Push,
Pull, and Advance-Purchase Discount Contracts.” Management Science, Vol.50, No.2,
222-238.
8. James D. Dana, Jr. (1998) “Advance- Purchase Discounts and Price Discrimination in
Competitive Markets.” Journal of Political Economy, Vol.106, No.2, 395-422.
9. Kevin McCardle, Kumar Rajaram and Christopher S. Tang. (2004). “Advance Booking
Discount Programs Under Retail Competition.” Management Science, Vol.50, No.5,
701-708.
10. Lingxiu Dong and Kaijie Zhu. (2007). “Two-Wholesale-Price Contracts: Push, Pull, and
Advance-Purchase Discount Contracts.” Manufacturing & Service Operations
Management, Vol.9, No.3, 291-311.
11. Louis Eeckhoudt, Christian Gollier and Harris Schlesinger. (1995). “The Risk-Averse
(and Prudent) Newsboy.” Management Science, Vol.41, No.5, 786-794.
12. Shiyan Chang and Qizong Wu. (2006). “Supplier as a Newsvendor: An Analysis of Pull.”
Contract. Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics, 2006. SOLI ''06. IEEE
International Conference on, 419-424.
13. 曾欽聰. (2007). “Decision Making of a Supplier Facing a Risk-Averse Retailer in the
Newsvendor Problem.”
14. Vipul Agrawal and Sridhar Seshadri. (2000). “Impact of Uncertainty and Risk Aversion
on Price and Order Quantity in the Newsvendor Problem.” Manufacturing & Service
Operations Management, Vol.2, No.4, 410-423.
15. Wei Shi Lim. (2001). “Producer-Supplier Contracts with Incomplete Information.”
Management Science, Vol.47, No.5, 709-715.
16. Xin Chen, Melvyn Sim, David Simchi-Levi and Peng Sun. (2007). “Risk Aversion in
Inventory Management.” Operations Research, Vol.55, No.5, 828-842.