LTE 上行鏈路發射機與接收機之FPGA 實現｜國立中央大學博碩士論文系統

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研究生：	黃君豪 Jyun-Hao Huang
論文名稱：	LTE 上行鏈路發射機與接收機之FPGA 實現 Design and Implementation of LTE Uplink Transceiver with FPGA
指導教授：	陳逸民 Yih-Min Chen
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	資訊電機學院 - 通訊工程學系 Department of Communication Engineering
論文出版年：	2015
畢業學年度：	104
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	95
中文關鍵詞：	長期演進技術、可程式化邏輯閘陣列、單載波分頻多址
外文關鍵詞：	LTE, FPGA, SC-FDMA
相關次數：	點閱：11 下載：0
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長期演進技術(Long Term Evolution, LTE)為第四代行動通訊重要技術之一，此技術之上行鏈路為單載波頻分多址(Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access, SC-FDMA)系統，基本架構相同於(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM)，SC-FDMA 是OFDM 先經由預編碼運算，此運算是經由離散傅立葉轉換(Discrete Fourier Transform, DFT)完成，使用預前編碼可降低均峰比(Peak-to-Average Power Ratio, PAPR)，有效降低功率使用而降低製造成本。

此篇論文將利用可程式化邏輯閘陣列(Field-Programmable Gate Array, FPGA)板實現，實現符合LTE 上行鏈路規格之發射機與接收機。在發射機之訊號處理模組中設計了串列轉並列處理器、星座圖映射器、DFT 處理器、IFFT 處理器、循環字首置入器和領航碼置入器等，而在接收機設計了訊號同步器、FFT 處理器、通道估測器、通道等化器、IDFT 處理器等。

LTE (Long Term Evolution) is important for fourth generation of mobile communication technologies. On the uplink transmission, the LTE system uses SC-FDMA (Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) technology, is a technique essentially the same structure as OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). SC-FDMA pre-codes its information-bearing symbols by DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform). This pre-coding operation can reduce PAPR and can benefit power efficiency and reduce manufacturing cost.

In this thesis, we conduct design and implementation of LTE uplink transceiver with FPGA (Field-programmable Gate Array). The transmitter includes parallel-to-serial module, constellation mapper, DFT, Invers FFT, cyclic prefix inserter and pilot inserter. The receiver includes signal synchronizer, FFT, channel estimator, channel equalizer, Invers DFT etc.

中文摘要.............................................................................................................. i
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... ii
謝誌...................................................................................................................... iii
目錄...................................................................................................................... v
圖目錄..................................................................................................................viii
表目錄.................................................................................................................. xi
一、緒論.............................................................................................................. 1
1 研究動機與背景. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 章節簡介. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
二、長期演進技術上行鏈路系統簡介.............................................................. 3
1 正交分頻多工調變原理. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 保護區間(Guard Interval) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1 正交分頻多重存取系統. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3 單載波分頻多重存取系統. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4 長期演進技術結構介紹. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1 長期演進技術訊框架構類型. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 長期演進技術分工模式. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3 LTE 上行鏈路參考訊號配置. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
三、長期演進技術上行鏈路系統...................................................................... 15
1 星座圖映射. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 離散傅立葉轉換. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1 Radix-2 DIF 演算法. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 WFTA 3 演算法. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3 WFTA5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3 快速傅立葉轉換. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4 循環字首. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5 參考訊號. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6 符碼時序同步(Symbol Timing Synchrnization) . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.1 符碼時序偏移討論. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2 符碼時序同步原理. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7 載波頻率同步(Carrier Frequency Synchronization) . . . . . . . . 31
7.1 載波頻率誤差之影響. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7.2 載波頻率同步原理. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8 通道估測(Channel Estimation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.1 最小平方近似法通道估測. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.2 多項式模型化通道估測(Polynomial Model Based) . . . . . . . . 37
8.3 取樣後維持通道估測(Sample and Hold) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
四、LTE 上行鏈路發射機硬體實現.................................................................. 40
1 開發流程. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2 FPGA 開發環境. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3 LTE 上行鏈路發射機系統架構. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4 FIFO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5 並列轉串列. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6 星座圖映射器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7 離散傅立葉轉換器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7.1 Radix-2 SDF 架構. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.2 WFTA SDF 架構. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
8 領航符碼置入器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
9 子載波映射器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
10 快速傅立葉轉換器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
10.1 FFT/IFFT 切換. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
10.2 蝶型運算器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
10.3 座標軸數位旋轉計算器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
10.4 旋轉因子產生單元. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
10.5 FFT 時序控制. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
10.6 位元反轉排序. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
11 循環字首置入器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
12 發射機電路合成報告. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
五、LTE 上行鏈路接收機硬體實現.................................................................. 65
1 符碼時序同步器(Symbol Timing Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . 66
1.1 延遲相關器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1.2 峰值檢測器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.3 符碼同步器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2 載波頻率同步器(Carrier Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3 通道估測器(Channel Estimator)與等化器(Equalizer) . . . . . . . 71
3.1 最小平方近似法模組. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.2 二次多項式模組. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.3 取樣後維持. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.4 通道等化器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4 接收機電路合成報告. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
六、結論.............................................................................................................. 78
參考文獻.............................................................................................................. 79

                                

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