在太陽的觀測中，閃焰被認為與黑子相關，例如閃焰經常發生於黑子附近的磁場活躍區域，且閃焰能量上限與黑子面積大小成正相關。而這種相關性在其他恆星並沒有被確定。G 型星的溫度、大小、質量等參數與太陽相近，且在某些 G 型星上發現了與太陽相似的閃焰現象，更甚至是超級閃焰現象。我們研究了克普勒任務觀測的 77 個 G 型星並找到了 4120個超級閃焰事件。在這些 G 型星的光變取現上也發現有黑子造成的光變影響，因此我們研究了閃焰位置和強度與黑子的關係。我們發現閃焰能量與黑子大小間有正相關。此外，黑子位置與閃焰發生並沒有發現確切的相關。

Solar flares are associated with Sunspot in the observations of the Sun, flare occurred on an active region near the Sunspot, and the upper limit of flare energy is increasing with spot area. And the relationship on other star has been not confirmed yet. The G-types stars have similar size, mass, the temperature to our Sun, most of them have flare even "superflare" phenomenon. We found 4120 superflares events on 77 G-type stars observed by Kepler. Those G-type stars have the periodic contribution of starspots on its light curve, and we thus investigate the relationship of intensity and position between starspots and superflares. We discovered that there is a tendency exists between the energy of superflares and size of starspots. Besides, there seems to be no relation between the occurrence time of flares and the position of spots.

Aulanier, G., Démoulin, P., Schrijver, C. J., Janvier, M., Pariat, E., &
Schmieder, B. (2013). The standard flare model in three dimensions. II.
Upper limit on solar flare energy. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 549, A66.
Berdyugina, S. V. (2005). Starspots: A key to the stellar dynamo. Living
Reviews in Solar Physics, 2(1), 8.
Bonomo, A. S. & Lanza, A. F. (2012). Starspot activity and rotation of the
planet-hosting star Kepler-17. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 547, A37.
Borucki, W. J., Koch, D., Basri, G., Batalha, N., Brown, T., Caldwell,
D., Caldwell, J., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Cochran, W. D., DeVore, E.,
Dunham, E. W., Dupree, A. K., Gautier, T. N., Geary, J. C., Gilliland, R.,
Gould, A., Howell, S. B., Jenkins, J. M., Kondo, Y., Latham, D. W., Marcy,
G. W., Meibom, S., Kjeldsen, H., Lissauer, J. J., Monet, D. G., Morrison,
D., Sasselov, D., Tarter, J., Boss, A., Brownlee, D., Owen, T., Buzasi,
D., Charbonneau, D., Doyle, L., Fortney, J., Ford, E. B., Holman, M. J.,
Seager, S., Steffen, J. H., Welsh, W. F., Rowe, J., Anderson, H., Buchhave,
L., Ciardi, D., Walkowicz, L., Sherry, W., Horch, E., Isaacson, H., Everett,
M. E., Fischer, D., Torres, G., Johnson, J. A., Endl, M., MacQueen, P.,
Bryson, S. T., Dotson, J., Haas, M., Kolodziejczak, J., Van Cleve, J.,
Chandrasekaran, H., Twicken, J. D., Quintana, E. V., Clarke, B. D., Allen,
C., Li, J., Wu, H., Tenenbaum, P., Verner, E., Bruhweiler, F., Barnes, J., &
Prsa, A. (2010). Kepler Planet-Detection Mission: Introduction and First
Results. Science, 327, 977.
Carrington, R. C. (1859). Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the
Sun on September 1, 1859. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Society, 20, 13–15.
Chang, H. Y., Song, Y. H., Luo, A. L., Huang, L. C., Ip, W. H., Fu, J. N.,Zhang, Y., Hou, Y. H., Cao, Z. H., & Wang, Y. F. (2017). Lamost obser-
vations of flaring m dwarfs in the kepler field. The Astrophysical Journal,
834, 1.
Christe, S., Hannah, I. G., Krucker, S., McTiernan, J., & Lin, R. P. (2008).
RHESSI Microflare Statistics. I. Flare-Finding and Frequency Distribu-
tions. The Astrophysical Journal, 677, 1385–1394.
Davenport, J. R. A., Hebb, L., & Hawley, S. L. (2015). Detecting Differential
Rotation and Starspot Evolution on the M Dwarf GJ 1243 with Kepler.
The Astrophysical Journal, 806, 212.
Davenport, R. A. J. (2016). The kepler catalog of stellar flares. The Astro-
physical Journal, 829, 23.
Estrela, R. & Valio, A. (2016). Stellar Magnetic Cycles in the Solar-like
Stars Kepler-17 and Kepler-63. The Astrophysical Journal, 831, 57.
Fröhlich, H.-E., Frasca, A., Catanzaro, G., Bonanno, A., Corsaro, E.,
Molenda-Żakowicz, J., Klutsch, A., & Montes, D. (2012). Magnetic ac-
tivity and differential rotation in the young sun-like stars KIC 7985370
and Kic 7765135. Astronomy Astrophysics, 543, 146.
Hannah, I. G., Hudson, H. S., Battaglia, M., Christe, S., Kašparová, J.,
Krucker, S., Kundu, M. R., & Veronig, A. (2011). Microflares and the
Statistics of X-ray Flares. Space Science Reviews, 159, 263–300.
Howard, T. A. (2015). Regarding the detectability and measurement of
coronal mass ejections. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, 5(27),
A22.
Huber, D., Aguirre, V. S., Matthews, J. M., Pinsonneault, M. H., Gaidos,
E., Garc´ıa, R. A., Hekker, S., Mathur, S., Mosser, B., Torres, G., Bastien,
F. A., Basu, S., Bedding, T. R., Chaplin, W. J., Demory, B.-O., Fleming,
S. W., Guo, Z., Mann, A. W., Rowe, J. F., Aldo, Serenelli, Smith, M. A.,
, & Stello, D. (2014). Revised stellar properties of kepler targets for the
quarter 1-16 transit detection run. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement,
211, 2.
Kerr, G. S. & Fletcher, L. (2014). Physical Properties of White-light Sources
in the 2011 February 15 Solar Flare. The Astrophysical Journal, 783, 98.
Kinemuchi, K., Barclay, T., Fanelli, M., Pepper, J., Still, M., & Howell,
S. B. (2012). Demystifying Kepler Data: A Primer for Systematic Artifact
Mitigation. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 124,
963.
Koch, D. G., Borucki, W. J., Basri, G., Batalha, N. M., Brown, T. M., Cald-
well, D., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Cochran, W. D., DeVore, E., Dunham,
E. W., Gautier, T. N., Geary, J. C., Gilliland, R. L., Gould, A., Jenkins,
J., Kondo, Y., Latham, D. W., Lissauer, J. J., Marcy, G., Monet, D., Sas-
selov, D., Boss, A., Brownlee, D., Caldwell, J., Dupree, A. K., Howell, S. B.,
Kjeldsen, H., Meibom, S., Morrison, D., Owen, T., Reitsema, H., Tarter,
J., Bryson, S. T., Dotson, J. L., Gazis, P., Haas, M. R., Kolodziejczak,
J., Rowe, J. F., Cleve, J. E. V., Allen, C., Chandrasekaran, H., Clarke,
B. D., Li, J., Quintana, E. V., Tenenbaum, P., Twicken, J. D., & Wu,
H. (2010). Kepler mission design, realized photometric performance, and
early science. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 713, 79.
Kopp, R. A. & Pneuman, G. W. (1976). Magnetic reconnection in the corona
and the loop prominence phenomenon. Solar Physics, 50, 85–98.
Lingam, M. & Loeb, A. (2017). Risks for Life on Habitable Planets from
Superflares of Their Host Stars. The Astrophysical Journal, 848, 41.
Maehara, H., Notsu, Y., Notsu, S., Namekata, K., Honda, S., Ishii, T. T.,
Nogami, D., & Shibata, K. (2017). Starspot activity and superflares on
solar-type stars. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 69, 41.
Maehara, H., Shibayama, T., Notsu, S., Notsu, Y., Nagao, T., Kusaba, S.,
Honda, S., Nogami, D., & Shibata, K. (2012). Superflares on solar-type
stars. Nature, 485, 478–481.
Miyake, F., Nagaya, K., Masuda, K., & Nakamura, T. (2012). A signature
of cosmic-ray increase in AD 774-775 from tree rings in Japan. Nature,
486, 240–242.
Notsu, Y., Shibayama, T., Maehara, H., Notsu, S., Nagao, T., Honda, S.,
Ishii, T. T., Nogami, D., & Shibata, K. (2013). Superflares on Solar-
type Stars Observed with Kepler II. Photometric Variability of Superflare-
generating Stars: A Signature of Stellar Rotation and Starspots. The
Astrophysical Journal, 771, 127.
Piddington, J. H. (1973). A Model of Solar Flares AND Faculae. Solar
Physics, 31, 229–241.
Richardson, R. S. (1944). Occurrence of Solar Flares Where No Sunspot
Group Was Observed. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the
Pacific, 56, 161.
Ricker, G. R., Winn, J. N., Vanderspek, R., Latham, D. W., Bakos, G. Á.,
Bean, J. L., Berta-Thompson, Z. K., Brown, T. M., Buchhave, L., But-
ler, N. R., Butler, R. P., Chaplin, W. J., Charbonneau, D., Christensen-
Dalsgaard, J., Clampin, M., Deming, D., Doty, J., De Lee, N., Dressing,
C., Dunham, E. W., Endl, M., Fressin, F., Ge, J., Henning, T., Holman,
M. J., Howard, A. W., Ida, S., Jenkins, J. M., Jernigan, G., Johnson, J. A.,
Kaltenegger, L., Kawai, N., Kjeldsen, H., Laughlin, G., Levine, A. M., Lin,
D., Lissauer, J. J., MacQueen, P., Marcy, G., McCullough, P. R., Morton,
T. D., Narita, N., Paegert, M., Palle, E., Pepe, F., Pepper, J., Quirren-
bach, A., Rinehart, S. A., Sasselov, D., Sato, B., Seager, S., Sozzetti, A.,
Stassun, K. G., Sullivan, P., Szentgyorgyi, A., Torres, G., Udry, S., & Vil-
lasenor, J. (2015). Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Journal
of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems, 1(1), 014003.
Roettenbacher, R. M., Monnier, J. D., Harmon, R. O., Barclay, T., & Still,
M. (2013). Imaging starspot evolution on kepler target kic 5110407 using
light-curve inversion. The Astrophysical Journal, 767, 60.
Sammis, I., Tang, F., & Zirin, H. (2000). The Dependence of Large Flare
Occurrence on the Magnetic Structure of Sunspots. The Astrophysical
Journal, 540, 583–587.
Schaefer, B. E., King, J. R., & Deliyannis, C. P. (2000). Superflares on
Ordinary Solar-Type Stars. The Astrophysical Journal, 529, 1026–1030.
Shea, M. A., Smart, D. F., McCracken, K. G., Dreschhoff, G. A. M., &
Spence, H. E. (2006). Solar proton events for 450 years: The Carrington
event in perspective. Advances in Space Research, 38, 232–238.
Shibata, K., Isobe, H., Hillier, A., Choudhuri, A. R., Maehara, H., Ishii,
T. T., Shibayama, T., Notsu, S., Notsu, Y., Nagao, T., Honda, S., &
Nogami, D. (2013). Can Superflares Occur on Our Sun? Publications of
the Astronomical Society of Japan, 65, 49.
Shibayama, T., Maehara, H., Notsu, S., Notsu, Y., Nagao, T., Honda, S.,
Ishii, T. T., Nogami, D., & Shibata, K. (2013). Superflares on solar-type
stars observed with kepler. i. statistical properties of superflares. The As-
trophysical Journal Supplement, 299, 5.
Silverberg, S. M., Kowalski, A. F., Davenport, J. R. A., Wisniewski, J. P.,
Hawley, S. L., & Hilton, E. J. (2016). Kepler Flares. IV. A Comprehensive
Analysis of the Activity of the dM4e Star GJ 1243. The Astrophysical
Journal, 829, 129.
Stark, C. C., Boss, A. P., Weinberger, A. J., Jackson, B. K., Endl, M.,
Cochran, W. D., Johnson, M., Caldwell, C., Agol, E., Ford, E. B., Hall,
J. R., Ibrahim, K. A., & Li, J. (2013). A search for exozodiacal clouds with
kepler. The Astrophysical Journal, 764, 195.
Tsurutani, B. T., Gonzalez, W. D., Lakhina, G. S., & Alex, S. (2003). The
extreme magnetic storm of 1-2 September 1859. Journal of Geophysical
Research (Space Physics), 108, 1268.
Švestka, Z. (1956). Several Notes on the Statistics of Chromosferic Flares.
Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 7, 9.
Valio, A., Estrela, R., Netto, Y., Bravo, J. P., & de Medeiros, J. R. (2017).
Activity and Rotation of Kepler-17. The Astrophysical Journal, 835, 294.
Walkowicz, L. M., Basri, G., Batalha, N., Gilliland, R. L., Jenkins, J.,
Borucki, W. J., Koch, D., Caldwell, D., Dupree, A. K., Latham, D. W.,
Meibom, S., Howell, S., Brown, T. M., & Bryson, S. (2011). White-light
Flares on Cool Stars in the Kepler Quarter 1 Data. The Astronomical
Journal, 141, 50.
Weiss, N. O. (1964). Magnetic flux tubes and convection in the Sun. Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 128, 225.
Wu, C. J., Ip, W. H., & Huang, L. C. (2015). A study of variability in the
frequency distributions of the superflares of g-type stars observed by the
kepler mission. The Astrophysical Journal, 798, 92.