本研究為了解紅類星體的性質，使用史隆數位巡天計畫第七次資料釋出的類星體目錄，及其測光資料與光譜。並選用靜止坐標系下1750Å、2200Å、3100Å與4000Å的平均通量密度計算色指數，得到三組不同的色指數。以此三組色指數定出紅類星體及典型類星體。
我們使用塵埃吸收模型，來探討紅類星體是否成因於塵埃的吸收。若是紅類星體的成因全部來自於塵埃的吸收，則AV = 0.2~0.8即可達到本研究所定義之紅類星體標準。另外我們也使用完整的光譜來檢驗紅類星體，是否能由塵埃吸收所造成。由兩組色指數所定出的特別紅的類星體中，在有1750Å、2200Å與3100Å特別紅的紅類星體中，有27/35個紅類星體可用塵埃的吸收解釋。在有2200Å、3100Å與4000Å的特別紅類星體中，133/154可用塵埃吸收解釋。
本研究從光度與色指數的關係中發現似乎存在一個明顯的藍色邊界，使得色指數偏藍且亮的類星體數量偏少，本研究稱為此現象「為消失的藍類星體」。推測原因可能與中心黑洞質量或吸積速率有關，但從粗略的檢查方式無法確定直接的關聯性。故目前對此現象產生的原因尚未明白。

To investigate the origin of red quasi-stellar objects (QSOs), we studied the color and physical properties of the QSOs selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) using both spectral and photometric information. We choose 1750 Å, 2200 Å, 3100 Å and 4000 Å mean flux density at rest frame to calculate the colors of QSOs. We defined ‘red QSOs’ and ‘typical QSOs’ with three different colors.
If the ‘red QSOs’ were due to dust extinction, they need Av = 0.2~0.8 to reach the definitions of ‘red QSOs’ in this study. We also investigate the red QSOs with the whole spectra of SDSS. Some extreme red QSOs defined in two different colors can be explained with dust extinction. There were 27/35 red QSOs, which had red colors defined with 1750Å, 2200Å and 3100Å band fluxes, could be explained with dust extinction. There were 133/154 red QSOs, which had two colors defined with 2200Å, 3100Å and 4000Å band fluxes, could be explained with dust extinction.
There is a clear boundary on the color-luminosity diagrams of the QSO. The blue and bright QSOs seem to be missed. We called this phenomenon ‘the missing blue QSOs’. It might be related to the central black hole mass of QSOs or accretion rates. However, we could not get a clear relation with a simple test of the data. The origin of the missing blue QSOs is still unclear.

期刊論文
Antonucci, R. (1993). Unified Models for Active Galactic Nuclei and Quasars. Annual Review Of Astronomy And Astrophysics, 31(1), 473-521. doi: 10.1146/annurev.astro.31.1.473
Beckmann, V., & SHRADER, C. (2013). The AGN phenomenon: open issues. Proceedings Of An INTEGRAL View Of The High-Energy Sky (The First 10 Years) - 9Th INTEGRAL Workshop And Celebration Of The 10Th Anniversary Of The Launch — Pos(INTEGRAL 2012). doi: 10.22323/1.176.0069
Bonning, E., Cheng, L., Shields, G., Salviander, S., & Gebhardt, K. (2007). Accretion Disk Temperatures and Continuum Colors in QSOs. The Astrophysical Journal, 659(1), 211-217. doi: 10.1086/510712
Chen, I., Hwang, C., Kaiser, N., Magnier, E., Metcalfe, N., & Waters, C. (2018). Color Variabilities of Spectrally Defined Red QSOs at z = 0.3–1.2. The Astrophysical Journal, 855(1), 66. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaab5b
Drinkwater, M., Webster, R., Francis, P., Wiklind, T., & Combes, F. (1996). Dust-reddened Quasars. Publications Of The Astronomical Society Of Australia, 13(02), 183-184. doi: 10.1017/s1323358000020774
Fynbo, J., Krogager, J., Venemans, B., Noterdaeme, P., Vestergaard, M., & Møller, P. et al. (2012). OPTICAL/NEAR-INFRARED SELECTION OF RED QUASI-STELLAR OBJECTS: EVIDENCE FOR STEEP EXTINCTION CURVES TOWARD GALACTIC CENTERS?. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 204(1), 6. doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/204/1/6
Glikman, E., Helfand, D., White, R., Becker, R., Gregg, M., & Lacy, M. (2007). The FIRST‐2MASS Red Quasar Survey. The Astrophysical Journal, 667(2), 673-703. doi: 10.1086/521073
Glikman, E., Urrutia, T., Lacy, M., Djorgovski, S., Urry, M., & Croom, S. et al. (2013). DUST REDDENED QUASARS IN FIRST AND UKIDSS: BEYOND THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG. The Astrophysical Journal, 778(2), 127. doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/778/2/127
Glikman, E., Urrutia, T., Lacy, M., Djorgovski, S., Mahabal, A., & Myers, A. et al. (2012). FIRST-2MASS RED QUASARS: TRANSITIONAL OBJECTS EMERGING FROM THE DUST. The Astrophysical Journal, 757(1), 51. doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/757/1/51
Gordon, K., Clayton, G., Misselt, K., Landolt, A., & Wolff, M. (2003). A Quantitative Comparison of the Small Magellanic Cloud, Large Magellanic Cloud, and Milky Way Ultraviolet to Near‐Infrared Extinction Curves. The Astrophysical Journal, 594(1), 279-293. doi: 10.1086/376774
Kinney, A., Calzetti, D., Bohlin, R., McQuade, K., Storchi-Bergmann, T., & Schmitt, H. (1996). Template Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared Spectra of Star-forming Galaxies and Their Application to K-Corrections. The Astrophysical Journal, 467, 38. doi: 10.1086/177583
Krogager, J., Geier, S., Fynbo, J., Venemans, B., Ledoux, C., & Møller, P. et al. (2015). The High AV Quasar Survey: Reddened Quasi-Stellar Objects selected from optical/near-infrared photometry. II. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 217(1), 5. doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/217/1/5
Lacy, M., Ridgway, S., Gates, E., Nielsen, D., Petric, A., & Sajina, A. et al. (2013). The Spitzer Mid-Infrared Active Galactic Nucleus Survey. I. Optical and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Obscured Candidates and Normal Active Galactic Nuclei Selected in The Mid-Infrared. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 208(2), 24. doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/24
Matthews, T., & Sandage, A. (1963). Optical Identification of 3c 48, 3c 196, and 3c 286 with Stellar Objects. The Astrophysical Journal, 138, 30. doi: 10.1086/147615
Richards, G., Hall, P., Vanden Berk, D., Strauss, M., Schneider, D., & Weinstein, M. et al. (2003). Red and Reddened Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The Astronomical Journal, 126(3), 1131-1147. doi: 10.1086/377014
Richards, G., Lacy, M., Storrie‐Lombardi, L., Hall, P., Gallagher, S., & Hines, D. et al. (2006). Spectral Energy Distributions and Multiwavelength Selection of Type 1 Quasars. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 166(2), 470-497. doi: 10.1086/506525
Ross, N., Hamann, F., Zakamska, N., Richards, G., Villforth, C., & Strauss, M. et al. (2015). Extremely red quasars from SDSS, BOSS andWISE: classification of optical spectra. Monthly Notices Of The Royal Astronomical Society, 453(4), 3933-3953. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv1710
Schneider, D., Richards, G., Hall, P., Strauss, M., Anderson, S., & Boroson, T. et al. (2010). The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog. V. Seventh Data Release. The Astronomical Journal, 139(6), 2360-2373. doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/139/6/2360
Seyfert, C. (1943). Nuclear Emission in Spiral Nebulae. The Astrophysical Journal, 97, 28. doi: 10.1086/144488
Shen, Y., Richards, G., Strauss, M., Hall, P., Schneider, D., & Snedden, S. et al. (2011). A Catalog of Quasar Properties from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 194(2), 45. doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/194/2/45
Tsai, A., & Hwang, C. (2017). Properties of Spectrally Defined Red QSOs at z = 0.3–1.2. The Astrophysical Journal, 842(1), 57. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa745b
Urrutia, T., Lacy, M., Spoon, H., Glikman, E., Petric, A., & Schulz, B. (2012). SPITZEROBSERVATIONS OF YOUNG RED QUASARS. The Astrophysical Journal, 757(2), 125. doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/757/2/125
Urry, C., & Padovani, P. (1995). Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei. Publications Of The Astronomical Society Of The Pacific, 107, 803. doi: 10.1086/133630
Valencic, L., Clayton, G., & Gordon, K. (2004). Ultraviolet Extinction Properties in the Milky Way. The Astrophysical Journal, 616(2), 912-924. doi: 10.1086/424922
Vanden Berk, D., Richards, G., Bauer, A., Strauss, M., Schneider, D., & Heckman, T. et al. (2001). Composite Quasar Spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The Astronomical Journal, 122(2), 549-564. doi: 10.1086/321167
Webster, R., Francis, P., Petersont, B., Drinkwater, M., & Masci, F. (1995). Evidence for a large undetected population of dust-reddened quasars. Nature, 375(6531), 469-471. doi: 10.1038/375469a0
York, D., Adelman, J., Anderson, Jr., J., Anderson, S., Annis, J., & Bahcall, N. et al. (2000). The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary. The Astronomical Journal, 120(3), 1579-1587. doi: 10.1086/301513
Zafar, T., Møller, P., Watson, D., Fynbo, J., Krogager, J., & Zafar, N. et al. (2015). Extinction curve template for intrinsically reddened quasars. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 584, A100. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201526570

書籍
Binney, J., & Merrifield, M. (1998). Galactic astronomy. Princeton, NJ [u.a.]: Princeton Univ. Press.
Carroll, B., & Ostlie, D. (2007). An introduction to modern astrophysics. San Francisco: Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Frank, J., King, A., & Raine, D. (2005). Accretion power in astrophysics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kembhavi, A., & Narlikar, J. (1999). Quasars and active galactic nuclei. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Narlikar, J. (2002). An introduction to cosmology. Cambridge (GB): Cambridge University Press.
Peterson, B. (1997). An introduction to active galactic nuclei. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
蘇宜. (2008). 天文學新概論: 麗文文化