跳到主要內容

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表
研究生： 梁永志
Yung-Tzu Liang
論文名稱： 北台灣長程傳輸氣膠化學特性
Chemical Characterization of the Long-range Transport aerosol in North Taiwan
指導教授： 李崇德
Chung-Te Lee
口試委員:
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 環境工程研究所
Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering
畢業學年度： 91
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 238
中文關鍵詞： 後推氣流軌跡線 、氣膠質量濃度 、長程傳輸
外文關鍵詞： aerosol mass concentration, backward air trajectory, Long-range Transport
相關次數： 點閱：10  下載：0 
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報

    • 中國大陸地區為東亞地區氣膠的最主要貢獻來源，其中最受注目的來源有中國大陸沿海地區廣大工業區，其工業排放大幅增加了大氣氣膠中硫酸鹽的含量；以及中國西方與北方土地沙漠化，使得大陸黃沙 ( Yellow Dust，簡稱為YD) 的發生機率大增，當黃沙發生時，伴隨著適當的天氣系統傳輸，會影響到日本、韓國及台灣等地空氣品質，有些黃沙甚至會影響到東南亞或太平洋東岸等更遠地區。
    本研究的採樣點位於台北縣石門鄉，石門鄉地處台灣的最北方，當台灣受大陸高壓影響時，石門位於首當其衝的位置，可直接接收到外來的氣膠而不受台灣本土的污染所影響。因此本研究除了可在平常時期瞭解北台灣地區的氣膠化學特性，還可分辨大陸高壓南下及大陸黃沙發生影響台灣時氣膠化學特性與特徵。
    本研究的採樣時間從2002年8月開始，直至2003年4月。採樣項目包含PM10及PM2.5氣膠。所使用的人工儀器有R&P 2300及R&P 2000，並架設TEOM及氣象塔對即時PM10質量濃度與氣象資料進行監測。本研究主要選定有大陸冷高壓影響台灣的時期進行採樣，其中2002年9月～2003年4月均受大陸冷高壓影響，且2002年1月～2003年4月共受5波大陸沙塵暴所影響。
    本研究共完成了120個PM10及120個PM2.5有效樣本，並將所採集的樣本進行了氣膠質量濃度分析、氣膠元素成分濃度分析、氣膠水溶性離子成分分析及氣膠碳成分分析。本研究並配合HYSPLIT 後推氣流軌跡線以瞭解氣流的來源，本研究共將所有氣流軌跡來源分成NYD 本地污染來源、NYD 海洋傳輸、NYD大陸沿岸傳輸、NYD高壓迴流、NYD高空傳輸、YD 海洋傳輸、YD大陸沿岸傳輸及YD高壓迴流等8種類別。並一一探討各種氣流來源的氣膠化學特性。
    當北台灣在不受長程傳輸氣膠影響時，氣膠的組成主要是以硫酸鹽類為主，海鹽氣膠成分並沒有相當大量，並且有許多非海鹽成分的K與Ca離子存在，顯示在平常時期有燃燒排放的貢獻。
    北台灣在非黃沙期間仍舊會受到長程傳輸的氣膠所影響，主要受兩方面的影響較大。其一為受海洋傳輸影響，會帶來大量的海鹽氣膠；另一方面則是受到大陸沿岸的影響，其長程傳輸的物質主要是以硫酸鹽類與少量的燃燒排放所貢獻，並且有部分的塵土元素會在非黃沙時期傳輸而來。
    北台灣在受大陸黃沙影響時，主要是以塵土傳輸的影響為主，但在今年的黃沙事件中仍有許多的硫酸鹽類及碳成分氣膠傳輸而來，並且在傳輸過程中夾帶著許多海鹽氣膠而影響到台灣使得大氣中的懸浮微粒增加而PM10質量濃度上升。

    Yellow dust (YD) phenomenon is very active in springtime of East Asia. For the right atmospheric condition, the dust storm from northwestern region of China, the desert area, will transport dusts to Taiwan. During the period effected by the dust storm, the aerosol concentration in Taiwan increases significantly. Not only the air quality, but also the human health is threatened. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of YD to our atmosphere.
    This study collects PM10 and PM2.5 at Shi-Men in Taipei County from Augest 2002 to April 2003. R&P 2300, R&P 2000, and TEOM were used majorly in this study. Aerosol concentration, water-soluble ions, carbonaceous content, and elemental content were resolved from the collected filters. Totally, this study collected 120 PM10 and PM2.5 effective aerosol samples.
    This year, the YD invaded Taiwan five times. The maximum PM10 concentration was 121μgm-3 at the daytime of 23rd January (No.0 YD). And the second one was occurred at the nighttime of 19th February (No.1 YD).
    By using HYSPLIT backward air trajectory model (Draxel, 1999), there were eight kinds of backward trajectory in 120 samples. Respectively, there were five kinds of backward trajectory during NYD period, and three kinds during YD period.

    摘要 I 目錄 V 表目錄 VIII 圖目錄 IX 1. 前言 1 1.1. 研究動機 1 1.2. 研究目的 3 2. 文獻回顧 5 2.1. 氣膠來源與特性 5 2.1.1. 氣膠分類與來源 5 2.1.2. 氣膠的粒徑分佈 6 2.1.3. 氣膠的化學組成與粒徑分佈 7 2.2. 海岸氣膠特性 10 2.2.1. 海岸地區氣膠的組成與來源 11 2.2.2. 非海鹽硫酸鹽氣膠 11 2.2.3. 硝酸鹽氣膠 13 2.2.4. 海鹽氣膠 13 2.2.5. 海岸地區氣膠的化學特性 14 2.3. 黃沙時期的氣膠化學特性 16 2.3.1. 大陸黃沙的發生源區 16 2.3.2. 黃沙時期的氣膠質量濃度 19 2.3.3. 黃沙時期的氣膠成分特徵 19 2.3.4. 黃沙氣膠經長程傳輸的演變 20 2.4. 氣膠對人體健康影響研究 22 3. 研究方法 25 3.1. 採樣觀測點描述 27 3.2. 人工觀測儀器 31 3.2.1. R&P Partisol Model 2300 Speciation Sampler 31 3.2.2. R&P 2000 FRM Sampler 35 3.2.3. Anderson RAAS 2.5-400 37 3.3. 自動監測儀器 40 3.3.1. R&P 1400a 40 3.4. 採樣相關細節 42 3.4.1. 採樣方法 42 3.4.2. 濾紙的前處理 44 3.4.3. 樣品的運送與保存 44 3.4.4. R&P 2300 Model採樣器標準操作程序 45 3.4.5. R&P 2000-FRM採樣器標準操作程序 47 3.5. 樣本分析方法 48 3.5.1. 氣膠質量秤重分析 48 3.5.2. 氣膠元素分析 48 3.5.3. 氣膠水溶性離子分析 52 3.5.4. 氣膠碳成分分析 53 3.6. 氣膠污染來源與貢獻量推估 55 3.6.1. 加強因子法 55 3.6.2. 氯離子損失法 56 4. 結果與討論 61 4.1. 後推氣流軌跡線 63 4.1.1. 後推氣流軌跡線分類 63 4.2. 監測時期即時氣膠質量濃度與氣象資料 67 4.2.1. 2002年8月即時氣膠濃度與氣象資料 68 4.2.2. 2002年9月即時氣膠濃度與氣象資料 70 4.2.3. 2002年10月即時氣膠濃度與氣象資料 72 4.2.4. 2002年11、12月即時氣膠濃度與氣象資料 73 4.2.5. 2003年1月即時氣膠濃度與氣象資料 75 4.2.6. 2003年2月即時氣膠濃度與氣象資料 78 4.2.7. 2003年3月即時氣膠濃度與氣象資料 80 4.2.8. 2003年4月即時氣膠濃度與氣象資料 83 4.2.9. 監測期間受大陸冷高壓影響時期 85 4.2.10. 監測期間受大陸黃沙影響時期 87 4.3. PM10與PM2.5氣膠質量濃度 88 4.3.1. 人工監測結果與連續監測儀器比較 88 4.3.2. 人工監測結果 93 4.3.3. 後推氣流軌跡線與質量濃度的關係 100 4.4. 氣膠水溶性離子成分特性探討 103 4.4.1. PM10氣膠水溶性離子成分特性 103 4.4.2. PM2.5氣膠水溶性離子成分特性 110 4.4.3. 後推氣流軌跡線與氣膠水溶性離子特性的關係 116 4.5. 氣膠碳成分特性探討 120 4.5.1. PM10氣膠碳成分特性 120 4.5.2. PM2.5氣膠碳成分特性 123 4.5.3. 後推氣流軌跡線與氣膠碳成分特性的關係 125 4.6. 氣膠元素成分特性探討 127 4.6.1. PM10氣膠元素成分特性 128 4.6.2. PM2.5氣膠元素成分特性 134 4.6.3. 後推氣流軌跡線與氣膠元素成分特性的關係 139 4.7. 硫酸鹽氣膠與硝酸鹽氣膠轉化特性 143 4.7.1. PM10 與PM2.5氣膠的轉化特性 143 4.7.2. 後推氣流軌跡線與氣膠轉化的關係 145 4.8. 氣膠來源推估與結合型態 147 4.8.1. PM10氣膠來源推估與結合型態 147 4.8.2. PM2.5氣膠來源推估與結合型態 158 4.8.3. 後推氣流軌跡線與氣膠來源的關係 169 4.9. 氣膠揮發性酸鹼氣特性探討 172 4.9.1. PM10氣膠揮發性酸鹼氣特性 173 4.9.2. PM2.5氣膠揮發性酸鹼氣特性 173 4.9.3. 揮發性酸鹼氣對陰陽離子平衡的影響 174 4.9.4. 氣膠揮發相酸鹼氣與大氣溫度的關係 176 4.9.5. 氣膠揮發相酸鹼氣與大氣壓力的關係 178 4.9.6. 後推氣流軌跡線與氣膠揮發相酸鹼氣的關係 180 4.10. 氣膠組成特性探討 182 4.10.1. 不同後推氣流軌跡線之PM10氣膠組成 182 4.10.2. 不同後推氣流軌跡線之PM2.5氣膠組成 186 4.10.3. 不同後推氣流軌跡線之氣膠化學特性總結 190 4.10.4. 不同後推氣流軌跡線之氣膠質量重建 192 5. 結論與建議 195 5.1. 結論 195 5.2. 建議 197 6. 參考文獻 199 附錄一 205 附錄二 209 附錄三 213 附錄四 227

    Ackermann-Librich, U., Leuenberger, Ph., Schwartz, J., Schindler, Ch., SAPALDIA-term, 1997. Lung function and long term exposure to air pollutants in Switzerland. Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 155, 122-129.
    Andreae, M.O., Charlson, R.J., Bruynseels, F., Storms, H., Van Grieken, R., Maenhaut,W., 1986. Internal mixtures of sea salt, silicates and excess sulfate in marine aerosols, Science. 232, 1620-1623.
    Ball, J., Willie, C., Young, C., 1992. Evidence of a new class of mutagenes in diesel particulate extracts. Environmental Science and Technology 26, 2181-2186.
    Bennett, R. L., Stockburger., 1994. Sampling carbonaceous aerosol: Review of methods and previous measurements. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 1994, EPA/600/SR-94/192.
    Cadle, S.H., Dash, J.M., 1988. Wintertime concentrations and sinks of atmospheric particulate carbon at a rural location in Northern Michigan. Atmospheric Environment 22, 1373-1381.
    Carmichael, G.R., Zhang, Y., Chen, L.L., Hong, M.S., Ueda, H., 1995. Seasonal variation of aerosol composition at Cheju Island, Korea. Atmospheric Environment 30, 2407-2416.
    Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G., Lowenthal, D.H., Solomon, P.A., Maglino, K.L., Ziman, S.D., Richards, L.W., 1993. PM10 and PM2.5 compositions in California''s San Joaquin Valley. Aerosol Science and Technology 18, 105-128.
    Chung, Y.S., Yoon, M.B., 1996. On the occurrence of yellow sand and atmospheric loadings, Atmospheric Environment. 30, 2387-2397.
    Daisey, J.M., Cheney, J.L., Lioy, P.J., 1986. Profiles of organic particulate emissions from air pollution sources: status and needs for receptor source apportionment modeling. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 36, 17-33.
    Dockery, D.W., Pope, C.A., Xu, X., Sprengler, I.D., 1993. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. New England Journal of Medicine 329, 1573-1579.
    Fan, X, B., Okada, K., Niimura, N., Kai, K., Arao, K., Shi, G, Y., Qin, Y., Mitsuta, Y., 1996. Mineral particle collected in China and Japan during the same Asian Dust-Storm event. Atmospheric Environment 30, 347–351.
    Gray, H.A., Cass, G.R., Huntzicker, J.J., Heyerdahl, E.K., Rau, J.A., 1986. Characteristics of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon particle concentration in Los Angeles. Environmental Science and Technology 20, 580-589.
    Grosjean, D., 1984. Particulate carbon in the Los Angeles air. Science of the Total Environment 32, 133-145.
    Heinrich, U., Dungworth, L., 1991. The carcinogenic effects of carbon black particles and tar/pitch condensation aerosols after inhalation exposure of rates. Seventh International Symposium on Inhaled Particles, Edinburgh.
    Japar, S.M., Brachaczek, W.W., Gorse, R.A., Norbeck, J.M., Pierson, W.R., 1986. The contribution of elemental carbon to the optical properties of rural atmospheric aerosols. Atmospheric Environment 20, 1281-1289.
    Kerminen, V.M., Pakkanen, T.A., Hillamo, R.E., 1997. Interactions between inorganic trace gases and supermicrometer particles at a coastal site. Atmospheric Environment 31, 2753-2765.
    Kim, B, G., Park, S, U., 2001. Transport and evolution of a winter - time Yellow sand observed in Korea. Atmospheric Environment 35, 3191-3201.
    Kim, H.K., Shin, E.S., 1991. Influence of yellow sand on TSP in Seoul. In Emerging Issues in Asia, Proc. 2nd IUAPAA Regional Conference on Air Pollution, Seoul, Korea, Vol.Ⅱ, 1-7.
    Kim, K, W., Kim Y, J., Oh, S, J., 2001. Visibility impairment during Yellow Sand periods in the urban atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment 35, 5157–5167.
    Lepple, F.K., Bressan, D.S., Hoover, J.B., Larson, R.E., 1983. sea salt aerosol, atmospheric radon and meteorological observations in the western South Atlantic Ocean (February 1981). NRL Memorandum Report, 5153.
    Ma, C, J., Kasahara, M., Höller, R., Kamiya, T., 2001. Characteristics of single particles sampled in Japan during the Asian dust-storm period. Atmospheric Environment 35, 2707-2714.
    Ma, C, J., Kasahara, M., Tohno, S., Hwang, K, C., 2000. Characterization of the atmospheric aerosols in Kyoto and Seoul using PIXE, EAS and IC. Atmospheric Environment 35, 747– 752.
    McInnes, L.M., Covert, D.S., Quinn, P.K., Germani, M.S., 1994. Measurements of chloride depletion and sulfur enrichment in individual sea-salt particles collected from the remote marine boundary layer. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 8257-8268.
    Nishikawa, M., Hao, Q., Morita, M., 2000. Preparation and Evaluation of Certified Reference Materials for Asian Mineral Dust. Global Environment. Res.4, 103–113.
    Pakkanen, T.A., Kerminen, V.M., Hillamo, R.E., Makinen, M., Makela, T., Virkkula, A., 1996. Distribution of nitrate over sea-salt and soil derived particles-implication from a field study. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 24, 189-205.
    Pio, C. A., D. A. Lopes., 1998. Chlorine Loss from Marine Aerosol in a Coastal Atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research. 103, D19, 25263-25272 .
    Robert, A. M., Michael T. K., 2000. Incidence and apparent health significance of brief airborne particle excursions. Aerosol science and technology. 32,93-105.
    Rogge, W.F., Mazurek, M.A., Hildemann, L.M., Cass, G.R., Simoneit, B.R.T., 1993. Quantification of urban organic aerosols at a molecular level: identification, abundance and seasonal variation. Atmospheric Environment 27A, 1309-1330.
    Savoie D.L., Propero J.M., Merrill J.T., Uematsu M., 1989. Nitrate in the atmospheric boundary layer of the tropical South Pacific:implications regarding sources and transport. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 8, 391-415.
    Schwartz, J., 1994. Particulate air pollution and chronnic respiratory disease. Environmental Research 62, 7-13.
    Seaton, A., MacNee, W., Donaldson, K., Godden, D., 1995. Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. Lancet 345, 176-178.
    Shah, J.J., Johnson, R.L., Heyerdahl, E.K., Huntzicker, J.J., 1986. Carbonaceous aerosol at urban and rural sites in the United States. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 36, 254-257.
    Tuch, A. M., Tamm E. J., Heyder, H. P., Brand, C. H., Roth, H. E., Wichmann, J. P., Kreyling W.G., 2000. Comparison of two partical-size spectrometers for ambient aerosol measurements. Atmospheric Environment 34,139-149.
    Turpin, B.J., Huntzicker, J.J., 1995. Identification of secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS. Atmospheric Environment 29, 3527-3544.
    Valaoras, G., Huntzicker, J.J., White, W.H., 1988. On the contribution of motor vehicles to the Athenian “Nephos”; an application of factor signitres. Atmpspheric Environment 22, 965-971.
    Wall, S.M., John, W., Ondo, J.L., 1988. Measurement of aerosol size distributions for nitrate and major ionic species. Atmospheric Environment 22, 1649-1656.
    Wolff, D.K., Monahan, E.C. and Spiel, D.E., 1988. Quantification of the marine aerosol produced by Whitecaps, Preprint, Seventh Conference on ocean-atmosphere interaction. American Meteorology Society, 182-185.
    Wolff, G.T., 1984. On the nature of nitrate in coarse continential aerosols. Atmospheric Environment 18, 977-981.
    Woodcock A.H., 1972, Smaller salt particle in oceanic air and bubble behavior in the sea. Journal of Geophysical Research. 77, 5316-5321.
    Woolf D.K.,Bowyer P.A. and Monahan E.C. 1987, Discriminating between the Film-Drops and Jet-Drops Produced by a Simulated Whitecap. Journal of Geophysical Research. 92, 5142-5150.
    Wu, P.M., Okada,K., 1994. Nature of coarse nitrate particles in the atmosphere－a single particle approach. Atmospheric Environment 28, 2053-2060.
    Zhang, J., Wu,Y., Liu, C.L., Shen, Z.B., Yu, Z.G., Zhang, Y., 2001. Aerosol characters from the desert region of Northwest China and the Yellow Sea in spring and summer: observations at Minqin, Qingdao, and Qianliyan in 1995-1996. Atmospheric Environment 35, 5007-5018.
    Zhung, H., Chan, C.K., Fang, M., Wexler, A.S., 1999. Formation of nitrate and non-sea-salt sulfate on coarse particles. Atmospheric Environment 33, 4223-4233.

    QR CODE
    :::