摘要
生質燃燒(Biomass Burning)是近年來研究全球環境變遷的重要課題之一,其產生的排放物也將深深影響著大氣化學作用(Thompson,1996)。Marufu et al.(2000)的研究裡有提到生質燃燒所產生的氣體中CO2總量佔全球的21%(工業佔77%)、CO佔全球總量的59%(工業佔30%)、NOx佔全球總量的19%(工業佔55%),另外在全球CH4及NMHC中也佔有重要的地位。
本研究利用ATSR World Fire Atlas的衛星偵測火點資料,配合NCEP Reanalysis Data、TOMS Aerosol Data、以及SSM/I precipitation data等氣象場資料來分析全球火點的分佈,季節性的變化,並尋求上述多個參數之間的關聯性。
透過對ATSR World Fire Atlas資料的分析發現,1997年以及1998年的全球火點數量異常的多,在美洲跟印尼地區更可以看到1997-1998年期間火點的數量出現極大值(Duncan et al. ,2003)。在美洲不但造成美國南部懸浮微粒濃度出現歷年來最大值,當地Aerosol Index也出現極大值(Christopher, 2000);相對的,在印尼這與當地發生森林大火有直接的關係(Joel,1999; Hauglustaine et al.,1999),而Aerosol Index也在大火燃燒期間出現極大值(Duncan et al. , 2003)。
另外,Duncan et al.(2003)也提出印尼地區在1997-1998年期間產生乾旱以及發生眾多野火事件的原因主要跟聖嬰現象(ENSO)有關。經過吾人進一步對氣象參數的分析發現該地區1997年與1998年的地表氣溫較低、地面呈現強輻散、累積雨量少,這些現象可能與強聖嬰現象有關。為了更深入探討異常現象的原因,另外針對ENSO年以及La Nino年作分析,研究結果顯示印尼地區1997-1998年的強聖嬰現象不但與以往的聖嬰有很明顯的差異,也可能是導致印尼嚴重大火的主因。

參考文獻 :
Allen D. R., M. R. Schoeberl and J. R. Herman: Trajectory modeling of aerosol observed by TOMS. J. Geophy. Res., Vol. 104, No. D22, 27461-27471, 1999
Arino O.and J-M. Melinotte : Fire Index Atlas. Earth Observation Quarterly, 50, December
1995
Christopher M. Rogers and Kenneth P. Bowman: Transport of smoke from the central American fires of 1998. J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 106, 28357-28368, 2001
Donald R. Cahoon, Jr Brian J. Stocks, Joel S. Levine, Wesley R. Cofer III ,and Katherine P. O’Neill : Seasonal distribution of African savanna fires. Nature, Vol 359, 1992
Duncan Bryan, Randall Martin, Amanda Staudt, Rosemarie Yevich and Jennifer Logan:
Atmospheres that describes how they combined the Aerosol Index data from TOMS
with Along-Track Scanning Radiometer(ATSR) fire count data from the European
Space Agency’s European Remote Sensing-2 satellite, J. Geophys. Res.,2003
Edwards D. P., J.-F. Lamarque, J.-L. Attié, L. K. Emmons, A. Richter, J.-P. Cammas,
J. C. Gille, G. L. Francis, M. N. Deeter, J. Warner, D. C. Ziskin, and L. V. Lyjak,
J. R. Drummond, J. P. Burrows: Tropospheric ozone over the tropical Atlantic: A
satellite perspective. J. Geophys. Res.,2003
Ferraro, R.R., N.C. Grody, and G.F. Marks: Effects of surface conditions on rain
identification using the SSM/I, Rem. Sens. Rev., 11, 195-209, 1994
Fu Rong,Bin Zhu,and Robert E. Dickinson: How Do Atmosphere and Land Surface Influence Seasonal Changes of Convection in the Tropical Amazon?,J. Climate,12,1306-1321,1998
Gong S. L., X. Y. Zhang, T. L. Zhao, I. G. McKendry, D. A. Jaffe, N. M. Lu: Characterization of soil dust aerosol in China and its transport and distribution during 2001 ACE-Asia:2. Model simulation and validation. J. Geophys. Res., VOL. 108,4262,2003
Hauglustaine D. A., G. P. Brasseur and J. S. Levine: A sensitivity simulation of tropospheric ozone changes due to the 1997 Indonesia fire emissions. Geophy. Res. Lett., Vol. 26, No. 21, 3305-3308, 1999
Jenkins Gregory S.,Karen Mohr,Vernon R.Morris,andOlivier Arino : The role of convective processes over the Zaire-Congo Basin to the southern hemispheric ozone maximum. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 18963-18980, 1997
Joel S. Levine: The 1997 fires in Kalimantan and Sumatra, Indonesia: Gaseous and particulate emissions. J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 26, No. 7, 815-818, 1999
Jeffrey P. Chanton, Christine M. Rutkowski, Candace C. Schwartz, Darold E. Ward and Lindsay Boring: Factors influencing the stavle carbon isotopic signature of methane from combustion and bimoss burning. J. Geophy. Res., Vol. 105, No. D2, 1867-1877, 2000
Karen I. Mohr and James S. Famiglietti : The Contribution to Tropical Rainfall with respect to Convective System Type , Size, and Intensity Estimated from the 85-GHz Ice Scattering Signature. J. Appl. Meteor, 1999, 596-605
Kalnay E., M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, W. Collins, D. Deaven, L. Gandin, M. Iredell. S. Saha, G. White, J. Woolen, Y. Zhu, M. Chelliah, W. Ebisuzaki, W. Higgins, J. Janwiak, k. C. Mo, C. Ropelewski, J. Wang, A. Leetmaa, R. Reynolds, Roy Jenne and Dennis Joseph: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Vol. 77, No. 3, 437-471, 1996
Marufu L., F. Dentener, J. Lelieveld, M. O. Andreae and G. Helas: Photochemistry of African troposphere:Influence of biomass-burning emissions. J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 105, No. D11, 14523-14530, 2000
Miriam L. Rorig and Sue A. Ferguson: The 2000 Fire Season: Lighting-Caused Fires. J. Appl. Meteor., Vol. 41, 786-791, 2002
Miriam L. Rorig and Sue A. Ferguson: Characteristics of Lighting and Wildland Fire Ignition in the Pacific Northwest. J. Appl. Meteor., Vol. 38, 1565-1575, 1999
Nicola J. Blake , Donald R. Blake , oliver W. Wingenter , Barkley C. Sive , Lisa m. McKenzie , Jimena P. Lopez , Isobel J. Simpson , henry E. Fuelberg , Glen W. Sachse , Bruce E. Anderson , Gerald L. Gregory , Mary Anne Carroll , George M. Albercook , and F. Sherwood Rowland : Influence of southern hemispheric biomass Burning on midtropospheric distributions of nonmethane hydrocarbons and selected halocarbons over the remote South Pacific . J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16213-16232, 1999
Peppler R. A., C. P. Bahrmann, J. C. Barnard, J. R. Campbell, M.-D. Cheng, R. A. Ferrare, R. N. Halthore, L. A. Heilman, D. L. Hlavka, N. S. Laulainen, C.-J. Lin, J. A. Ogren, M.R. Poellot, L. A. Remer, K. Sassen, J. D. Spinhirne, M. E. Splitt and D. D. Turner: ARM Southern Great Plains Site Observations of the Smoke Pall Associated with the 1998 Central American Fires. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 2563-2591
Thompson A. M.,K. E. Pickering,D. P.McNamara,M. R. Schoeberl,R. D. Hudson,J. H. Kim,E. V. Browell,V. W. J. H. Kirchhoff,and D. Nganga: Where did tropospheric ozone over southern Africa and tropical Atlantic come from in October 1992? Insights from TOMS,GTE TRACE A, and SAFARI 1992, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 24, 251-24, 278, 1996
Torres, O., P.K. Bhartia ,J.R. Herman, A. Sinyuk and B. Holben: A long term record of aerosol optical thickness from TOMS observations and comparison to AERONET measurements, J. Atm. Sci.,59,398-413, 2002
Walter A. Lyons. Thomas E. Nelson, Earle R. Williams, John A. Cramer and Tommy R. Turner: Enhanced Positive Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in Thunderstorms Ingesting Smoke from Fires. Science, Vol. 282, 77-80, 1998