| 研究生: |
徐嘉惠 Chia-Hui Hsu |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
法人犯罪緩起訴與法令遵循之研究-以美國法制為中心 A Research on Deferred Prosecution Agreement and Criminal Compliance for Corporate Crime: Focused on the United States Legal System |
| 指導教授: |
溫祖德
Tzu-Te Wen |
| 口試委員: | |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
客家學院 - 法律與政府研究所 Graduate Institute of Law & Government |
| 論文出版年: | 2025 |
| 畢業學年度: | 114 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 167 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 法人犯罪 、兩罰制 、罪責原則 、起訴裁量權 、聯邦法人起訴基本準則 、緩起訴協議 、刑事法令遵循 、董事監督義務 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Corporate crime, dual punishment system, principle of culpability, prosecutorial discretion, Principles of Federal Prosecution of Business Organizations, deferred prosecution agreement, criminal compliance, directors' supervisory duties |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:10 下載:0 |
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我國刑法理論現行以自然人為犯罪主體與刑罰責任承擔者之原則,致使普通刑法未制定法人犯罪之一般性規定,對法人犯罪行為缺乏有效嚇阻與預防。為使對法人課予刑罰具備正當性,其責任基礎應以「重大疏忽」為可罰性理由,亦即法人對其應盡作為義務而不作為,因而有其自己罪責。於此情形,行為人與法人各別對其自身行為及犯罪構成要件負責,始符合我國刑法理論與罪責原則。
本文以美國法為觀察基礎,探討其對法人犯罪之刑事歸責理論,分析聯邦最高法院所採代位責任及州體系模範刑法典之法人刑事責任類型,建構法人歸責模式與可罰性基礎。法人內部監督失靈所致之犯罪行為,其處罰之預防目的應大於應報性質,因此,美國檢察官依聯邦法人起訴基本準則所列審酌因素,與法人達成附條件緩起訴協議,課予履行特定條件之義務,藉由法人建置法令遵循計畫與推動公司治理改革,以實質預防再犯。同時,美國司法部所設計之法令遵循計畫評估指引,為強化不法風險管理架構之重要參考;另為落實法令遵循作為犯罪風險管理策略,亦探討董事會等治理階層對計畫執行有效性之監督機制。最後,參酌美國法制將法令遵循納入刑事管制工具,結合刑事程序法,提出我國法人犯罪管制之制度設計與未來刑事政策建議。
The current criminal law theory in Taiwan adheres to the principle that natural persons are the primary subjects of crime and bearers of criminal liability. Consequently, our general criminal law lacks specific provisions addressing corporate crimes, resulting in insufficient deterrence and prevention against such offenses. To ensure the legitimacy of punishing legal persons, the rationale and basis for liability should be founded upon “Reckless” as the grounds for punishment. That is, the legal person fails to fulfill its mandatory duty to act, thereby incurring its independent corporate culpability. In such circumstances, both the individual perpetrator and the legal person bear responsibility for their respective actions that fulfill the elements of the crime. This approach aligns with the criminal law theory and the principle of culpability.
This thesis examines the theory of criminal liability for corporate offenses based on U.S. law, analyzing the vicarious liability approach adopted by the U.S. Supreme Court and the types of corporate criminal liability outlined in the Model Penal Code for state systems. It constructs a framework for corporate liability and the basis for punishability. For crimes resulting from internal oversight failures within corporations, the prevention purpose of punishment should outweigh retributive justice. Therefore, U.S. prosecutors enter into conditional deferred prosecution agreements with corporations based on “Factors to be Considered” outlined in the Principles of Federal Prosecution of Business Organizations. These agreements impose obligations to fulfill specific conditions, such as implementing compliance programs and advancing corporate governance reforms, thereby substantively preventing recidivism. Concurrently, the U.S. Department of Justice's Evaluation of Corporate Compliance Programs serves as a crucial reference for strengthening legal risk management frameworks. To implement compliance as a criminal risk management strategy, this thesis also examines oversight mechanisms by governance bodies like boards of directors to ensure program effectiveness. Finally, drawing on the U.S. legal system's integration of compliance as a criminal control tool within criminal procedural law, this thesis proposes institutional designs and future criminal policy recommendations for corporate crime control in Taiwan.
(一)中文專書(按作者姓氏筆畫順序排列)
王皇玉,刑法總則,修訂九版,2023年8月。
林宏義,金融機構法令遵循概要,初版三刷,2020年10月。
林鈺雄,刑事訴訟法(上冊),第12版,2023年09月。
蔡昌憲,企業永續與公司治理:公私部門的合作治理,一版一刷,2021年11月。
(二)中文期刊(按作者姓氏筆畫順序排列)
王文宇,從公司不法行為之追訴論民、刑、商法之分際,月旦法學雜誌,第 103 期,2003年11月,頁49-60。
王志誠,法令遵循主管制度之發展及挑戰,存款保險資訊季刊,23卷4期,2010年12月,頁92-154。
王皇玉,法人犯罪與認罪協商(上),司法周刊,2049期,2021年04月,頁2-2。
王皇玉,法人刑事責任之研究,輔仁法學,46期,2013年02月,頁1-34。
王皇玉,法令遵循對法人刑事歸責性之意義與影響──從營業秘密法第13條之4談起,月旦法學雜誌,303期,2020年08月,頁120-135。
王偉霖,我國營業秘密法刑事規範的再思考,法令月刊,68卷5期,2017年05月,頁64-90。
王偉霖,營業秘密法第 13 條之 4 但書規定「已盡力為防止行為」之詮釋,月旦民商法雜誌,72期,2021年06月,頁6-26。
吳天雲,兩罰規定的法人責任,刑事法雜誌,57卷1期,2013年02月,頁1-25。
吳盈德,私部門揭弊者保護法制之建議,當代法律,31期,2024年07月,頁29-35。
林臻嫺,兩罰制下法人過失責任之證明及法人得否緩刑之實務爭議,全國律師,第28卷第9期,2024年09月,頁76-87。
邵慶平,公司負責人的忠實義務與注意義務--最高法院110年度台上字第117號民事判決,台灣法律人,總號:3,2021年09月,頁179-186。
邵慶平,董事受託義務內涵與類型的再思考-從監督義務與守法義務的比較研究出發,臺北大學法學論叢,66期,2018年06月,頁1-43。
馬躍中、薛智仁、黃士軒、溫祖德、謝佳蓁、劉威成,我國訂立法人刑事專法(專章)可行性之評估-以外國法制深度研究為核心,刑事政策與犯罪防治研究,法務部司法官學院,第37期,第37期,2024年04月,頁85-124。
莊永丞,公司侵權責任之我思我見-以最高法院 108 年度台上字第 2035 號民事判決為中心,台灣法律人,第 6 期,2021年12月,頁41-55。
許澤天,法人刑法之構成要件設計,月旦法學教室,225期,2021年07月,頁35-53。
郭大維,我國銀行法令遵循制度之探討-從兆豐銀行紐約分行遭美國重罰事件談起,台灣/存款保險資訊季刊,第30卷第1期,2017年03月,頁1-29。
陳俊元,金融業高階管理人員之職責與問責地圖-英國經驗與我國實踐,台灣法律人,總號:36,2024年06月,頁85-95。
曾淑瑜,法人裁罰方式之研究,刑事政策與犯罪研究論文集,第 24 期,2021年10月,頁123-149。
黃鼎軒,緩起訴協議於法人犯罪訴追之應用,法令月刊,69卷2期,2018年02月,頁32-81。
溫祖德,法人犯罪量刑與法令遵循-美國組織體量刑指導準則之思維,刑事政策與犯罪防治研究專刊,24期,2020年04月,頁115-154。
溫祖德,法人刑事責任之歸責法制-以美國模式為核心,刑事政策與犯罪研究論文集,22期,2019年10月,頁73-93。
溫祖德,美國法人犯罪制裁類型與法令遵循,月旦法學雜誌,341期,2023年10月,頁99-117。
溫祖德,美國法人經濟犯罪之刑事管制架構-兼論對我國刑事管制之啟示,月旦法學雜誌,278期,2018年07月,頁212-229。
溫祖德,美國檢察官起訴裁量權之理論基礎及現況,檢察新論,9期,2011年01月,頁198-212。
溫祖德,美國檢察官起訴與不起訴裁量權—以聯邦刑事起訴準則為中心,刑事法雜誌,55卷1期,2011年02月,頁39-66。
溫祖德,從起訴裁量論起訴政策及轉向計畫之訂定,檢察新論,26期,2019年08月,頁27-41。
蔡昌憲,從公司法第一條修正談公司治理之內外部機制-兼論企業社會責任的推動模式,成大法學,36期,2018年12月,頁89-153。
蔡昌憲,從經濟觀點論企業風險管理與董事監督義務,中研院法學期刊,12期,2013年03月,頁79-152。
蔡昌憲,董事會之永續治理角色與董事監督義務,台灣財經法學論叢,5卷1期,2023年01月,頁155-218。
蕭巧玲,法令遵循制度介紹,證券暨期貨月刊,24卷9期,2006年09月,頁36-49。
謝庭晃,法人犯罪與惡的距離,刑事政策與犯罪防治研究專刊,第40期,2025年04月,頁92-126
(三)英文文獻
American Bar Association, ABA Standards for Criminal Justice: Prosecution Function, 4th ed. ABA, (2017).
Bennett L. Gershman, Prosecutorial Misconduct, 2nd ed. West Publishing Co., (2010).
Criminal Recourse Manual, 712. Pretrial Diversion.
Debbie Troklus, CHC-F, CHRC, CCEP-F, CHPC, CCEP-I; and Sarah Couture, RN, CHC, CHRC, CHPC, Standards, Policies, and Procedures (a Code of Conduct), Essential Elements of an Effective Ethics and Compliance Program, The Complete Compliance and Ethics Manual 2025.
Debbie Troklus, CHC-F, CHRC, CCEP-F, CHPC, CCEP-I; and Sarah Couture, RN, CHC, CHRC, CHPC, Standards, Policies, and Procedures (Policies and Procedures), Essential Elements of an Effective Ethics and Compliance Program, The Complete Compliance and Ethics Manual 2025.
Henry Campbell Black, Black’s Law Dictionary, Revised 4th ed. West Publishing Co., (1968).
Holly J. Gregory, Thomas A. Cole & Claire Holland, Board Oversight in Light of COVID-19 and Recent Delaware Decisions (May 26, 2020), at https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2020/05/26/board-oversight-in-light-of-covid-19-and-recent-delaware-decisions/.
Jose A. Tabuena, MA, JD, CFE, CHC, The Compliance and Ethics Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment and Management, The Complete Compliance and Ethics Manual 2025.
Justice Manual 9-28.000- Principles of Federal Prosecution Of Business Organizations.
K. Babe Howell, Prosecutorial Discretion and the Duty to Seek Justice in an Overburdened Criminal Justice System, 27 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 285, 314 (2014).
L. Breuer (2012), Assistant Attorney General Lanny A. Breuer Speaks at the New York City Bar Association, https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/assistant-attorney-general-lanny-breuer-speaksnew-york-city-bar-association.
Lafave, Wayne R., & Austin W. Scott, Jr., Criminal Law (2d ed. 1986).
Larry D. Thompson Deputy Attorney General, Principles of Federal Prosecution of Business Organizations to Heads of Department Components and U. S. Attorneys (Jan. 20, 2003), refer to VI. Charging a Corporation: Cooperation and Voluntary Disclosure, available at https://mlaus.org/wp-content/uploads/filebase/cle_papers/cle_2015_-_scottsdale_papers/cle_2005_-_scottsdale_supporting_papers/DAG_-_Thompson_Memo-Criminal-Prosecution-of-Pollution.pdf.
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(四) 美國法院判決
Bordenkircher v. Haynes, 434 U.S. 357, 364 (1978).
Hu v. Xiaoming, 2020 WL 1987029 (Del. Ch. Apr. 27, 2020).
Marchand v. Barnhill, 212 A.3d 805 (2019).
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Skilling v. United States, 561 U.S. 358 (2010).
Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362 (Del. 2006).
United States v. Basic Constr. Co., 711 F.2d 570, 573 (4th Cir. 1983).
United States v. Beusch 596 F.2d 871, 878 (9th Cir.1979).
United States v. Gold, 743 F 2d. 800, 823(11th Cir. 1984).
United States v. Halpin, 145 F.R.D. 447 (N.D. Ohio 1992).
United States v. Hilton Hotels Corp., 467 F.2d 1000, 1007 (9th Cir. 1972).
United States v. JPMorgan Chase & Co., No. 20-CR-175.
United States v. Potter, 463 F.3d 9, 25-26 (1st Cir. 2006).