公平電子交易協定及小額付費系統之研究｜國立中央大學博碩士論文系統

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研究生：	陳彥璋 Yen-Chang Chen
論文名稱：	公平電子交易協定及小額付費系統之研究 On the Research of Fair Exchange Protocols and Micropayment Schemes
指導教授：	顏嵩銘 Sung-Ming Yen
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	資訊電機學院 - 資訊工程學系 Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering
畢業學年度：	94
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	69
中文關鍵詞：	同步簽章、密碼學、條件簽章、電子付費、單向雜湊函數、單次密碼、小額付費、公平交易
外文關鍵詞：	Concurrent signature, Cryptography, One-way hash chain, One-time password, Micropayment, Electronic payment, Fair exchange, Conditional signature
相關次數：	點閱：8 下載：0
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隨著網際網路的日漸普及也帶動了電子商務的蓬勃發展，由於網際網路的便利性，越來越多的商業行為皆在其上方完成，但在網路的環境裡並沒有保證交易雙方之公平性，意即會有一方得到另一方的電子簽章，而另一方確沒得到相對應的電子簽章的情形發生，因此，如何設計一個機制來維持交易雙方的公平性是很重要的。
在早先的公平電子交易協定之研究中，為了達到公平性，必須假設交易雙方的設備擁有一樣或相近的計算能力，這樣的假設並不合理且不切實際；另一類的研究加入了可信任的第三者(Trusted Third Party)來維持公平，但一個合適第三者之角色可能無法找到。
「同時簽章系統(Concurrent Signature Scheme)」的概念是由Chen等人在2004年所提出，這個概念試圖達到公平電子交易協定的功能，但確不用依賴可信任的第三者以及交易雙方設備計算能力相同之假設。
在本論文中，我們提出一個架構於條件簽(Conditional Signature)的同時簽章系統，我們的方法比之前所有的同時簽章系統來得有效率，並且，除了匿名性之外，我們的方法擁有Nguyen之方法的所有特性。在本論文中，我們會說明匿名性對於同時簽章系統在應用上的影響是非常小的。
另一個重要之研究主題是「小額付費系統(Micropayment Scheme)」，其在電子商務中有著各式各樣的應用，如：存取付費網頁、線上訂購雜誌、線上資料庫查詢、網路付費彈跳式廣告、網路付費串流影音等。
在本論文中，我們提出一個新的可變動錢幣面額之小額付費系統，在我們提出的方法中，不但商家驗證一筆電子金錢合法性之計算量下降，而且顧客產生一筆電子金錢之計算量也減少很多。相較於固定錢幣面額之小額付費系統，可變動錢幣面額之付費方式較符合一般顧客之消費模式，也較符合大部分電子商務應用。

The popularity of the Internet promotes the growth of electronic commerce. More and more business transactions are accomplished over the network due to its convenience. The Internet provides the great convenient environment for the business deals, but it does not guarantee the fairness between the transactors. Therefore,
the research on the mechanism to ensure fairness between the transactors in the transaction is important.
Early work on solving the problem of fair exchange relies on the assumption that both transactors have the same or almost the same computing power, but this assumption is impractical. The other category of fair exchange protocols involves a trusted third party to ensure fairness, but an appropriate third party with such functions may not be available.
The concept of concurrent signature scheme was first introduced by Chen, Kudla, and Paterson. It is a scheme which attempts to provide functions closing to fair exchange without relying on a trusted third party and the assumption of the same computing power between two transactors.
We propose a new concurrent signature scheme which performs more efficient than all the previous concurrent signature schemes. The proposed scheme achieves all the properties except anonymity in Nguyen''s scheme and we will show that this property is in fact minor in most applications to achieve the purpose of a concurrent signature.
There is another important research topic, i.e., micropayment system. It is considered to have a variety of practical applications such as access to charged World Wide Web pages, on-line magazine subscription, on-line database query, Internet pop-up advertisement, multimedia in stream manner over Internet, and so on.
We propose a new micropayment scheme with varying denomination which extensively improves the computational performance of both the customer and the merchant. The varying denomination approach presses close to the usual spending habit of the customer and might be more reasonable for most micropayment applications.

Introduction                                                               1
1 Motivation of the Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Overview of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Preliminary                                                                5
1 Classification of Fair Exchange Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Concept of Concurrent Signature Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 Applications of Concurrent Signature Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4 The Requirements for Concurrent Signature Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5 Introduction to Two Signature Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1 Schnorr signature scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.2 Schnorr-like signature scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Review of Concurrent Signature Schemes                                     11
1 Concurrent Signature Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1 Generic definition of algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2 Protocol of concurrent signature scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3 A concrete concurrent signature scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 Remarks on concurrent signature scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2 Perfect Concurrent Signature Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Representation of signature of knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2 A concrete scheme from Schnorr signature scheme . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 Remarks on perfect concurrent signature scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3 Asymmetric Concurrent Signature Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.1 Promises of Schnorr and Schnorr-like signatures . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 Generic definition of algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3 Protocol of asymmetric concurrent signature scheme . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4 A concrete asymmetric concurrent signature scheme . . . . . . . . . . 21
Balanced Concurrent Signature Scheme                                       24
1 Conditional Signature Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.1 Review of conditional digital signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.2 Conditional signature scheme based on Schnorr signature . . . . . . . 27
2 Generic Definitions of Algorithms and Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.1 Algorithms of balanced concurrent signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2 Protocols of balanced concurrent signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3 Security Model of Balanced Concurrent Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1 Correctness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2 Unforgeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3 Fairness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4 Unlinkability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4 A Concrete Balanced Concurrent Signature Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5 Security and Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.1 Security analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.2 Performance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
PayStar: A Denomination Flexible Micropayment Scheme                       38
1 Related Work on Micropayment Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.1 Brief review of the PayWord scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.2 Micropayment based on unbalanced one-way binary tree . . . . . . . . . 41
1.3 Weighted one-way hash chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2 The Proposed Denomination Flexible Micropayment Scheme . . . . . . . . . 43
2.1 Varying denomination mintage scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.2 PayStar scheme with varying denomination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3 Performance Analysis of the Proposed Micropayment Scheme . . . . . . . . 47
3.1 Computational and storage cost analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2 Alternative merged one-way hash chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.3 Comparisons of performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4 Further Extension of the PayStar Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Conclusions                                                                54
1 Brief Review of Main Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2 Further Research Topics and Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Bibliography                                                                 57

                                

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