藉由實地了解學生的程式學習環境，我們發現學生不僅依賴電腦，同時也依賴著程式語言教科書。為了獲得整體的程式概念理解，學生花費在理解教科書的程式抽象概念與在電腦中觀察程式的動態執行過程。這樣的觀察結果促使我們設計一個具學習策略的互動式程式語言教科書並透過電子筆輔助來促進學生程式概念理解。因此，我們設計了互動式教科書的介面，並設計了幾個互動模式包括程式概念查詢、動態多媒體解說控制、以及程式執行過程逐步追蹤。因此，透過結合教科書、電子筆、與電腦的整合環境下，這些互動模式提供了立即且即時數位資訊存取，圖形化的程式執行畫面，以及學習策略支援。實驗結果顯示在電子筆的整合環境下可以減少學生的查詢時間且又不影響到學生目前的閱讀活動，透過圖形化程式執行畫面以及學習策略支援除了可以促使學生主動學習外，對於程式概念的理解也有正面的學習成效。

Through a field study computer science practices, we observed that students not only rely on the computer but also the programming textbook. To get overall comprehension, students organize their effort in understanding the abstract concept in the textbook and tracing the program execution constantly. The observations motivated us design an interactive textbook that integrates paper books with interactive multimedia supports for learning computer programming. Students could query on-line related programming concepts and understand how program works from browsing multiple perspectives of program execution. Experiment results show that our interaction techniques could decrease students’querying time and not influence their current reading activities through the integrated environment. It also shows that through program visulization and learning strategies support could activate the students and there is positive learning performance for students’programming concepts comprehension.

中文部分
[1] 王韋融，「基於提升程式理解為目標之電子筆結合紙本書與網路資訊之互動系統」，國立中央大學，碩士論文，民國95年。
[2] 林志鴻，「可提昇小組合作討論成效之計算機加值語音記錄簿」，國立中央大學，碩士論文，民國94年。
[3] 莊家豪，「利用電子筆整合紙本教科書與電腦來輔助學生註記與參考」，國立中央大學，碩士論文，民國95年。
英文部分
[4] Brooks, R.E., “Towards a theory of the comprehension of computer
programs. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies.”, 18, pp
543–554, 1983.
[5] Brown, M.H. and Raisamo, R., “JCAT: Colaborative active textbooks using Java.”, Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 29, pp 1577-1586, 1997.
[6] Bridgeman, S., Goodrich, M. T., Kobourov, S. G., and Tamassia, R.,“PILOT: An Interactive Tool for Learning and Grading.”, Proceedings of the SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, Austin, Texas, pp. 139-143, 2000.
[7] Chuang, C.H., Chao, P.Y., and Chen, G..D., “Integrated Textbook: Augmenting Paper Textbooks with Digital Learning Support using Digital Pens.”, Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 613-617, 2006.
[8] Eric Roberts., “An interactive tutorial system for Java.”, Proceedings of the 37th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education. Proceedings of the 35th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, Houston, TX, March, 2006.
[9] Gries, D. and Gries, P. ProgramLive. http://www.datadesk.com/ProgramLive
[10] Grillmeyer, O., “An interactive multimedia textbook for
introductory computer science.”, In Proc. 30th SIGCSE Technical
Symp. ACM Press, 286-290, 1999.
[11] Hansen, S., Schrimpsher, D. and Narayanan, N.H., “From algorithm
animations to animation-embedded hypermedia visualizations.”, In
Proc. ED-MEDIA’,AACE, 1032-1037., 1999.
[12] Henze, N. and Nejdl, W., “Extendible adaptive hypermedia courseware:
Integrating different courses and Web material.”, In Brusilovsky,
P., Stock, O., and Strapparava, C. (eds.), Adaptive Hypermedia and
Adaptive Web-Based Systems, LNCS 1892, Springer-Verlag, pp. 109-120,
2000.
[13] Hiltz, M. and Kögeler, S., “Teaching C++ on the WWW.”, In Proc.
ITiCSE’, ACM Press, pp. 11-13, 1997.
[14] Johnson, W., Jellinek, H., Klotz, L., Rae, R., & Card, S. “Bridging
thepaper and electronic worlds: The paper user interface.”,
Proceedings of INTERCHI ’pp. 507-512, 1993.
[15] Jehng, J. J. and Chan, T., “Design computer support for
collaborative visual learning in the domain of computer
programming.”, Computer in Human Behavior, pp. 429-448, 1998.
[16] Kann, C., Lindeman, R. W., and Heller, R., “Integrating Algorithm
Animation into a Learning Environment,” Computers and Education,
pp. 223-228, 1997.
[17] Korhonen, A., Malmi, L., M_ard, P., Salonen, H., and Silvasti, P., “Electronic course material on Data structures and Algorithms”,
Proceedings of the Second Annual Finnish / Baltic Sea Conference on
Computer Science Education, pp. 16-20, 2002.
[18] Ljungstrand, P., Redstrom, J., and Holmquist, L.E., “Webstickers:
using physical tokens to access, manage and share bookmarks to the
web.”, Proceedings of DARE 2000 (Designing Augmented Reality
Environments), Elsinore, Denmark, pp. 23-31, 2000.
[19] Minneman. S., Cohen, J., Gold, R., Harrison, S., and Back, M., “Listen Reader: An Electronically Augmented Paper-Based Book.”,
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems, Seattle, WA, USA, March 31-April 4, pp. 23-29, 2001.
[20] Mendes, A., Esteves, M., Gomes, A., Marcelino, M., Bravo, C. and
Redondo, M., “Using simulation and collaboration in CS1 and CS2.”,
In Proceedings of the The Tenth Annual Conference on Innovation and
Technology in Computer Science Education, Costa da Caparica,
Portugal, June, 2005.
[21] Martinez-Unanue, R., Paredes-Velasco, M., Pareja-Flores, C,
Urquiza-Fuentes, J. and Velazquez-Iturbide, J.A., “Electronic
Books for Programming Education: A Review and Future Prospects.”,
Conference Proceedings of the 7th Annual SIGCSE Conference on
Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, ACM Press,
pp. 34-38, 2002.
[22] Nelson, L., Ichimura, S., Ronby Pedersen, E., and Adams, L., “Palette: a paper interface for giving presentations.”,
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems, ACM Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. 354-361, 1999.
[23] PC NoteTaker. (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2006, from
http://www.pc-notetaker.com/.
[24] Pepper, J., “Following students’ suggestions for rewriting a
computer programming textbook.”, American Educational Research
Journal, 18 (3), pp 259–69, 1981.
[25] Pennington, N., “Stimulus structures and mental representations in
expert comprehension of computer programs.”, Cognitive Psychology,
19, pp 295–341, 1987.
[26] Robins, A., Rountree, J. & Rountree, N., “Learning and Teaching
Programming: A Review and Discussion,” Journal of Computer Science
Education, pp. 137-172, 2003.
[27] Scott R. Klemmer, Jamey Graham, Gregory J. Wolff and James A. Landay,
“Books with voices: Paper transcripts as a tangible interface to oral
histories,” Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors
in Computing Systems, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA, April 5-10, pp.
134-138, 2003.
[28] Sommaruga, L. et al.,“Curso interactivo de programación en
Pascal. ”, McGraw-Hill, 1997 (in Spanish).
[29] Stern, L., Sondergaard, H. and Naish, L., “A strategy for managing
content complexity in algorithm animation.”, In Proc. ITiCSE’, ACM
Press, pp. 127-130, 1999.
[30] Schwarz, E., Brusilovsky, P. and Weber, G., “World-wide intelligent
textbooks.”, In Proc. ED-TELECOM’, AACE, pp. 302-307, 1996.
[31] Stifelman, L., B. Arons, and C. Schmandt, “The Audio Notebook: Paper
and Pen Interaction with Structured Speech,” Proceedings of the
SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp.
182–189, 2001.
[32] Soloway, E., & Ehrlich, K., “Empirical studies of programming
knowledge.”, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-10, pp.
595–609, 1984.
[33] Sellen, A. J. and Harper, R. H., The Myth of the Paperless Office ,
The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2002.
[34] Tammy Rosenthal,“Introducing Recursion by Using Multimedia”,
Proceedings of the 10th annual SIGCSE conference on Innovation and
technology in computer science education, pp. 374-374, 2005.
[35] Wellner, P., “Interacting with paper on the DigitalDesk.”,
Communications of the ACM, 36(7), pp. 87–96, 1993.
[36] Wu, C.-C., Lin, M.-C., and Lin, K.-Y., “A content analysis of
programming examples in high school computer textbooks in Taiwan.”,
Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 18(3), pp.
225–244, 1999.