制度與經濟成長｜國立中央大學博碩士論文系統

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研究生：	康端嚴 Tuan-Yuen Kong
論文名稱：	制度與經濟成長 Three Essays on Institution and Economic Growth
指導教授：	朱雲鵬 Yun-Peng Chu
口試委員:
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	管理學院 - 產業經濟研究所 Graduate Institute of Industrial Economics
畢業學年度：	97
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	62
中文關鍵詞：	經濟成長、經濟自由、制度、政治民主
外文關鍵詞：	Institution, economic freedom, economic growth, political liberalization
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制度對經濟成長的影響近期備受關注。雖然大部分學者已體認到制度的重要性，但是對其與經濟成長的關係為何仍具有爭議，尤其研究民主制度的政治學者以及研究市場自由的經濟學者對此問題常常有不同的詮釋。本論文透過三篇文章，希望藉由兩個制度面相的結合-政治民主與經濟自由，了解制度與國家經濟成長的關係。
第一篇文章首先採用Freedom House 和Economic Freedom of the World 此二機構所調查的自由化總指標，檢驗由政治民主與經濟自由連接關係所形成的制度意涵對經濟成長的影響。此研究發現，當個別觀察政治民主或經濟自由對經濟成長的影響時，其結果與大部分文獻的研究成果相同，制度的自由化對經濟成長的影響是正面的。然而，當把兩者做一個連接則發現有趣的現象。從政治民主的角度出發，制度只有在經濟不自由的時候有效果，一旦經濟自由上升到另外一個層級，政治民主化提昇對經濟成長的效果已不顯著。相反的，從經濟自由的角度出發，不管是在哪個政治民主的層級，經濟自由提昇對經濟成長總是有正面的影響。同樣的結果也呈現在單獨觀察發展中國家的研究中。
第二篇文章採用同樣的研究方法與模型設定，但把焦點放在經濟自由總指標的組成成分（政府規模、財產權的保護、熱錢流通情況、經濟國際化程度以及商業行為的法律規範），希望更細緻的了解政治民主與經濟自由組成成分之連接關係對經濟成長的影響，檢視其是否與第一篇文章的結論有所不同。此研究發現研究結果一致，而且進一步證實政治民主與經濟成長是非線性關係，即當國家從經濟不自由提升到更高層級後，政治民主對經濟成長影響甚至是負面的。
第三篇文章則試圖檢驗一篇理論性文章，了解其對經濟開放、民主與經濟發展間關係之見解在實證是否能得到驗證。此理論性文章發現，不同的政治權力型態和貿易體制的轉變形成連結關係時，會影響政府支出進而經濟發展產生變化。簡單而言，該研究有兩個主要命題：第一、在專制統治下，政府支出會隨著經濟體越開放而減少。第二、在民主的社會中，經濟開放有助於經濟的發展。本文的實證結果只支持第二個命題。

The role of institutions in economic growth has recently begun to receive greater attention in academic circles. Although the impact of institutions has been acknowledged by most, definitive conclusions still remain a question. In the chapter 2, we use ordinary least squares estimation to consider the nexus between political liberalization and economic freedom. We could find conclusions for different aspects when controlling one or the other. In the chapter 3, we focus on the influence that the underlying components of economic freedom have on economic growth. We find that these two institutional variables are conditionally dependant on each other’s different levels, and have different impacts on economic growth. Besides, political liberalization has a non-linear relationship with economic growth. We investigate the relationship among openness, democracy, and economic development in chapter 4. The openness has an ambiguous impact on economic development and the empirical findings in the democracy-economic growth literature are also mixed, thus it causes this study difficult. A recent theoretical paper focuses on the relationship among these variables and provides some interestingly concluding remarks. The main purpose of this chapter is to use appropriate empirical approach to examine the theoretical perspective of the relationship among the openness democracy, and economic growth. In brief, we could not find the support for the first proposition that in an oligarchic (means non-democracy) society, public expenditure conducive to development is typically lower in an open than a closed economy.

Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Chapter 2: The impact of the political liberalization-economic freedom nexus on economic growth 3
I. Introduction 3
II. Methodology and data 5
III. Empirical results 8
IV. Sensitivity analysis 11
V. Conclusion 13
References 15
Chapter 3: The components of economic freedom, political liberalization and economic growth 25
I. Introduction 25
II. Methodology and data 29
III. Empirical analysis 33
IV. Implications and conclusions 37
References 39
Chapter 4: The openness, democracy and economic development 45
I. Introduction 45
II. Literature Review 46
III. Empirical model, methodology and data 49
IV. Empirical findings 53
V. Discussion and Conclusions 55
References 56
Chapter 5: Conclusions 62
List of Tables
Table 2.1: Definition and sources of the major variables 18
Table 2.2: The descriptive statistics (mean) of major variables	19
Table 2.3: Political liberalization, economic freedom and economic growth 20
Table 2.4: Political liberalization-economic freedom nexus and economic growth 21
Table 2.5: Sensitivity results:
Political liberalization, economic freedom and economic growth 22
Table 2.6: Sensitivity results:
Political liberalization-economic freedom nexus and economic growth 23
Appendix: Fixed effect model estimation results 24
Table 3.1: The descriptive statistics of the components of economic freedom 42
Table 3.2: The components of economic freedom and economic growth 43
Table 3.3: The components of economic freedom, political liberalization and economic growth 44
Table 4.1: Definition, instruments and sources of each variable	58
Table 4.2: Democracy, openness and government expenditure 60
Table 4.3: Democracy, openness, and economic growth 61

                                

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