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研究生: 詹佳維
Chia-Wei Chan
論文名稱: LTE下行鏈路發射機與接收機之FPGA實現
Design and Implementation of LTE Downlink transceiver with FPGA
指導教授: 陳逸民
Yih-Min Chen
口試委員:
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 資訊電機學院 - 通訊工程學系
Department of Communication Engineering
論文出版年: 2015
畢業學年度: 104
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 107
中文關鍵詞: 接收機發射機長期演進技術
外文關鍵詞: LTE, Downlink, OFDMA
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  • 在第四代通訊技術中長期演進技術(Long Term Evolution,LTE)占有十分重要的地位,並隨著LTE技術的日益成熟出現了改良版的LTE Advanced(LTE-A)。在LTE-A中以多重載波聚合技術、結合多天線MIMO技術,大幅的提升傳輸速度。LTE中的下行鏈路為正交分頻多重存取(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access,OFDMA)系統,此系統正是由正交分頻多工(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)演進而來,可使頻譜效益增加。本篇論文中對於LTE訊號的傳輸以軟體模擬進行探討並進一步以硬體方式實現。

    在硬體中以Verilog硬體描述語言設計並實現LTE下行鏈路的發射機與接收機,而平台上使用FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)板子實現。發射機訊號處理模組中設計了串列與並列轉換處理器、星座圖映射器、參考訊號與主同步訊號置入器、子載波擺放器、反快速傅利葉轉換器以及循環字首置入器。在接收機方面的模組包括了訊號同步器(包括符元時間、載波頻率)、快速複利葉轉換器、子訊框同步器、通道估測以及通道等化器。


    LTE(Long Term Evolution) plays an important role in the fourth generation of mobile phone and mobile communication technology. Moreover, LTE technologies is getting mature enough to develop LTE Advanced(LTE-A) technology. It speeds up transmission by using Carrier Aggregation and MIMO technology. On the downlink transmission, the LTE system uses OFDMA(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) technology, which is derived from OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). It can increase spectrum efficiency. In this thesis, we simulated LTE signal transmission with MATLAB software and tabulated the real transceiver with hardware technology.

    In hardware, we use verilog hardware description language to conduct design and implement LTE downlink transceiver. On platform, we use FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array) board. The transmitter includes parallel-to-serial processor, constellation mapper, reference signal and primary synchronization signal inserter, subcarrier placer, IFFT processor and cyclic prefix inserter. The receiver includes signal synchronizer(includes symbol and subcarrier frequency), FFT processor, subframe synchronizer, channel estimator and channel equalizer.

    中文摘要.............................................................................................................. i ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... ii 謝誌...................................................................................................................... iii 目錄...................................................................................................................... iv 圖目錄.................................................................................................................. vii 表目錄.................................................................................................................. xi 一、緒論.............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 研究動機與背景. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 章節簡介. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 二、長期演進技術下行鏈路系統簡介.............................................................. 3 2.1 正交分頻多工系統介紹. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1.1 正交分頻多工調變原理. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1.2 正交分頻多工調變數學模型. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1.3 保護區間(Guard Interval) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.4 正交分頻多重存取系統. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2 長期演進技術結構介紹. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.1 長期演進技術規格介紹. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.2 分頻與分時多工. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3 長期演進技術下行鏈路系統簡介. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.3.1 長期演進技術下行通道種類. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.3.2 長期演進技術下行訊號種類. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3.3 長期演進技術下行傳輸規格. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 三、長期演進技術下行鏈路之發射與接收...................................................... 19 3.1 星座圖映射. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.2 快速傅立葉轉換(Fast Fourier Transform) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.3 符元時序同步(Symbol Timing Synchrnization) . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.3.1 符元時序偏移討論. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.3.2 符元時序同步原理. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.4 載波頻率同步(Carrier Frequency Synchronization) . . . . . . . . 26 3.4.1 載波頻率誤差之影響. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.4.2 載波頻率同步原理. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.5 訊框同步(Frame Synchronization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.5.1 主同步訊號. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.5.2 訊框同步原理. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.6 通道估測(Channel Estimation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.6.1 直接決策通道估測. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.6.2 多項式模型化通道估測(Polynomial Model Based) . . . . . . . . 37 3.6.3 取樣後維持通道估測(Sample and Hold) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 四、長期演進技術下行鏈路發射機硬體實現.................................................. 40 4.1 FIFO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.2 星座圖映射器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.3 參考訊號與主同步訊號置入器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.4 子載波擺放器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.5 快速傅立葉轉換器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.5.1 FFT與IFFT 關係. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.5.2 蝶型運算器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.5.3 座標軸數位旋轉計算器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.5.4 旋轉因子產生單元. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.5.5 位元反轉排序. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.5.6 循環字首置入器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 五、長期演進技術下行鏈路接收機硬體實現.................................................. 58 5.1 符元時序同步器(Symbol Timing Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.1.1 延遲相關器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.1.2 峰值檢測器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5.1.3 符元同步器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.2 載波頻率同步器(Carrier Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.3 訊框同步器(Subframe Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.3.1 主同步訊號偵測器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.3.2 Zado -Chu序列相乘器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.3.3 主同步訊號交互相乘器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.3.4 主同步訊號峰值檢測器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.4 通道估測器(Channel Estimator)與等化器(Equalizer) . . . . . . . 70 5.4.1 參考訊號通道響應. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.4.2 線性內插器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.4.3 通道等化器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.4.4 硬式決策破零等化器. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.4.5 二次多項式模組. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.4.6 取樣後維持. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 六、硬體實現結果.............................................................................................. 82 6.1 發射機硬體實現. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 6.1.1 發射機電路合程報告書. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 6.1.2 發射機硬體實現結果. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 6.2 接收機硬體實現. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 6.2.1 載波頻率誤差. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 6.2.2 接收機電路合程報告書. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6.2.3 接收機硬體實現結果. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 七、結論.............................................................................................................. 90 參考文獻.............................................................................................................. 91

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