以摻雜氨基磺酸之PEDOT:PSS電洞傳遞層製備高效率反式錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池

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研究生：	時嘉志 Chia-Chih Shih
論文名稱：	以摻雜氨基磺酸之PEDOT:PSS電洞傳遞層製備高效率反式錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池 Improving the Performance of Inverted Tin Perovskite Solar Cells with Sulfamic acid-doped PEDOT:PSS HTLs
指導教授：	吳春桂 Chun-Guey Wu
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	理學院 - 化學學系 Department of Chemistry
論文出版年：	2021
畢業學年度：	109
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	165
中文關鍵詞：	錫鈣鈦礦、太陽能電池
相關次數：	點閱：14 下載：0
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錫鈣鈦礦(TPsk)太陽能電池是將鉛鈣鈦礦太陽能電池吸光層的中心金屬以錫取代，TPsk有較鉛鈣鈦礦更接近Shockley–Queisser limit (S–Q limit)中最佳光電轉換效率所需具備的吸光層能隙(1.3-1.4 eV)且在環境中形成毒性較低的SnO2，具未來性。大多數錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池(TPSC)的研究都著重在減少TPsk膜中Sn4+的量或調整吸光層能階來匹配電洞傳遞層(HTL)的能階進而提高TPSC的光電轉換效率及穩定性，本研究是以調整HTL能階的方式來提高HTL與吸光層之能階的匹配並同時改善沉積在HTL上之錫鈣鈦礦膜的品質來增加元件的效率。實驗將Sulfamic acid (SA)添加到PEDOT:PSS(aq) (PS)調整HTL的導電度及能階並沉積在PS膜上製備PS/SA@PS雙層HTL，以PS/SA@PS雙層膜作為HTL所組裝之元件的光電轉換效率可達10.49%且放置在手套箱中2016小時後光電轉換效率可維持原來的95%，比用PS單層膜作為HTL之元件的光電轉換效率(8.17%)高28%，PS單層膜作為HTL之元件的穩定性在相同測試條件下光電轉換效率也僅維持原來的63%。摻雜SA之PS膜的導電度約為PS膜的1.5倍、光穿透度在波長範圍380-700 nm比PS膜高且其work function(WF, -5.38 V)與TPsk膜之Valence band (-5.40)匹配性高。此外，沉積在含SA之HTL的TPsk膜中Sn2+/Sn4+比例(72/28)比沉積在PS膜上之TPsk膜的Sn2+/Sn4+比例(60/40)高，因SA中磺酸基團氧上的孤對電子會與SnI2及SnF2中之Sn2+產生交互作用製備出高品質的TPsk膜，使Sn2+不易氧化成Sn4+且減少SnF2在TPsk膜表面形成聚集，沉積在摻雜SA之PS膜上的錫鈣鈦礦膜比沉積在PS單層膜上的錫鈣鈦礦膜平坦且緻密且結晶度高。

Tin perovskite (TPsk) is a material used tin to replace lead in lead perovskite sola cell (PSC). TPsk with a band gap close to the ideal energy gap (~1.34 eV) in Shockley–Queisser limit (S–Q limit) and low toxic catches a great attention in solar cell community. Most research on tin perovskite solar cells (TPSC) focuses on reducing the amount of Sn4+ in the TPsk film or adjusting the energy level of the light-absorbing layer to match the energy level of the hole transporting layer (HTL) to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of TPSC In this study, the energy level of the PEDOT:PSS based HTL is adjusted to improve match of the energy level of light-absorbing layer, and improve the quality of the tin perovskite film deposited on the HTL to enhance the photovoltacic performance of the device. Sulfamic acid (SA) was added to PEDOT:PSS(aq) (PS) HTL to adjust the conductivity and energy level of SA@PS HTL. A layer of PS film was insert in-between ITO and SA@PS to prepare PS/SA@PS double-layer HTL. The PCE of the device based on PS/SA@PS HTL achieved the highest PCE of 10.49% and the PCE maintains 95% of the initial value when the cells was placed in the glove box for 2016 hours. On the other hand, the PCE of the device based on PS HTL (8.17 %) is 28% lower and its stability under the same test conditions maintains only 63% of the initial PCE. The conductivity of the PS film doped with SA is about 1.5 of that for the PS film and the light transmittance is slightly higher than the PS film in the wavelength range of 380-700 nm. The work function (WF, -5.38 V) of SA@PS has good match with the valence band (-5.40) of the TPsk film. In addition, the Sn2+/Sn4+ ratio (72/28) of the TPsk film deposited on SA@PS HTL is higher than that (60/40) of the TPsk film deposited on PS film, because of the lone pair of the oxygen in the sulfonic acid group will interact with Sn2+ in SnI2 and SnF2 to passivate TPsk film, making Sn2+ difficult to oxidize to Sn4+ and at the same time reducing the aggregation of SnF2 in the TPsk film. The tin perovskite film deposited on the PS/SA@PS film is flatter, denser and more crystalline than that deposited on PS HTL.

摘要    vii
Abstract    ix
Graphical Abstract    xi
目錄    xii
圖目錄    xix
表目錄    xxvi
附錄    xxxi
第一章、緒論    1
1-1、    前言    1
1-2、    錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池(Perovskite solar cell, PSC)    4
1-2-1.    錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的架構    4
1-2-2.    反式錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的工作原理    6
1-2-3.    錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的光電轉換效率    7
1-3、    錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的研究歷程    9
1-3-1.    第一個錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的研究    10
1-3-2.    第一個以全無機錫鈣鈦礦材料作為吸光層的錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池研究    12
1-3-3.    當今文獻中最高光電轉換效率的錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池元件    13
1-4、    製備錫鈣鈦礦膜的方法    15
1-4-1.    一步驟合成法製備錫鈣鈦礦膜    15
1-4-2.    一步驟反溶劑法製備錫鈣鈦礦膜    16
1-4-3.    兩步驟合成法製備錫鈣鈦礦膜    17
1-5、    增加錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池開路電壓的方法    18
1-5-1.    調整錫鈣鈦礦吸光材料陽離子的比例    18
1-5-2.    調整錫鈣鈦礦吸光材料陰陽離子的比例    20
1-5-3.    EDAI2與GAI應用於錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池    22
1-5-4.    經乙二胺後處理能提高錫鈣鈦礦膜的VB    24
1-6、    Sn4+對錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的影響與改善方法    25
1-6-1.    以SnF2作為添加劑填補錫鈣鈦礦膜中的Sn4+缺陷    26
1-6-2.    以錫粉還原FASnI3前驅溶液中的Sn4+離子    28
1-6-3.    磺酸基團上的孤對電子能與Sn2+鍵結形成抗氧化膜    29
1-6-4.    錫鈣鈦礦前驅溶液在酸性環境下能抑制Sn2+氧化成Sn4+    31
1-7、    以PEDOT:PSS膜作為TPSC之HTL的優缺點及改質方法    33
1-7-1.    PEG和PSS-形成氫鍵提高PEDOT:PSS膜的WF    34
1-7-2.    NH4+能和PSS-形成PSS- NH4+降低PEDOT:PSS膜的WF    35
1-7-3.    以HQ修飾吸光層與PEDOT:PSS膜的界面    37
1-7-4.    在PEDOT:PSS(aq)添加glycerol增加PEDOT:PSS膜的導電度及光穿透度以應用在錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池    39
1-7-5.    經兩性離子化合物後處理能提高PEDOT:PSS膜的導電度    42
1-8、    研究動機    44
第二章、實驗方法    45
2-1、    實驗藥品與儀器    45
2-1-1.    藥品    45
2-1-1.    儀器設備    46
2-2、    反式錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池組裝步驟    47
2-2-1.    藥品配製    47
2-2-2.    反式錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池元件的組裝    49
2-3、    儀器原理及樣品製備    53
2-3-1.    太陽光模擬器(Solar Simulator, Enlitech SS-F5)    53
2-3-2.    太陽能電池外部量子效率量測系統(Incident Photon to Current Conversion Efficiency (IPCE), QE-S3011)    55
2-3-3.    場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡(Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Nova nano SEM 230)    56
2-3-4.    傅立葉轉換紅外光光譜儀(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, Jasco 4100)    57
2-3-5.    X-ray繞射光譜儀(X-Ray Diffractometer, BRUKER D8 Discover )    58
2-3-6.    紫外光/可見光/近紅外光吸收光譜儀(Ultraviolet–visible-NIR  spectroscopy, HITACHI U-4100 )    59
2-3-7.    光致螢光光譜儀(Photoluminescence Spectrometer, Uni think UniRAM)    60
2-3-8.    XPS光電子能譜儀(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Thermo VG-Scientific / Sigma Probe)    61
2-3-9.    UPS紫外光電子能譜儀 (Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, Thermo VG-Scientific / Sigma Probe)    61
2-3-10.    接觸角量測儀(Contact angle, Grandhand Ctag01)    62
第三章、結果與討論    63
3-1、    篩選錫鈣鈦礦前驅溶液最佳製備條件    63
3-1-1.    以不同旋轉塗佈方式製備錫鈣鈦礦膜並組裝成元件的光伏表現    63
3-1-2.    篩選不同濃度FA0.98EDA0.01SnI3前驅溶液製備成膜並組裝成元件的光伏表現    65
3-1-3.    添加不同濃度SnF2至錫鈣鈦礦前驅溶液製備成膜並組裝成元件的光伏表現    69
3-1-4.    FA0.98EDA0.01SnI3前驅溶液以不同加熱方式製備成膜並組裝成元件的光伏表現    70
3-2、    篩選適合改善PEDOT:PSS膜品質的磺酸化合物    71
3-2-1.    添加不同磺酸化合物至PEDOT:PSS(aq)製備成膜作為電洞傳遞層並組裝成元件的光伏表現    72
3-2-2.    添加不同重量之SA至PEDOT:PSS(aq)製備成電洞傳遞層並組裝成元件的光伏表現    74
3-2-3.    將SA以不同方法沉積在PEDOT:PSS膜上作為電洞傳遞層並組裝成元件的光伏表現    76
3-2-4.    不同濃度SA(aq)沉積在PEDOT:PSS膜上作為電洞傳遞層並組裝成元件的光伏表現    78
3-2-5.    含不同SA濃度之SA@PS(aq)沉積在PEDOT:PSS膜上作為電洞傳遞層並組裝成元件的光伏表現    80
3-2-6.    以不同轉速製備SA@PS膜並沉積在PS膜上作為電洞傳遞層並組裝成元件的光伏表現    81
3-3、    分別以PEDOT:PSS、SA@PS、PS/SA及PS/SA@PS膜作為HTL所組裝之最高效率元件的IPCE    83
3-4、    分別以PEDOT:PSS、SA@PS、PS/SA及PS/SA@PS膜作為電洞傳遞層之最高效率元件的遲滯現象    84
3-5、    分別以PEDOT:PSS、SA@PS、PS/SA及PS/SA@PS膜作為HTL所組裝之最高效率元件的暗電流    86
3-6、    四種電洞傳遞層的光學性質及物理性質    88
3-6-1.    添加SA於PEDOT:PSS膜對其與錫鈣鈦礦前驅溶液之相容性的影響    88
3-6-2.    SA的添加對PEDOT:PSS膜導電度的影響    89
3-6-3.    PEDOT:PSS、SA@PS、PS/SA及PS/SA@PS膜的UV-Vis穿透光譜圖及對AM1.5G太陽能譜的光通量    91
3-6-4.    PEDOT:PSS、SA@PS、PS/SA及PS/SA@PS膜的XRD繞射圖    94
3-6-5.    PEDOT:PSS、SA@PS、PS/SA與PS/SA@PS膜與沉積在其上之錫鈣鈦礦膜的電洞遷移率    96
3-6-6.    PEDOT:PSS、SA@PS、PS/SA及PS/SA@PS膜的前置軌域能階    100
3-7、    沉積在不同電洞傳遞層之錫鈣鈦礦膜的光學性質、表面形貌及其他物理性質    102
3-7-1.    沉積在PEDOT:PSS、SA@PS、PS/SA及PS/SA@PS膜上之錫鈣鈦礦膜的UV-Vis吸收光譜圖    102
3-7-2.    沉積在不同電洞傳遞層之錫鈣鈦礦膜的前置軌域能階    103
3-7-3.    沉積在不同電洞傳遞層之錫鈣鈦礦膜的表面形貌    106
3-7-4.    SA、SA@SnI2及SA@SnF2的FTIR穿透光譜圖    109
3-7-5.    沉積在不同電洞傳遞層之錫鈣鈦礦膜的XPS縱深分析    110
3-7-6.    沉積在不同電洞傳遞層之錫鈣鈦礦膜的XPS圖    111
3-7-7.    沉積在不同電洞傳遞層之錫鈣鈦礦膜的結晶度    113
3-7-8.    沉積在不同電洞傳遞層之錫鈣鈦礦膜的PL及TRPL圖    115
3-8、    PEDOT:PSS、SA@PS、PS/SA及PS/SA@PS膜作為HTL所組裝之鈣鈦礦太陽能電池元件之長時間穩定性    117
3-9、    不同HTL之元件的玻璃面沉積NaF膜作為抗反射層的光伏表現    119
第四章、結論    121
參考文獻    123
附錄    130
附錄1.以不同電洞傳遞層所組裝之最高效率元件的穩態電流密度及光電轉換效率輸出    130
附錄2.以PS/SA@PS膜作為電洞傳遞層及6-Br@TPsk作為吸光層並組裝成元件的光伏表現    131
附錄3.不同電洞傳遞層所組裝之元件放置在手套箱各光伏參數隨時間的變化    132
附錄4.SA與PEDOT:PSS交互作用各原子間距的模擬計算結果    134


                                

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