史瓦濟蘭於回收農業及林業殘料用以開發生質能源潛力研究

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研究生：	祁慕尚 Musenge Chikopa
論文名稱：	史瓦濟蘭於回收農業及林業殘料用以開發生質能源潛力研究 Bioenergy Potential of Agriculture and Forest Residues in Swaziland
指導教授：	廖萬里 Wan-Li, Liao
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 國際永續發展碩士在職專班 International Environment Sustainable Development Program
論文出版年：	2016
畢業學年度：	104
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	116
中文關鍵詞：	農業殘料、林業殘料、理論能源潛力、永續能源潛力、殘料與產量比例
外文關鍵詞：	Forestry residue, Theoretical energy potential, Sustainable energy potential, Residue to product ration
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本研究評估於史瓦濟蘭將農業及林業之殘料回收，
用以開發生質能源的潛勢。史瓦濟蘭年產 4.408
公噸的農業與林業殘料，經由理論計算之能源潛力
是每年1015 焦耳 (60.67 petajoule/年，PJ/y)；
於永續能源潛力 (sustainable energy potential)
方面估計，這些殘料可提供 52.3 PJ/y的能源，其中，
農業殘料貢獻 89.73%，而以甘蔗渣所占比例最高，
林業殘料為 10.27%。然而，這些頗具生質能潛力的殘料，
目前尚未為史瓦濟蘭應用現代科技予以充分利用及開發
成能源。對於此類農業與木業殘料轉換成生質能源的影響
因素，於本研究進行了討論。

This study assessed the energy potential of agriculture
and forestry residue for the sustainable generation of
power. The key to the methodology applied was to estimate
crop and forestry residue harvesting for bioenergy while
maintaining soil productivity and catering for competing
residue uses. The theoretical energy potential of Swaziland estimated in this study was 60.7 petajoule per year (PJ/y) in the amount 4.408 megaton (Mt) of agricultural and forestry residues. In the estimation of sustainable energy potential, these examined residues could offer 52.3 PJ/y.The energy potential contribution of agricultural and forestry residue was 89.73% and 10.27%, respectively. Sugar cane is the most offer in energy potential of agricultural residue. However, these amount of residues currently not yet being utilized to develop maximum energy potential with modern technology in this nation. A discussion is made in this study on the factors influencing the potential conversion routes.

﻿摘要........................................................................................................................................ i      
Abstract ................................................................................................................................. ii      
Acknowledgements............................................................................................................... iii      
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. iv      
List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... vii      
List of Tables......................................................................................................................... ix      
Nomenclature ......................................................................................................................... x      
Chapter 1     Introduction........................................................................................................ 1      
1.1     Agriculture and Forestry Residues......................................................................... 1      
1.2     Background on the Area of Study: Swaziland ....................................................... 2      
1.2.1     Agriculture, Forestry and the Economy............................................................. 3      
1.2.2     Agriculture and Forestry Production in Swaziland............................................ 5      
1.2.3     Current Energy Situation.................................................................................. 10      
1.3     Motivation............................................................................................................ 17      
1.4     Scope of Study ..................................................................................................... 19      
1.5     Limitations ........................................................................................................... 19      
Chapter 2     Methodology .................................................................................................... 20      
2.1     Boundaries ........................................................................................................... 20      
2.2     Data Collection..................................................................................................... 21      
2.3     Working Procedure............................................................................................... 21      
2.3.1     Theoretical Energy Potential............................................................................ 24      
2.3.2     Sustainable Energy Potential............................................................................ 26      
2.3.3     Conversion Technology.................................................................................... 29      
Chapter 3 Literature Review............................................................................................. 31
3.1 Current Scenario of Global Bioenergy................................................................. 31
3.2 Types of Biomass Residue ................................................................................... 33
3.3 Current Estimates for Swaziland in Literature..................................................... 34
3.3.1 Comparative Overview of Biomass Potentials from Similar Studies.............. 36
3.4 General Review of Factors Affecting Biomass Potential..................................... 40
3.4.1 Working Procedures......................................................................................... 40
3.4.2 Residue to Product Ratio (RPR) ...................................................................... 43
3.4.3 Residue Availability ......................................................................................... 46
3.4.4 Biomass Composition (McKendry 2002, Jenkins, Baxter and Miles, (1998) . 49
3.4.5 Biomass Measurable Characteristics (McKendry 2002, Jenkins, Baxter And
Miles, (1998))............................................................................................................... 50
3.4.6 Conversion Technologies for Power Generation ............................................. 58
3.4.7 Costs of Biomass Power .................................................................................. 75
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion..................................................................................... 81
4.1 Results.................................................................................................................. 81
4.1.1 Agriculture residue potential............................................................................ 81
4.1.2 Forestry Residue Potential ............................................................................... 82
4.1.3 Theoretical Potential ........................................................................................ 83
4.1.4 Sustainable Potential........................................................................................ 84
4.1.5 Conversion Technology.................................................................................... 85
4.2 Discussion ............................................................................................................ 86
4.2.1 Residue to Product Ratio (RPR) ...................................................................... 86
4.2.2 Residue Availability ......................................................................................... 87
4.2.3 Plant Characteristics......................................................................................... 87
vi
4.2.4 Conversion Technology.................................................................................... 87
Chapter 5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 89
Chapter 6 Recommendations............................................................................................ 91
Reference.............................................................................................................................. 93
Appendix A .......................................................................................................................... 98
Appendix B ........................................................................................................................ 100
Appendix C ........................................................................................................................ 101
                                

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