The feasibility of “Autoscaling Es-layer” is studied and the result is presented in this thesis. The character of this study is using fuzzy segmentation and connectedness algorithm for scaling ionograms. In this thesis the ionograms were obtained with Utah State University Dynasonde (41.9°N, 111.4°W) at Bear Lake in America.
In this study, we try to build a procedure of detecting meteors by ionogram autoscaling based on fuzzy technologies. The ionogram data collected by Dynasonde cited at Bear Lake, Utah, USA are employed in our experiment.
After autoscaling analysis, we can find out the ionograms with meteor events. With futher analysis of ionosphere parameters, it shows well results corresponded to the echo theory. Thus, we drew a conclusion that autoscaling system can reduce humen involvement. It also proved that Fuzzy Theory can provide well in development of autoscaling technology.
Furthermore, it is helpful for studying of the affection of Es-layer to radio communication and the research of the ionosphere.

[01] Tsai, L.-C., F. T. Berkey, and G. S. Stiles, Derivation and error analysis of echo phase parameters for the dynasonde, Radio Sci., p557-566, 1997.
[02] 鄭惇仁, 應用模糊集合理論於自動化電離圖判讀之研究, 國立中央大學, p4-6, p8-9, p31-32, 1999.
[03] Lodge, O., Mr. Marconi’s results in day and night wireless telegraphy, Nature, 66, 222, 1902.
[04] Breit, G. and M. A. Tuve, A radio method of estimating the height of the conducting layer, Nature, 116, 357, 1925.
[05] Appleton, E. V., and M. A. F. Barnett, Local reflection of wireless waves from these upper atmosphere, Nature, 115, 333, 1925.
[06] Watson-Watt, R. A., Weather and wireless, Q. J. Royal Meteor. Soc. 55, 273, 1929.
[07] Davies, K., Ionospheric Radio, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London, United Kingdom, 1990.
[08] Grubb, R. N., The NOAA SEL HF radar system (ionospheric sounder), Natl. Ocean. Atmos. Admin. Tech. Memo. ERL-SEL 55, Boulder Colorado, 1979.
[09] Wright, J. W., Development of system for remote sensing of ionospheric structure and dynamics: functional characteristics and applications of the “Dynasonde”, NOAA/SEL Preprint 206, NOAA/SEL, Boulder, CO,1975
[10] Wright, J. W. and M. L. V. Pitteway, Real-time data acquisition and interpretation capabilities of the dynasonde, 1, Data acquisition and real-time display, Radio Science, 14, 815, 1979a.
[11] Wright, J. W. and M. L. V. Pitteway, Real-time data acquisition and interpretation capabilities of the dynasonde, 1, Determination of magnetoionic mode and echolocation using a small spaced receiving array, Radio Science, 14, 827, 1979b.
[12] Wright, J. W. and M. L. V. Pitteway, Data processing for the dynasonde, the dopplionogram, Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, 1589, 1982.
[13] Paul, A. K., A simplified inversion procedure for calculating electron density profiles from ionograms for use with minicomputers, Radio Science, 12, 119, 1977.
[14] Berkey, F. T. and M. C. Rose, FAIS operating manual, British Antarctic Survey and Utah State University, 1993.
[15] Pitteway, M. L. and J. W. Wright, Toward an optimum receiving array and pulse-set for the dynasonde, Radio Science, 27, 481-490, 1992.
[16] Tsai, L. C., F. T. Berkey, and G. S. Stiles, Derivation and error analysis of echo phase parameters for dynasonde, Radio Science, 32, 557-566, 1997.
[17] Kenneth Davies, Ionospheric Radio, Peter Peregrinus Ltd, London, p1, p70-73, p89-121, p96, p159, p172, 1990.
[18] M. C. Kelley, The Earth’s ionosphere, Academic Press, p5, 1989.
[19] Piggot, W. R., and K. Rawer, U.R.S.I. Handbook of ionogram interpretation and reduction, Second edition, World Data Center A for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, p1-26, 1978.
[20] E. J. Opik, Physics of Meteor Flight in the Atmosphere, Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, N. Y., p18, 1958.
[21] F. G. Watson, Between the Planets, Harvard University
Press,Cambridge, Mass., revised ed., 1956.
[22] P. B. Gallagher and V. R. Eshleman, Sporadic shower properties of very small meteors, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 65, p1846-1847, June, 1960
[23] G. S. Hawkins, A radio survey of sporadic meteor radiants, Monthly Notices Roy.. Astron. Soc., vol. 116, p 92-104, November, 1956.
[24] G. S. Hawkins, Variations in the occurrence rate of meteors, Astron.J., vol. 61, p386-391; November, 1956.
[25] United States Armed Forces, Handbook of Geophysics, The Macmillan Company, New York, N. Y., revised ed., 1960.
[26] V. R. Eshleman, The theoretical length distribution of ionized meteor trails, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., vol. 10, p57-72, February, 1957.
[27] L. A. Manning, The initial radius of meteoric ionization trails, J.Geophys. Res., vol. 63, p181-196, March, 1958.
[28] T. R. Kaiser, Radio echo studies of meteor ionization, Advan. Phys., vol. 2, p495-544, October, 1953.
[29] A. C. B. Lovell and J. A. Clegg, Characteristics of Radio Echoes from Meteor Trails: The Intensity of the Radio Reflections and Electron Density in the Trails, Proc. Phys. Soc., vol. Ap-3, p32-39, May, 1948.
[30] C. O. Hines and P. A. Forsyth, The forward scattering of radio waves from overdense meteor trails, Canad. J. Phys., vol. 35, p1033-1041, September, 1957.
[31] D. W. R. Mckinley, Meteor velocities determined by radio observations, Astrophys. J., vol. 113, p225-267, March, 1951.
[32] L.-C.Tsai and F.T.Berkey, Ionogram autoscaling using fuzzy segmentation and connectedness techniques, Radio Science, Volume 35, Number 5, p1173-1186, September-October, 2000.
[33] 盧奎伯, 運用模糊幾何理論對於Es層作自動分類及分析, 碩士論文,國立中央大學, 2000。
[34] 陳敏哲, 利用中壢特高頻雷達對中緯度電離層E層不規則體漂移運動之研究, 碩士論文, 1999。
[35] 張勝忠, 利用中壢特高頻雷達對流星現象進行觀測與應用, 碩士論文, 國立中央大學, 2000。
[36] 龔瑞鳴, 利用中壢VHF雷達進行流星尾觀測系統及方法之建立, 博士論文, 國立中央大學, 1998。
[37] 李建志, 利用數位電離層探測儀與高頻雷達共同觀測電離層, 博士論文, 國立中央大學, 2000。