用於主動式黑白與彩色微膠囊電泳顯示裝置之控制器設計

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研究生：	呂啟銘 Chi-Ming Lu
論文名稱：	用於主動式黑白與彩色微膠囊電泳顯示裝置之控制器設計 A Controller Design for Mono and Color Micro-Capsule Active Matrix Electrophoretic Displays
指導教授：	魏慶隆 Chin-Long Wey
口試委員:
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	資訊電機學院 - 電機工程學系 Department of Electrical Engineering
畢業學年度：	100
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	101
中文關鍵詞：	驅動波形、電子書、主動式電泳顯示裝置
外文關鍵詞：	driving waveform, E-books, active matrix electrophoretic display
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主動式電泳顯示裝置目前已廣泛應用於手持式閱讀器，舉例來說可作為電子書方面的應用。此研究提出用於主動式微膠囊電泳顯示裝置之控制器設計，並可支援不同規格的驅動波形應用。此研究也提出在影像顯示時所需的驅動方法，此方法能提供快速的畫面更新速度與有效解決殘影問題以達到高品質的影像顯示。
另一方面，彩色化的主動式電泳顯示裝置是目前未來的趨勢主流。此研究提出正規化RGB彩色濾光片的設計方法，此方法提供15.66%的反射率、10.8的對比值與5.01%的NTSC的彩色顯示品質。另外為驗證控制器模組設計的有效性，將控制器連接並點亮六吋主動式黑白與彩色電泳式顯示面板，然而在顯示畫面效果上提供了良好的影像顯示品質。

The active matrix electrophoretic display (AMEPD) has been commonly used for the applications of smart handheld reading devices such as E-books and E-news. This study presents a controller design for micro-capsule AMEPDs. It can support different driving waveforms for various application specifications. It also presents a driving method for image display. The method provides fast speed performance for image display and also effectively eliminates the image residue for achieving high image quality.
On the other hand, the color AMEPD is the inevitable trend in the future. This study presents a normalized RGB color filter (CF) design which achieves 15.66% full white reflectance, 10.80 contrast ratio, and 5.01% of NTSC color gamut. The prototyped controller has connected to 6” mono and color AMEPD panels, where an excellent display quality has demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed controller design.

Table of Contents
Chinese Abstract………………………………………………………….	i
English Abstract…………………………………………………………..	ii
Acknowledgements……………………………………………….	iii
Table of Contents………………………………………………………....	iv
List of Figures…………………………………………………………….	vi
List of Tables…………………………………………………………...	viii
Chapter 1	Introduction………………………………………..	1
1.1	Display Technology………………………………….	1
1.2	Research Motivation…………………………………	5
1.3	Literature Review………………………………….	7
1.4	Research Contributions……………………………	9
1.5	Dissertation Outline……………………………….	9
Chapter 2	Electrophoretic Display Background…………...	10
2.1	Electrophoretic Display Technology…………...	10
2.2	Display Principle…………………………………..	12
2.3	Gray-Level Determination………………………...	13
2.4	Driving Waveform…………………………………...	17
2.5	Response Time Measurement………………………..	18
2.6	Display Time and Lookup Table Size…………….	20
2.7	Color Electrophoretic Display ………………...	22
2.8	Color Filter and Conversion Algorithm……...	25
Chapter 3	Driving Waveforms………………………………….	30
3.1	Driving Method Introduction…………………...	30
3.2	Generation of Driving Waveform…………………	33
3.3	Proposed Driving Method for High Image Quality.	37
3.4      	Proposed Color Filter and Conversion Algorithm	39
Chapter 4	Display Controller…………………………………	43
4.1	Time Setting of Source and Gate Drivers………	43
4.2	Hardware Block Diagram……………………………	50
4.3	Controller Module Diagram……………………….	58
Chapter 5	Experimental Results……………………………...	60
5.1	Mono AMEPD Display…………………………………	60
5.2	Color AMEPD Display…………………………………	66
5.3	Further Quality Improvement……………………..	71
Chapter 6	Conclusions and Future Research Works…………	74
6.1	Conclusions…………………………………………..	74
6.2	Future Research Works………………………………	75
References	……………………………………………..	80
Appendix A	NTSC Color Gamut Standard…………..	84
Appendix B	CIE 1976 Standard……………………...	85
Appendix C	ITU-R BT.601 Standard………………...	86
Appendix D	∆Vp Effect of Panels……………………	87
VITA	………………………………………………………..	88
List of Publications……………………………………………………..	89
List of Figures
Figure 1.1	Tree felling, energy consumed, and waste in process of paper manufacturing…………………………	2
Figure 1.2	Power consumption between EPDs and LCDs……………	5
Figure 1.3	Application ranges of EPD technology…………………………	6
Figure 1.4	Market forecast of EPD technology…………………………….	7
Figure 2.1	Micro-capsule electrophoretic display technology……………..	10
Figure 2.2	Micro-cup electrophoretic display technology…………………	11
Figure 2.3	Commercial micro-capsule AMEPD and its backend system board……………………………………………………………
11
Figure 2.4	An electrophoretic suspension including black and white particles…………………………………………………………
14
Figure 2.5	Determination of gray levels in micro-capsule EPD…………...	16
Figure 2.6	Driving waveforms for micro-capsule EPD…………. …. ……	18
Figure 2.7	Response time for state change…………………………………	19
Figure 2.8	Driving waveform……………………………………………....	21
Figure 2.9	CF structure……………………………………………………..	23
Figure 2.10	Crosstalk Effect…………………………………………………	24
Figure 2.11	6” color AMEPD panel with RGBW CF……………………….	26
Figure 2.12	Color Addition with Vector Representation……………………	27
Figure 2.13	2D Color Gamut of RGBW Display……………………………	28
Figure 3.1	Micro-capsule TFT-EPD structure……………………………..	30
Figure 3.2	Driving method for micro-capsule EPD………………………..	32
Figure 3.3	Gray level definition……………………………………………	35
Figure 3.4	Modified driving method……………………………………….	38
Figure 3.5	Color micro-capsule EPDs with normalized RGB CF…………	39
Figure 3.6	Proposed normalized RGB CF………………………………….	40
Figure 3.7	Coding process in color AMEPD panel………………………...	41
Figure 3.8	Color AMEPD gray level definition……………………………	42
Figure 4.1	Data format of source driver……………………………………	44
Figure 4.2	Connection example of two source drivers……………………..	44
Figure 4.3	Cascade timing chart of two source drivers…………………….	45
Figure 4.4	Connection example of gate driver……………………………..	46
Figure 4.5	Timing chart of gate driver……………………………………..	46
Figure 4.6	Measure SPV signals…………………………………………...	47
Figure 4.7	Measure CLKV signal numbers for a frame time………………	47
Figure 4.8	Measure STL, LE, STV, and CLKV signal changes for a frame scanning………………………………………………………...
48
Figure 4.9	Measure CL signal numbers for a gate line time……………….	49
Figure 4.10	Measure Data and CL signals…………………………………..	49
Figure 4.11	Power circuitry………………………………………………….	50
Figure 4.12	Power sequence for voltages of source and gate drivers……….	51
Figure 4.13	Power sequence for state change……………………………….	52
Figure 4.14	Structure of control switches…………………………………...	53
Figure 4.15	T3(min) = 1000 μs, T2&T4 (min) = 0 μs………………………	53
Figure 4.16	T5 (min) = 0 μs, T6 (min) = 0 μs, T7 (min) = 0 μs……………..	54
Figure 4.17	Relation between data and power sequence…………………….	54
Figure 4.18	AMEPD controller……………………………………………...	56
Figure 4.19	Control unit function block……………………………………..	57
Figure 4.20	Hardware architecture of proposed controller………………….	58
Figure 4.21	Display controller module………………………………………	59
Figure 5.1	Residual images………………………………………………...	61
Figure 5.2	Modified sequence driving waveform……………………….....	62
Figure 5.3	Displayed images……………………………………………….	63
Figure 5.4	Experimental results………………………………………….....	64
Figure 5.5	6” AMEPD panel with micro-capsule structure………………..	65
Figure 5.6	Features and specifications of 6” mono AMEPD panel…………………………………………………………….
65
Figure 5.7	6” color AMEPD panel and color pixels…………………….....	66
Figure 5.8	Features and specifications of 6” color AMEPD panel…………………………………………………………….
66
Figure 5.9	Reflectance factor of various colors……………………………	67
Figure 5.10	Measurement results…………………………………………....	69
Figure 5.11	CF with 10%, 30%, 50%, and 100% CF area ratio……………..	70
Figure 5.12	Measurements of full white reflectance, contrast ratio and
NTSC color gamut for various CF area ratios………………….
71
Figure 5.13	△Vp effect of panel…………………………………………….	72
Figure 5.14	Driving waveform with modified voltages of source ICs………	73
Figure 6.1	AMEPD display controller system……………………………..	76
Figure 6.2	6” mono AMEPD panel with single-chip driver………………..	76
Figure 6.3	Features and specifications of 6” mono AMEPD panel with single-chip driver…………………………………………….....
77
List of Tables
Table 1.1	Related bi-stable display technology vendors…………………..	4
Table 1.2	Related bi-stable display technology comparison………………	4
Table 1.3	Advantages of EPD technology………………………………...	5
Table 1.4	Main applications of EPD technology……………………….....	6
Table 3.1	Lookup table for driving waveform…………………………….	37
Table 4.1	Source driver pin description…………………………………...	44
Table 4.2	Truth table of data input………………………………………...	44
Table 4.3	Gate driver pin description……………………………………...	45
Table 4.4	Time setting of voltages of source and gate drivers……………	51
Table 5.1	Measurement results…………………………………………....	70
Table 6.1	Conventional V.S. Proposed Color EPD Display………………	75

                                

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