添加硝酸鋅之PEDOT:PSS膜作為高效率反式錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池電洞傳遞層

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研究生：	陳哲緯 Jhe-Wei Chen
論文名稱：	添加硝酸鋅之PEDOT:PSS膜作為高效率反式錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池電洞傳遞層
指導教授：	吳春桂 Chun-Guey Wu 江建宏 Chien-Hung Chiang
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	理學院 - 化學學系 Department of Chemistry
論文出版年：	2022
畢業學年度：	110
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	143
中文關鍵詞：	錫鈣鈦礦、太陽能電池
外文關鍵詞：	tin perovskite, solar cell
相關次數：	點閱：15 下載：0
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錫鈣鈦礦(Tin Perovskite，簡稱TPsk)具有較鉛鈣鈦礦毒性低、載子遷移率高的特性，且錫鈣鈦礦能隙接近 Shockley-Queisser limit 所需具備的吸光層能隙(~ 1.34 eV ) ，因此錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池之研究受科學家重視。反式錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池(Tin Perovskite solar cells，簡稱TPSCs)最常使用的電洞傳遞層(HTL)為PEDOT:PSS，然而PEDOT:PSS膜的work function (-5.15 eV) 與FA0.98EDA0.01SnI3的valence band (-5.84 eV)能階差大，且PEDOT:PSS膜的電洞遷移率僅大約10-4 cm2V-1s-1，仍有改善的空間。本研究嘗試在PEDOT:PSS 中加入硝酸鋅(Zn(NO3)2)作為電洞傳遞層，Zn2+會與PSS-有交互作用，使導電的 PEDOT 鏈與不導電的 PSS 鏈分離並舒張 PEDOT 鏈，增加 PEDOT:PSS 膜的電洞遷移率，有摻雜Zn(NO3)2之PEDOT:PSS膜電洞遷移率由1.710-4 cm2V-1s-1增加至2.8*10-4 cm2V-1s-1 ，使組裝之元件的 Jsc 值可由 22.99 mA/cm2 提升至 25.92 mA/cm2。且摻雜Zn(NO3)2降低PEDOT:PSS膜之work function，使HTL與錫鈣鈦礦層能階差變小，組裝之元件的Voc值由0.55 V增加至0.58 V。以摻雜硝酸鋅之PEDOT:PSS膜作為電洞傳遞層所組裝之元件的光電轉換效率可達 10.60%；而以 PEDOT:PSS 膜作為電洞傳遞層之元件的光電轉換效率僅有8.66%。另外，放置在手套箱中不照光的條件下2200小時後，摻雜硝酸鋅之PEDOT:PSS膜作為電洞傳遞層所組裝之元件的光電轉換效率仍可維持原來的94%，而以 PEDOT:PSS 膜作為電洞傳遞層之元件在相同測試條件下，光電轉換效率僅維持原來的88%。

Tin Perovskite (TPsk) has the characteristics of lower toxicity, higher carrier mobility and ideal band gap which is close to of the light-absorbing layer required by the Shockley-Queisser limit (~ 1.34 eV). These are some reasons that tin perovskite solar cells have attracted the scientists' attention. The most commonly used hole transport layer (HTL) for Tin Perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) is PEDOT:PSS. However, there is a mismatch energy level between the work function of PEDOT:PSS film (-5.15 eV) and the valence band of TPsk (FA0.98EDA0.01SnI3 (-5.84 eV) used in this study), and the hole mobility of PEDOT:PSS film is only about 10-4 cm2V-1s-1, having a space to improve. In this study, we tried to add zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2) into PEDOT:PSS to be a HTL for TPSCs. Zn2+ can interact with the SO3- on PSS, thus separate the more conducting PEDOT chains from the less conducting PSS chains and relax the PEDOT chain simultaneously to increase the hole mobility of the PEDOT:PSS film. The hole mobility of the PEDOT:PSS film doped with Zn(NO3)2 is 2.8×10-4 cm2V-1s-1 (higher than that (1.7×10-4 cm2V-1s-1) of non-doped PEDOT:PSS), and the Jsc value of the corresponding TPSCs is 25.92 mA/cm2 which is also larger than that (22.99 mA/cm2) of the cell based on non-doped PEDOT:PSS HTL. In addition, doping PEDOT:PSS with Zn(NO3)2 reduces the work function of the PEDOT:PSS to match better the valence band of TPsk absorber. As a result, the Voc (0.58 V) of the TPSCs used doped HTL also increases (0.55 V for TPSC based undoped PEDOT:PSS HTL). The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the devices based on Zn(NO3)2@PS as HTL achieved the highest value of 10.60%, while the PCE of the device based on PEDOT:PSS HTL is only 8.66%. Cell based on Zn(NO3)2@PS HTL can maintain 94% of the initial PCE when the devices were placed in the glove box in dark without packing for 2200 hours, while the PCE of the device based on PEDOT:PSS HTL losts 12% of its initial PCE under the same test condition.

摘要    VI
ABSTRACT    VIII
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT    X
誌謝    XI
目錄    XII
圖目錄    XIX
表目錄    XXV
附錄    XXIX
第一章    緒論    1
1-1、    前言    1
1-2、    錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池(Perovskite solar cell, PSC)    4
1-2-1.    錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的架構    4
1-2-2.    反式錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的工作原理    6
1-3、    錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的研究歷程    7
1-3-1.    第一個錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的研究    7
1-3-2.    第一個以全無機錫鈣鈦礦材料作為吸光層的錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池研究    8
1-3-3.    最高光電轉換效率的錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池元件    9
1-4、    製備錫鈣鈦礦膜的方法    11
1-4-1.    一步驟合成法製備錫鈣鈦礦膜    12
1-4-2.    一步驟反溶劑法製備錫鈣鈦礦膜    12
1-4-3.    兩步驟合成法製備錫鈣鈦礦膜    13
1-5、    以PEDOT:PSS膜作為TPSC之電洞傳遞層的優缺點及改質方式    14
1-5-1.    錫鈣鈦礦前驅溶液在酸性環境下能抑制Sn2+ 氧化成Sn4+    14
1-5-2.    以PEDOT:PSS膜作為TPSC之電洞傳遞層的優缺點    15
1-5-3.    PSS分布於PEDOT:PSS膜表面    16
1-5-4.    在PEDOT:PSS添加H2PtCl6增加PEDOT:PSS膜的導電度    17
1-5-5.    在PEDOT:PSS添加NaCl增加PEDOT:PSS膜的導電度並使其與鉛鈣鈦礦的前置軌域能階更匹配    19
1-5-6.    添加PEG至PEDOT:PSS膜中可調整PEDOT:PSS 膜的 Valence band    21
1-5-7.    添加Ammonia至PEDOT:PSS中形成NH4+PSS-可降低PEDOT:PSS膜的Valence band    22
1-5-8.    在PEDOT:PSS添加醋酸鋅增加PEDOT:PSS膜的導電度    24
1-5-9.    檸檬酸基團之-COO-與-OH與鈣鈦礦形成鍵結並鈍化鈣鈦礦層    26
1-5-10.    摻雜硝酸之PEDOT:PSS膜有高導電度    27
1-5-11.    統整PEDOT:PSS膜的改質    29
1-6、    研究動機    31
第二章    實驗方法    32
2-1、    實驗藥品與儀器    32
2-1-1.    藥品    32
2-1-2.    儀器設備    34
2-2、    反式錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池組裝步驟    34
2-2-1.    藥品配製    34
2-2-2.    反式錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池元件的組裝    35
2-3、    儀器原理及樣品製備    39
2-3-1.    太陽光模擬器(Solar Simulator, Enlitech SS-F5)    39
2-3-2.    太陽能電池外部量子效率量測系統(Incident Photon to Current Conversion Efficiency (IPCE), QE-S3011)    42
2-3-3.    接觸角量測儀(Contact angle, Grandhand Ctag01)    43
2-3-4.    紫外光/可見光/近紅外光吸收光譜儀(Ultraviolet–visible-NIR  spectroscopy, HITACHI U-4100 )    44
2-3-5.    X-ray光電子能譜儀(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), Thermo VG-Scientific / Sigma Probe)    45
2-3-6.    紫外光電子能譜儀 (Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy(UPS), Thermo VG-Scientific / Sigma Probe)    46
2-3-7.    場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡(Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope(FE-SEM), Nova nano SEM 230)    47
2-3-8.    X-ray繞射光譜儀(X-Ray Diffractometer(XRD), BRUKER D8 Discover )    48
2-3-9.    光致螢光光譜儀(Photoluminescence Spectrometer, Uni think UniRAM)    49
2-3-10.    傅立葉轉換紅外光光譜儀(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR), Jasco 4100)    51
第三章    結果與討論    53
3-1、    篩選錫鈣鈦礦前驅溶液最佳製備條件    53
3-1-1.    以不同轉速製備錫鈣鈦礦膜並組裝成元件的光伏表現    53
3-1-2.    篩選不同濃度FA0.98EDA0.01SnI3前驅溶液及SnI2與(FAI+EDAI2)的莫耳比製膜    54
3-1-3.    不同溫度及加熱時間製備錫鈣鈦礦膜    57
3-2、    不同鹽類添加劑對PEDOT:PSS 膜性質的改變    58
3-2-1.    添加不同鋅鹽類至PEDOT:PSS(aq)製備成膜作為電洞傳遞層並組裝成元件的光伏表現    58
3-2-2.    添加不同硝酸鹽類至PEDOT:PSS(aq) 製備成膜作為電洞傳遞層並組裝成元件的光伏表現    60
3-2-3.    添加不同濃度Zn(CH3COO)2、AgNO3及Zn(NO3)2至PEDOT:PSS(aq)製備成電洞傳遞膜並組裝成元件的光伏表現    62
3-3、    以PEDOT:PSS、Zn(NO3)2@PS膜作為HTL所組裝之最高效率元件的遲滯現象及IPCE    66
3-4、    以PEDOT:PSS、Zn(NO3)2@PS膜作為HTL所組裝之元件的暗電流    69
3-5、    PEDOT:PSS與Zn(NO3)2@PS膜的性質    70
3-5-1.    PEDOT:PSS及Zn(NO3)2@PS膜的XPS能譜圖    70
3-5-2.    Zn(NO3)2@PEDOT:PSS膜與錫鈣鈦礦前驅溶液之相容性的影響    73
3-5-3.    PEDOT:PSS、Zn(NO3)2@PS膜與在其上沉積錫鈣鈦礦膜的電洞遷移率    74
3-5-4.    PEDOT:PSS與Zn(NO3)2@PS膜的導電度    79
3-5-5.    PEDOT:PSS與Zn(NO3)2@PS膜的UV-Vis穿透光譜及對AM1.5G太陽能譜的光通量    82
3-5-6.    PEDOT:PSS及Zn(NO3)2@PS膜的前置軌域能階    84
3-5-7.    PEDOT:PSS及Zn(NO3)2@PS膜的表面形貌    85
3-5-8.    PEDOT:PSS、Zn(NO3)2@PS及Zn(NO3)2膜的XRD圖    86
3-6、    在PEDOT:PSS、Zn(NO3)2@PS膜上沉積之錫鈣鈦礦膜的表面形貌、光學性質    88
3-6-1.    在PEDOT:PSS或Zn(NO3)2@PS膜上沉積之錫鈣鈦礦膜的表面形貌    88
3-6-2.    沉積在PEDOT:PSS或Zn(NO3)2@PS膜上之錫鈣鈦礦膜的結晶度    89
3-6-3.    沉積在PEDOT:PSS或Zn(NO3)2@PS膜上之錫鈣鈦礦膜的UV-vis吸收光譜    91
3-6-4.    沉積在PEDOT:PSS或Zn(NO3)2@PS膜上之錫鈣鈦礦膜的前置軌域能階    92
3-6-5.    沉積在PEDOT:PSS或Zn(NO3)2@PS膜上之錫鈣鈦礦膜的PL及TRPL圖    94
3-6-6.    沉積在PEDOT:PSS或Zn(NO3)2@PS膜上之錫鈣鈦礦膜的XPS能譜圖    95
3-7、    Zn(NO3)2、Zn(NO3)2@SnI2及Zn(NO3)2@SnF2的FTIR穿透光譜圖    97
3-8、    PEDOT:PSS、Zn(NO3)2@PS膜作為HTL所組裝之錫鈣鈦礦太陽能電池元件的長時間穩定性    98
第四章    結論    100
參考文獻    102
附錄    108
附錄1.    以PEDOT:PSS、Zn(NO3)2@PS膜作為HTL所組裝之最高效率元件的穩態電流密度及光電轉換效率輸出    108
附錄2.    添加不同鋅鹽類至PEDOT:PSS(aq) 製備成膜作為電洞傳遞層並組裝成元件的光伏表現    109
附錄3.    以硝酸對Zn(NO3)2@PS膜做後處理所組裝之元件的光伏表現    110
附錄4.    以PEDOT:PSS、Zn(NO3)2@PS膜作為HTL所組裝之元件的玻璃面沉積NaF膜作為抗反射層的光伏表現    112


                                

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