隨著化石能源的枯竭與環保意思的抬頭，綠色能源逐漸被人們重視，而綠色能源以太陽能最受到矚目。在太陽能電池之中，近幾年來以鈣鈦礦薄膜太陽能電池發展最為迅速，而鈣鈦礦薄膜太陽能電池以膜層堆疊的方式製作，我們將對主動層與電子傳遞層間的介面進行研究，以提升鈣鈦礦薄膜太陽能電池的效率及穩定性。
本論文研究之鈣鈦礦薄膜太陽能電池架構為：Ag/PCBM:MC60/perovskite/PEDOT:PSS/ITO/glass。以不同比例的PCBM與MC60混合作為電子傳遞層(electron transport layer, ETL)，藉由MC60的親水性提高電子傳遞層對主動層的覆蓋性，研究其對主動層(perovskite)介面的影響，以提升鈣鈦礦薄膜太陽能電池之功率轉換效率，架構中的Ag為電池的陰極、ITO(氧化銦錫)為電池的陽極，並以poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)作為元件的電洞傳遞層(hole transport layer, HTL)。以此架構以一步驟溶液工程所製作的鈣鈦礦薄膜太陽能電池其最高功率轉換效率達到13.2% ，對應之開路電壓：0.974V、短路電流密度：20.57 mA/cm2與填充因子：69.1%

Due to the worldwide decrease in fossil fuels as well as the rising awareness in environmental protection, green energy is becoming more and more important. Among all green energy solutions, photovoltaic solar cells and their potential to make a positive impact is highly anticipated. In recent years, organo-metal halide perovskite solar cells have been developed at an incredibly fast rate.
Perovskite solar cells are fabricated using the layer by layer method while each layer bringing a different feature to the solar cell. In order to achieve an understanding of how to make these highly power conversion efficient, the following will discuss the structure and features found at the electron transport layer (ETL)/perovskite interface. In this thesis, the structure of the perovskite solar cells is Ag/ETL/CH3NH3PbI3/PEDOT:PSS/ITO/glass. The ETL was made by mixing PC61BM and MC60 in different ratios. A PEDOT:PSS(1:20 wt%) thin film was used as the hole transport layer. The CH3NH3PbI3 thin film was used as the light absorbing layer. In our perovskite solar cells, the best power conversion efficiency is 13.2%. The open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density and fill factor are 0.974 V, 20.57 mA/cm2 and 69.1%, respectively.

[1] Distributed Generation Renewable Energy Estimate of Costs, NREL, (2016). (http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/tech_lcoe_re_cost_est.html)
[2] L. L. Kazmerski, “Best Research-Cell Efficiencies,”NERL, March(2016).(https://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/images/efficiency-chart.png)
[3] A. Kojima, K. Teshima, Y. Shirai, and T. Miyasaka, “Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131, 6050-6051, (2009).
[4] Yang, Woon Seok, et al. “High-performance photovoltaic perovskite layers fabricated through intramolecular exchange,” Science,348.6240, 1234-1237,(2015).
[5] 有機太陽能電池技術發展, 黃建榮
[6] R. Komiya, A. Fukui, N. Murofushi, N. Koide, R. Yamanaka, and H. Katayama, “Improvement of the conversion efficiency of a monolithic type dyesensitized solar cell module,” in Technical Digest of the 21st International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference, 2C-5O-08, Fukuoka, Japan, (2011).
[7] G. F. L. M.W. Davidson, “Photomicrography in the geological sciences,” Journal of Geological Education, 39,403-422,(1991).
[8] A. Kojima, K. Teshima, T. Miyasaka and Y. Shirai, “Novel photoeletrochemical cell with mesoscopic electrodes sensitized by lead-halide compound (2),” 210th ECS Meeting, Cancun, Mexico, Abstr. No. 397, October(2006).
[9] G. Xing, N. Mathews, S. Sun, S. S. Lim, Y. M. Lam, M. Grätzel, S. Mhaisalkar, and T. C. Sum, “Long-range balanced electron-and hole-transport lengths in organic-inorganic CH3NH3PbI3,”Science,342, 344-347, (2013).
[10] K. Tanaka, T. Takahashi, T. Ban, T. Kondo, K. Uchida, and N. Miura, “Comparative study on the excitons in lead-halide-based perovskite-type crystals CH3NH3PbBr3CH3NH3Pb3,” Solid State Communications,127, 619-623, (2003).
[11] A. Kojima, K. Teshima, Y. Shirai, and T. Miyasaka, “Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells,”Journal of the American Chemical Society,131,6050-6051, (2009).
[12] J.-H. Im, C.-R. Lee, J.-W. Lee, S.-W. Park, and N.-G. Park, “6.5% efficient perovskite quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell, ”Nanoscale,3, 4088-4093,( 2011).
[13] H.-S. Kim, C.-R. Lee, J.-H. Im, K.-B. Lee, T. Moehl, A. Marchioro, S.-J. Moon, R. Humphry-Baker, J.-H. Yum, and J. E. Moser, “Lead iodide perovskite sensitized all-solid-state submicron thin film mesoscopic solar cell with efficiency exceeding 9%,” Scientific Reports,2,( 2012).
[14] J. M. Ball, M. M. Lee, A. Hey, and H. J. Snaith, “Low-temperature prOCessed meso-superstructured to thin-film perovskite solar cells,”Energy & Environmental Science, 6, 1739-1743,( 2013).
[15] J. H. Noh, S. H. Im, J. H. Heo, T. N. Mandal, and S. I. Seok, “Chemical management for colorful, efficient, and stable inorganic–organic hybrid nanostructured solar cells,” Nano Letters,13, 1764-1769, (2013).
[16] J. Burschka, N. Pellet, S.-J. Moon, R. Humphry-Baker, P. Gao, M. K. Nazeeruddin, and M. Grätzel, “Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells,”Nature, 499, 316-319, (2013).
[17] H. Zhou, Q. Chen, G. Li, S. Luo, T.-b. Song, H.-S. Duan, Z. Hong, J. You, Y. Liu, and Y. Yang, “Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells,”Science, 345, 542-546, (2014).
[18] J.-H. Im, I.-H. Jang, N. Pellet, M. Grätzel, and N.-G. Park, “Growth of CH3NH3PbI3 cuboids with controlled size for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells,”Nature Nanotechnology, 9, 927-932, (2014).
[19] M. Saliba, T. Matsui, J.-Y. Seo, K. Domanski, J.-P. Correa-Baena, M. K. Nazeeruddin, S. M. Zakeeruddin, W. Tress, A. Abate, A. Hagfeldt, and M. Gratzel, “Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency,” Energy & Environmental science, 9, 1989-1997,( 2016).
[20] H.S. Kim, S.H. Im, N.G. Park, “Organolead Halide Perovskite: New
Horizons in Solar Cell Research,” J. Phys. Chem. C, 118 , 5615-
5625, (2014).
[21] H.-S. Kim, S. H. Im, and N.-G. Park, “Organolead halide perovskite: New horizons in solar cell research,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 118, 5615-5625,( 2014).
[22] N. J. Jeon, J. H. Noh, Y. C. Kim, W. S. Yang, S. Ryu, and S. I. Seok, "Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells," Nature materials, 13, 897-903,（2014）.
[23] J.-H. Im, C.-R. Lee, J.-W. Lee, S.-W. Park, N.-G. Park, “6.5% efficient perovskite quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell,” Nanoscale, 4088-4093, March ( 2011).
[24] F. Huang, Y. Dkhissi, W. Huang, M. Xiao, I. Benesperi, S. Rubanov, Y. Zhu, X. Lin, L. Jiang, and Y. Zhou, “Gas-assisted preparation of lead iodide perovskite films consisting of a monolayer of single crystalline grains for high efficiency planar solar cells, ” Nano Energy, 10, 10-18, (2014).
[25] W.-J. Yin, T. Shi, and Y. Yan, “Unusual defect physics in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell absorber,” Applied Physics Letters, 104, 063903, (2014).
[26] J. M. Frost, K. T. Butler, F. Brivio, C. H. Hendon, M. Van schilfgaarde, and A. Walsh, “Atomistic origins of high-performance in hybrid halide perovskite solar cells,” Nano Letters,14, 2584-2590, (2014).
[27] Chang, S. H., Lin, K. F., Chiu, K. Y., Tsai, C. L., Cheng, H. M., Yeh, S. C., ... & Wu, C. G. ,“Improving the efficiency of CH 3NH3PbI 3 based photovoltaics by tuning the work function of the PEDOT: PSS hole transport layer, ” Solar Energy, 122, 892-899(2015).
[28] C.-C. Chen, Sheng Hsiung Chang*, L.-C. Chen, C.-L. Tsai, H.-M. Cheng, W.-C. Huang, W.-N. Chen, Y.-C. Lu, Z.-L. Tseng, K. Y. Chiu, S.-H. Chen, and C.-G. Wu, “Interplay between nucleation and crystal growth during the formation of CH3NH3PbI3 thin films and their application in solar cells,” Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells,159, 583-598, January (2017)
[29] Shao, Yuchuan, et al. “Origin and elimination of photocurrent hysteresis by fullerene passivation in CH3NH3PbI3 planar heterojunction solar cells.” Nature Communications (2014).
[30] C.-L. Tien, H.-G. Zeng, “Measuring residual stress of anisotropic thin film by fast Fourier transform,” Opt. Express 18, 16594–16600, (2010).
[31] Jo, Jang, et al. "Time‐Dependent Morphology Evolution by Annealing Processes on Polymer: Fullerene Blend Solar Cells." Advanced Functional Materials 19.6, 866-874, (2009).