利用巡迴式中繼結點在耐延遲網路下進行路由。

Delay-tolerant networks (DTNs) represent mobile wireless networks that are generally characterized by no end-to-end paths from a source to a destination; examples of such networks include military networks, sensor networks, wildlife tracking networks, and vehicular ad hoc networks. In such sparse networks, nodes must carry messages until they contact with appropriate nodes before forwarding the messages. This process is denoted as a store-carry-and-forward routing scheme.

Although routing algorithms in DTNs are being increasingly designed, the network performance associated with such algorithms is still limited because of node mobility limitations. Therefore, a message ferry scheme was proposed for improving network performance. A ferry is a specific node that provides controllable movement and nonrandomized contact opportunities in DTNs. In conventional ferry-assisted DTNs, a ferry typically moves repeatedly along a predefined route comprising several hotspots. However, if the network environment changes (specifically, if such hotspots no longer exist), such a movement type may fail because ferry movement or ferry route definitely influences the network performance.

This paper proposes a geographic ferry movement (GFM) scheme involving determining hotspots and designing ferry movement patterns. The GFM scheme entails using node contact history to determine hotspots dynamically. Moreover, we formulated hotspot travel scheduling problem as a Hamiltonian path problem and used classical solution in graph theory to design a route. We used the branch-and-bound algorithm and the nearest neighbor algorithm to determine a trade-off between the length of a hotspot tour and network performance.

Finally, we observed the difference in the performance of three routing protocols according to four mobility patterns before and after 1–10 ferries joined the networks. The results revealed that the GFM scheme can be used to effectively determine hotspots and that ferries can clearly improve network performance considerably.

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sabir2013,
author = {E.Sabir and A.Kobbane and M.Koulali and M.Erradi},
title = {Design of an annular ring Ferry-assisted topology for Wireless Sensor
Networks},
booktitle = {in Proceedings of 2013 6th Joint IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking
Conference (WMNC)},
year = {2013},
pages = {1-5},
month = {April},
doi = {10.1109/WMNC.2013.6548984},
keywords = {mobile radio;telecommunication network topology;wireless sensor networks;FWSN;annular
ring ferry-assisted topology;ferry-assisted wireless sensor network;ferry-to-ferry
forwarding schema;mathematical framework;message ferries;mobile sensor
node;queuing theory;sparse wireless sensor network;static sensors;weighted
fair queuing;Ad hoc networks;Base stations;Mobile communication;Sensors;Stability
analysis;Throughput;Wireless sensor networks;Ad hoc network;Cross-layer
architecture;Ferry;Performance Evaluation;Sensor}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Y2012,
author = {F.asmeen and N.Huda and S.Yamada and C.Borcea},
title = {Ferry access points and sticky transfers: Improving communication
in ferry-assisted DTNs},
booktitle = {in Proceedings of 2012 IEEE International Symposium on a World of
Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM)},
year = {2012},
pages = {1-7},
month = {June},
doi = {10.1109/WoWMoM.2012.6263746},
keywords = {delay tolerant networks;mobility management (mobile radio);FAP;MF;adequate
message transfers;delay-and disruption-tolerant networks;dense networks;ferry
access points;ferry-assisted DTN;message ferries;nonrandom encounter;optimal
performance;sticky transfers;Delay;Mobile communication;Mobile computing;Relays;Routing
protocols;Vectors;delay-tolerant networks;ferry access points;message
ferries;performance evaluation;sticky transfer protocol}
}

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Mobile Networks},
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volume = {17},
pages = {1564-1577},
number = {5},
month = {Oct},
doi = {10.1109/TNET.2008.2011128},
issn = {1063-6692},
keywords = {ad hoc networks;mobility management (mobile radio);hitting time;meeting
time;mobile ad hoc networks;mobility trace;time-variant community
mobility model;user mobility;wireless mobile networks;Mobility modeling;mobility
trace-based model;spatial and temporal correlation in mobility}
}

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author = {Aril Ker\"{a}nen and J\"{o}rg Ott and Teemu K\"{a}rkk\"{a}inen},
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booktitle = {In proceedings of the 2Nd International Conference on Simulation
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pages = {55:1--55:10},
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publisher = {ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications
Engineering)},
acmid = {1537683},
articleno = {55},
isbn = {978-963-9799-45-5},
keywords = {delay-tolerant networking, routing, simulations},
location = {Rome, Italy},
numpages = {10}
}

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and Song Chong},
title = {SLAW: A New Mobility Model for Human Walks},
booktitle = {in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2009},
year = {2009},
pages = {855-863},
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doi = {10.1109/INFCOM.2009.5061995},
issn = {0743-166X},
keywords = {mobile radio;radio networks;routing protocols;statistical distributions;SLAW
human walk mobility model;heavy-tail flight;mobile device;mobile
network routing protocol;performance evaluation;power-law distribution;self-similar
least action walk;social context;statistical pattern;Anthropometry;Communications
Society;Delay;Disruption tolerant networking;Fractals;Global Positioning
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acmid = {961272},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
doi = {10.1145/961268.961272},
issn = {1559-1662},
issue_date = {July 2003},
numpages = {2},
publisher = {ACM},
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author = {Pearre, B. and Brown, T.X.},
title = {Energy conservation in sensor network data ferrying: A reinforcement
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booktitle = {in Proceedings of 2012 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)},
year = {2012},
pages = {79-85},
month = {Dec},
doi = {10.1109/GLOCOM.2012.6503094},
issn = {1930-529X},
keywords = {energy conservation;learning (artificial intelligence);radio links;wireless
sensor networks;communication dynamics;complex vehicle;data ferrying
aircraft;energy conservation;energy conserving radio transmission
policy;energy policy learning;energy resource;ferry aircraft;ground
based sensors;hand coded heuristics;metalevel reinforcement learner;network
lifetime;reinforcement learning;reinforcement metalearning;sensor
network data ferrying;trajectory;unmanned aircraft;widespread stationary
data source;wireless link}
}

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month = feb,
acmid = {1373459},
address = {Piscataway, NJ, USA},
doi = {10.1109/TNET.2007.897964},
issn = {1063-6692},
issue_date = {February 2008},
keywords = {Ad hoc networks, delay tolerant networks, intermittent connectivity,
routing},
numpages = {14},
publisher = {IEEE Press},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2007.897964}
}

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author = {Thrasyvoulos Spyropoulos and Konstantinos Psounis and Cauligi S.
Raghavendra},
title = {Efficient Routing in Intermittently Connected Mobile Networks: The
Single-copy Case},
journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
year = {2008},
volume = {16},
pages = {63--76},
number = {1},
month = feb,
acmid = {1373458},
address = {Piscataway, NJ, USA},
doi = {10.1109/TNET.2007.897962},
issn = {1063-6692},
issue_date = {February 2008},
keywords = {Ad hoc networks, delay tolerant networks, intermittent connectivity,
routing},
numpages = {14},
publisher = {IEEE Press},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2007.897962}
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author = {Vahdat, Amin and Becker, David},
title = {Epidemic Routing for Partially Connected Ad Hoc Networks},
year = {2000},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/HungTsung/Google 雲端硬碟/hung-tsung/other/Epidemic routing for partially connected ad hoc.pdf:pdf},
owner = {TatoLin},
publisher = {Duke University},
timestamp = {2015.06.25}
}

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pages = {1407-1418 vol. 2},
month = {March},
doi = {10.1109/INFCOM.2005.1498365},
issn = {0743-166X},
keywords = {data communication;delays;minimisation;mobility management (mobile
radio);telecommunication network routing;telecommunication traffic;tolerance
analysis;delay-tolerant network;end-to-end path;ferry routes design;message
ferrying scheme;minimization;mobility control;multiple data transportation;network
interaction;resource requirement;traffic demand;Communication system
control;Computer networks;Delay;Educational institutions;Intelligent
networks;Legged locomotion;Mobile communication;Mobile robots;Robustness;Telecommunication
traffic}
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booktitle = {in Proceedings of 2014 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communication
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pages = {1-6},
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keywords = {delay tolerant networks;greedy algorithms;military communication;mobile
ad hoc networks;optimisation;routing protocols;FA-GPSR;MANET environment;delay-tolerant
network research;ferry-assisted greedy perimeter stateless routing
protocol;free open space scenario;greedy perimeter stateless routing;mobile
ad hoc networks;modern warfare combatants;operational commanders;operational
planners;routing algorithms;vanilla GPSR;Ad hoc networks;Delays;Routing;Routing
protocols}
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throwbox-assisted delay tolerant networks;long DTN routing delay;mobile
devices;opportunistic communications;packet delivery;real-life wireless
tracing dataset;social based throwbox placement algorithms;social
properties;Delays;Mobile communication;Mobile computing;Poles and
towers;Routing;Wireless communication}
}

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and E.Zegura},
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and Sensor Systems (MASS)},
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@INPROCEEDINGS{Zhao2003,
author = {Wenrui Zhao and M.H.Ammar},
title = {Message ferrying: proactive routing in highly-partitioned wireless
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