鋼筋混凝土結構物中所使用之水泥屬高耗能產物，在能源及資源日益貧乏的今天，尋求具有良好性質之替代性材料將是未來工程界不可避免的發展趨勢，本文就電弧爐煉鋼所產生之爐石-還原碴，運用添加鹼活化劑之方法提昇其性質做一探討。矽酸鈉、碳酸鈉、氫氧化鈉及磷酸鈉等為一般常用於提昇灰碴性質之活化劑，因其具有高pH值的特性而被稱為鹼活化劑；根據以往研究指出經鹼活化劑激發其活性之灰碴具有較佳抗壓強度、耐久性及抗化學侵蝕之能力，但因鹼活化劑快速的激發效果常有其負面之影響，如速凝、乾縮量大的缺點。
本文除對碳酸鈉、氫氧化鈉及磷酸鈉進行試驗外，特別針對矽酸鈉添加於還原碴之提昇效果進行探討；試驗結果顯示，在水膠比為0.5之純還原碴漿體，其抗壓強度有隨矽酸鈉添加濃度增加而增加的趨勢；而在收縮量與速凝行為之表現上亦隨濃度增加而有愈形明顯之趨勢。另外，在抑制收縮的試驗中，以添加石膏與提昇養治溫度兩種方式所得之抑制效果最好；而在以添加輸氣劑作為抑制收縮之方法中，其效果雖不及前兩者，但在抑制收縮之成效上卻有隨劑量增加而持續提昇之穩定特性。無論何種抑制收縮之方法，對抗壓強度均有其負面之影響，而對凝結時間而言皆具緩凝之效果。

The cement used in the construction of reinforced concrete is the highly consumable production. It is impossible in future to avoid the trend that in engineering. People look for the good qualitative aggregate, which can replace the first one. This paper is discussing about the usage of refining slag of steel-making of arc furnace, and of alkali activator. As usual, the sodium silicate, sodium carbonate, sodium phosphate and sodium hydroxide are named both “Activator” and “Alkali-Activator” after its pH. The long-chapter researches report that the slag, which is aroused by alkali activator, is capable of compressive strength, durability and resistance to chemical attack; however, the influence aroused by alkali activator is also prone to the defect of rapid setting, a plenty of drying shrinkage.
Except the experiment with sodium silicates, sodium hydroxides and sodium phosphates, this paper especially researches the influence of refining slag, whereby the sodium silicates put. After the experiment, we found that the pure refining slag with o.5 w/b, whose compressive strength must be added, is following the dosage of the sodium silicate; the behavior of drying shrinkage and rapid setting must be evident, are also following the dosage of the sodium silicate. In addition, the most effective method were adding gypsum and raising temperature in the experiment of the restraining shrinkage; the effect which adding air-entraining isn’t as well as the methods of adding gypsum and raising temperature, but it possesses better stability and the property which shrinkage must be reduced, is following the dosage of medicament. All of methods about restraining shrinkage in this paper are not beneficial to the compressive strength and the effect of the rapid setting is light.

1. A. Palomo﹐M. W. Grutzeck and M. T. Blanco﹐〝Alkali-activated fly ashes﹐
a cement for the future﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 29(8)﹐1323-1329﹐1999.
2. A. Fernandez-Jimenez﹐J. G. Palomo﹐F. Puertas﹐〝Alkali-activated slag
mortars: Mechanical streghth behavior﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research
29(8)﹐1313-1321﹐1999.
3. L. Yongde﹐Sun Yao﹐〝Preliminary study on combined-alkali-slag paste
materials﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 30(6)﹐963-966﹐2000.
4. T. Bakharev﹐J. G. Sanjayan﹐Y. -B. Cheng﹐〝Effect of elevated temperature curing on properties of alkali-activated slag concrete﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 29(10)﹐1619-1625﹐1999.
5. C. Shi﹐〝Strength﹐pore structure and permeability of alkali-activated slag mortars﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 26(12)﹐1789-1799﹐1996.
6. A. Katz﹐〝Microscopic study of alkali-activated fly ash﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 28(2)﹐197-208﹐1998.
7. C. Shi﹐P. Xie﹐〝Interface between cement paste and quartz sand in alkali-activated slag mortars﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 28(6)﹐887-896﹐1998.
8. W. J. McCarter﹐T. M. Chrisp﹐ G. Starrs﹐〝The early hydration of alkali-activated slag: developments in monitoring techniques﹐〞Cement ＆ Concrete Composites 21﹐277-283﹐1999.
9. A. Fernandez-Jimenez﹐ F. Puertas ﹐〝Alkali-activated slag cements: Kinetic studies﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 27(3)﹐359-368﹐1997.
10. F. Collins﹐J. G. Sanjayan﹐〝Cracking tendency of alkali-activated slag concrete subjected to restrained shrinkage﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 30﹐791-798(5)﹐2000.
11. S. –D. Wang and K. L. Scrivener﹐〝Hydration products of alkaIi activated slag cement﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 25(3)﹐561-571﹐1995.
12. C. Shi﹐R. L. Day﹐〝A calorimetric study of early hydration of alkali-slag cement﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 25(6)﹐1333-1346﹐1995.
13. C. Shi﹐R. L. Day﹐〝Some factors affecting early hydration of alkali-slag cement﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 26(3)﹐439-447﹐1996.
14. T. Bakharev﹐J. G. Sanjayan ﹐Y. -B. Cheng﹐〝Alkali activation of Australian slag cement﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 29(1)﹐113-120﹐1999.
15. F. G. Collins﹐J. G. Sanjayan﹐〝Workability and mechanical properties of
alkali activated slag concrete﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 29(3)﹐455-458﹐1999.
16. S. -D. Wang﹐K. L. Scrivener and P. L. Pratt﹐〝Factors affecting the strength of alkali-activated slag﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 24(6)﹐1033-1043﹐1994.
17. C. Shi and Y. Li﹐〝Investigation on some factors affecting the characteristics of alkali-phosphorus slag cement﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 19(4)﹐527-533﹐1989.
18. F. Puertas﹐S. Martinez-Ramirez﹐S. Alonso﹐T. Vazquez﹐〝Alkali-activated fly ash/slag cement :Strength behaviour and hydration products﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 30(10)﹐1625-1632﹐2000.
19. D. Li﹐Y. Chen﹐J. Shen﹐J. Su﹐X. Wu﹐〝The influence of alkalinity on activation and microstructure of fly ash﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 30(6)﹐881-886﹐2000.
20. F. Collins﹐J. G. Sanjayan﹐〝Early age strength and workability of slag pastes activated by NaOH and Na2CO3﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 28 (5)﹐655-664﹐1998.
21. S. Alonso﹐A. Palomo﹐〝Alkaline activation of metakaolin and calcium hydroxide mixtures:influence of temperature﹐activator concentration and solid ratio﹐〞Materials Letters 47﹐55-62﹐2001.
22. E. Douglas﹐J. Brandstetr﹐〝A preliminary study on the alkali activation of ground granulated blast-furnace slag﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 20(5)﹐746-756﹐1990.
23. E. Douglas ﹐A. Bilodeau﹐ J. Brandstetr﹐V. M. Malhotra﹐〝Alkali activated
ground granulated blast-furnace slag concrete :preliminary investigation﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 21 (1)﹐101-108﹐1991.
24. F. G. Collins﹐J. G. Sanjayan﹐〝Strength and shrinkage properties of alkali-activated slag concrete containing porous coarse aggregate﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 29(4)﹐607-610﹐1999.
25. M. Rrgourd﹐J. H. Thomassin﹐P. Baillif﹐J. C. Touray﹐〝Blast-furnace slag
hydration surface analysis﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 13(5)﹐549-556﹐1983.
26. F. Collins﹐J. G. Sanjayan﹐〝Microcracking and strength development of alkali activated slag concrete﹐〞Cement ＆ Concrete Composites 23﹐345-352﹐2001.
27. W. Aquino﹐D. A. Lange﹐J. Olek﹐〝The influence of metakaolin and silica
fume on the chemistry of alkali-silica reaction products﹐〞Cement ＆ Concrete Composites 23﹐485-493﹐2001.
28. J. C. Kim﹐S. Y. Hong﹐〝Liquid concentration changes during slag cement
hydration by alkali activation﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 31(2)﹐283-285﹐2001.
29. D. M. Roy﹐〝Alkali-activation cements-Opportunities and challenges﹐〞
Cement and Concrete Research 29(2)﹐249-254﹐1999.
30. E. A. Ortega﹐C. Cheeseman﹐J. Knight﹐M.Loizidou﹐〝Properties of alkali-activated clinoptilolite﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 30(10)﹐1641-1646﹐2000.
31. T. Bakharev﹐J. G. Sanjayan ﹐Y. -B. Cheng﹐〝Effect of admixtures on properties of alkali-activated slag concrete﹐〞 Cement and Concrete Research 30(9)﹐1367-1374﹐2000.
32. S. Song﹐H. M. Jennings﹐〝Pore solution chemistry of alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 29(2)﹐159-170﹐1999.
33. F. Collins﹐J. G. Sanjayan﹐〝Effect of pore size distribution on drying shrinkage of alkali-activated slag concrete﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 30(9)﹐1401-1406﹐2000.
34. Z. Huanhai﹐W. Xuequan﹐X. Zhongzi﹐T. Mingshu﹐〝Kinetic study on hydration of alkali-activated slag﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 23(7)﹐1253-1258﹐1993.
35. P. K. Mehta﹐Concrete Structure﹐Properties﹐and Materials. Prentice-Hall. Inc.﹐Englewood Cliffs﹐New Jersey﹐U.S.A﹐1986.
36. S. Mindess﹐J. F. Young﹐Concrete. Prentice-Hall. Inc.﹐ Englewood Cliffs﹐New Jersey﹐U.S.A﹐1981.
37. C. S. Poon﹐S. C. Kou﹐L. Lam﹐Z. S. Lin﹐〝Activation of fly ash/cement systems using calcium sulfate anhydrite（CaSO4）﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 31(6)﹐873-881﹐2001.
38. S. Hanehara﹐F. Tomosawa﹐M. Kobayakawa﹐K. R. Hwang﹐〝Effects of water/powder ratio﹐mixing ratio of fly ash﹐and curing temperature on pozzolanic reaction of fly ash in cement paste﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 31(1)﹐31-39﹐2001.
39. W. Ma﹐C. Liu﹐P. W. Brown ﹐S. Komarneni﹐〝Pore structures of fly ashes activated by Ca(OH)2 and CaSO4．2H2O﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 25 (2)﹐417-425﹐1995.
40. C. Shi﹐R. L. Day﹐〝Acceleration of the reactivity of fly ash by chemical activation﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 25 (1)﹐15-21﹐1995.
41. C. Shi﹐R. L. Day﹐〝Comparison of different methods for enhancing reactivity of pozzolans﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 31(5)﹐813-818﹐2001.
42. J. Qian﹐C. Shi﹐Z. Wang﹐〝Activation of blended cements containing fly ash﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 31(8)﹐1121-1127﹐2001.
43. C. Shi﹐〝Early microstructure development of activated lime-fly ash pastes﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 26 (9)﹐1351-1359﹐1996.
44. W. J. McCarter﹐D. Tran﹐〝Monitoring pozzolanic activity by direct activation with calcium hydroxide﹐〞Construction and Building Material 10 (3)﹐179-184﹐1996.
45. N. Y. Mostafa﹐S. A. S. El-Hemaly﹐E. I. Al-Wakeel﹐S. A. El-Korashy﹐P. W. Brown﹐〝Characterization and evaluation of the hydraulic activity of water-cooled slag and air-cooled slag﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 31(6)﹐899-904﹐2001.
46. Baoguo Ma﹐Meng Qi﹐Jun Peng﹐and Zongjin﹐〝The composition﹐surface texture﹐absorption﹐and binding properties of fly ash in China﹐〞Environment International 25 (4)﹐423-432﹐1999.
47. J. Paya﹐J. Monzo﹐M. V. Borrachero and E. Peris-Mora﹐〝Mechanical treatment of fly ashes part Ⅰ:Physico-chemical characterization of ground fly ash﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 25(7)﹐1469-1479﹐1995.
48. J. Paya﹐J. Monzo﹐M. V. Borrachero and E. Peris-Mora﹐〝Mechanical treatment of fly ashes part Ⅱ:Particle morphologies in ground fly ashes(GFA) and workability of GFA-cement mortars﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 26(2)﹐225-235﹐1996.
49. J. Paya﹐J. Monzo﹐M. V. Borrachero and E. Peris-Mora﹐〝Mechanical treatment of fly ashes part Ⅲ:Studies on strength development of ground fly ashes(GFA)-cement mortars﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 27(9)﹐1365-1377﹐1997.
50. J. Paya﹐J. Monzo﹐M. V. Borrachero ﹐E. Peris-Mora﹐F. Amahjour﹐〝Enhanced conductivity measurement techniques for evaluation of fly ash pozzolanic activity﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 31 (1) 41-49﹐2001.
51. Xavier Querol﹐Felicia Plana ﹐Anadres Alastuey and Ange Lopez-Spler﹐〝Synthesis of Na-zeolites from fly ash﹐〞Cement＆Concrete Composites ﹐793-799﹐1997.
52. M. D. A. Thomas﹐M. H. Shehata﹐S. G. Shashiprakash﹐D. S. Hopkins﹐K. Cail﹐〝Use of ternary cementitious systems containing silica fume and fly ash in concrete﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 29(8)﹐1207-1214﹐1999.
53. J. Duchesne﹐E. J. Reardon﹐〝Lime treatment of fly ash:characterization of leachate composition and solid/water reactions﹐〞Waste Management 19﹐221-231﹐1999.
54. H. F. W. Taylor﹐C. Famy﹐K. L. Scrivener﹐〝Delayed ettringite formation﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 31(5)﹐683-693﹐2001.
55. T. R. Naik﹐S. S. Singh﹐and M. M. Hossain﹐〝Enhancement in mechanical properties of concrete due to blended ash﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 26 (1)﹐49-54﹐1996.
56. K. Erdogdu﹐ P. Turker﹐〝Effects of fly ash particle size on strength of Portland cement fly ash mortars﹐〞 Cement and Concrete Research 28 (9)﹐1217-1222﹐1998.
57. M. H. Shehata﹐M. D. A. Thomas﹐R. F. Bleszynski﹐〝The effects of fly ash composition on the chemistry of pore solution in hydrated cement pastes﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 29(12)﹐1915-1920﹐1999.
58. M. J. McCarthy﹐R. K. Dhir﹐〝Towards maximizing the use of fly ash as a binder﹐〞Fuel (78)﹐121-132﹐1999.
59. J. Paya﹐J. Monzo﹐E. Peris-Mora ﹐M. V. Borrachero and C. Pinillons﹐〝Early-strength development of portland cement mortars containing air classified fly ashes﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 25 (2)﹐449-456﹐1995.
60. M. Oriol﹐J. Pera﹐〝Pozzolanic activity of metakaolin under microwave treatment﹐〞Cement and Concrete Research 25 (2)﹐265-270﹐1995.
61. A. M. Neville﹐Properties of Concrete. Pitman﹐London ﹐374﹐1981.
62. T. Shimomura﹐K. Maekawa﹐〝Micromechanical model for drying shrinkage of concrete based on the distribution function of porosity﹐〞in:Z. P. Bazant (Eds.)﹐Proc. 5th International RILEM Symposium on Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete﹐Barcelona﹐Spain﹐E＆FN Spon﹐London﹐133-139﹐1993.
63. T. Shimomura﹐K. Maekawa﹐〝Analysis of the drying shrinkage behaviour
of concrete based on the micropore structure of concrete using a micromechanical model﹐〞Mag Concr Res 49 (181) 303-322﹐1997.
64. J. F. Young﹐〝Physical mechanisms and their mathematical descriptions﹐〞in:Z. P. Bazant (Eds.)﹐Mathematical Modelling of Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete﹐Wiley﹐44-78﹐1986.
65. T. J. Marshall﹐J. W. Holmes﹐Soil Physics. 2nd ed.﹐Cambridge University Press﹐Britain﹐41-48＆203-208﹐1988.