素有法國後現代「高科技」社會理論大師之稱的尚布希亞，在其完整的「擬
仿物理論」中觸及了歷史、社會與當今科技的關聯；有鑑於此，本論文將依循此
理論，藉以探究科幻小說的前世今生，並用「慾望科技」這個概念，找出科技與
人性之間微妙的關係。Nokia 的廣告詞「科技始終來自於人性」似乎又再度使「科
技」這個字眼在台灣的學術會議上引發正反兩極的詮釋。甚者，有關科技與人文
的議題更不斷在學界延燒。基於「當下」的考量，布希亞提出擬仿物的三個階段，
藉以從歷史的進程中反思「真相」的概念以及科學一向強調的「客觀」。他將擬
仿物劃分成三階段，從文藝復興，到工業革命，再進入後現代； 之中，三個要
素分別是模仿、製造及模擬。本論文也將從這三個階段來檢視科幻小說的演變，
其中包括(1)萌芽期、(2)發展期與(3)成熟期。大致上，奇幻文學(如奧維德的《變
形記》)屬於第一期；傳統的科幻小說(如瑪麗雪萊的《科學怪人》屬於第二期；
科技理論(如基因工程)屬於第三期，亦是傳統科幻小說的延伸。在討論這三個時
期時，將從《科學怪人》中所衍生的普羅米修斯式的反叛切入，藉以「違背神意」
的科技主張破除似是而非的「自然法則」，並揭示潛藏在科技中的災難，以便發
展出人文/科技交纏的完美理論，去建造一個以人或自然為本的科技烏托邦。

Grounded in the French (postmodern high-tech social) thinker Jean
Baudrillard’s theory of simulacra, my thesis focuses on the concept of the “desire for
technology” to seek for an overall understanding of the relationship between
technology and human desire, based on critical readings of science fictions and
related materials. The slogan of Nokia’s commercial, “Technology always comes with
human desire,” is a starting point that never fails to bring out conflicting
interpretations of the human face of “technology” at some conferences in Taiwan.
Issues associated with technology and humanity are, therefore, highlighted in
academia. Based on a “here-and-now” perspective, Baudrillard points out the three
orders of simulacra that rethink the conception of “reality” and the objectiveness of
science in history. He classifies simulacra into three orders from the Renaissance
through the industrial revolution to the postmodern era. The dominant schemes in the
three orders are respectively counterfeit, production, and simulation. Similarly, my
study also focuses on the three stages to examine the procession of science fiction (SF)
and its earlier and later personifications, including the beginning, the developing, and
the culminating stages. All in all, fantasy literature (e.g., Ovid’s Metamorphoses)
belongs to the beginning stage. Science fiction (e.g., Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein)
belongs to the developing one. Lastly, technological theory belongs to the culminating
stage, namely, the expansion of traditional SF. Among the three stages, a Promethean
rebellion against God’s will, especially derived from Frankenstein, will announce the
death of Nature, disclose potential disasters in technology, and further stimulate us to
construct a human-centered technological utopia.

Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Sixth ed. Orlando, Fla.: HBJ, 1993.
- - - . “English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.” Romanticism: Points
of View. 1962. Ed. Robert F. Gleckner and Gerald E. Enscoe. Detroit: Wayne
State UP, 1975. 314-30.
Aldiss, Brian W. “Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley.” Science Fiction Writers: Critical
Studies of the Major Authors from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Present
Day. Ed. E. F. Bleiler. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1982. 3-9.
Anderson, John D. Jr. Introduction to Flight: Its Engineering and History. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1985.
Baase, Sara. A Gift of Fire: Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues in Computing. Upper
Saddle River, N.J.: Simon and Schuster, 1997.
Baudrillard, Jean. “On Nihilism.” Simulacra and Simulation. 1987. Trans. Sheila
Glaser. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1994. 159-64.
- - - . “Simulacra and Science Fiction.” Simulacra and Simulation. 1987. Trans. Sheila
Glaser. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1994. 121-27.
- - - . “The Orders of Simulacra.” 1976. Simulations. Trans. Paul Foss,
Paul Patton and Philip Beitchman. New York: Semiotexte, 1983. 83-159.
- - - . “The Procession of Simulacra.” Simulacra and Simulation. 1987. Trans. Sheila
Glaser. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1994. 1-42.
Benjamin, Walter. “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.”
Illuminations. Ed. Hannah Arendt. Trans. Harry Zohn. New York: Schocken
Books, 1969. 217-51.
Bleiler, E. F. “Introduction.” Science Fiction Writers: Critical Studies of the Major
Authors from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Present Day. New York:
Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1982. xi-xv.
Botting, Fred. Ed. Frankenstein. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.
Bottomore, Tom. The Frankfurt School. Sussex: Ellis Horwood, 1984.
Shih 92
Brooks, Rodney. “Will Robots Rise Up and Demand Their Rights?” Time 19 June
2000: 44.
Brower, Vicky. “Learning the Tongue.” 2000 Discovery Communications Inc. 2000.
Online. Internet. 23 Oct. 2000. Available Web: www.discovery.com
Bulhof, Ilse N. The Language of Science: A Study of the Relationship between
Literature and Science in the Perspective of a Hermeneutical Ontology, with a
Case Study of Darwin’s The Origin of Species. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992.
Burke, James. The Day the Universe Changed. Boston: Little Brown, 1985.
Caudwell, Christopher. “The Bourgeois Illusion and English Romantic Poetry.”
Romanticism: Points of View. 1962. Ed. Robert F. Gleckner and Gerald E.
Enscoe. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 19759. 108-35.
Childers, Joseph, and Gary Hetzi. The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and
Cultural Criticism. New York: Columbia UP, 1995.
Commager, Henry S. “Damn the Absolute.” High Technology and Human Freedom.
Ed. Lewis H. Lapham. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985.
25-40.
Connor, Steven. “Postmodernities.” Postmodernist Culture: An Introduction to
Theories of the Contemporary. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1997.
23-61.
DeGregori, Thomas R. Theory of Technology: Continuity and Change in Human
Development. Armes: The Iowan State UP, 1985.
Denzin, Norman K. “Defining the Postmodern Terrain.” Images of Postmodern
Society: Social Theory and Contemporary Cinema. London: Sage, 1991.
Dick, Harold G., and Douglas H. Robinson. The Golden Age of the Great Passenger
Airships: Graf Zeppelin and Hindenburg. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution Press, 1985.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. “The American Scholar.” The Norton Anthology of American
Shih 93
Literature. 4th ed. Ed. Nina Baym et al. New York: Norton, 1994. 1021-33.
Epstein, Jonathon S., and Margarete J. Epstein. “Fatal Forms: Toward a (Neo)Formal
Sociological Theory of Media Culture.” Baudrillard: A Critical Reader. Ed.
Douglas Kellner. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1994. 137-49.
Feng, Pin-Chia., ed. Remapping the Territory of Literary Studies: Perspectives on
Foreign Literatures from Taiwan. Taipei: Bookman, 1999.
Feyman, Richard P. The Meaning of It All: Thoughts of a Citizen Scientist. Reading,
Mass.: Perseus Books, 1998.
Foucault, Michel. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences.
1971. Trans. Les mots et les choses. New York: Vintage Books, 1973.
Gaarder, Jostein. Sophie’s World. 1991. Trans. Paulette Møller. New York: Berkley
Books, 1996.
Garrison, Ervan. A History of Engineering and Technology: Artful Methods. Boca
Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1991.
Gates, Bill. “Will Frankenfood Feed the World?” Time 19 June 2000: 42-43.
Godzich, Wlad. “Emergent Literature and the Field of Comparative Literature.” The
Culture of Literacy. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard UP, 1994. 274-92.
Gray, Chris Hables, ed. The Cyborg Handbook. New York: Routledge, 1995.
Grossberg, Lawrence, et al. “Cultural Studies: An Introduction.” Cultural Studies.
New York: Routledge, 1992.
Hall, Stuart. “The Emergence of Cultural Studies and the Crisis of the Humanities.”
October 53 (1990): 11-90.
Hamilton, Edith. Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. 1940. New York:
Warner Books, 1999.
Hammond, Ray. The Modern Frankenstein: Fiction Becomes Fact. Poole: Blandford,
Shih 94
1986.
Haraway, Donna. “A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminist
in the Late Twentieth Century.” Contemporary Literature Criticism: Literary
and Cultural Studies. NY: Longman, 1994: 566-95.
Horkheimer, Max, and Theodor W. Adorno. Dialectic of Enlightenment. 1944. Trans.
John Cumming. New York: Continuum, 1969.
Hunter, Lynette. Modern Allegory and Fantasy: Rhetorical Stances of Contemporary
Writing. London: MacMillan, 1989.
Jameson, Fredric. “Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism.”
Postmodernism: A Reader. Ed. Thomas Docherty. New York: Harvester, 1993.
Kakoudaki, Despina. “Introduction.” The Human Machine: Artificial People and
Emerging Technologies. Diss. UC, Berkeley. 2000. UMI ProQuest Digital
Dissertations. Online. Internet. 21 June 2001. Available Internet:
wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/preview_page/9979674/
Kellner, Douglas. “Introduction: Jean Baudrillard in the Fin-de-Millennium.”
Baudrillard: A Critical Reader. Ed. Douglas Kellner. Cambridge: Blackwell,
1994.
- - - . Jean Baudrillard: From Marxism to Postmodernism and Beyond. Cambridge,
UK: Polity Press, 1989.
Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: U of Chicago P,
1962.
Lambourne, Robert. Close Encounter?: Science and Science Fiction. Bristol: Adam
Hilger, 1990.
La Mettrie, Julien Offray de. Man a Machine, Including Frederick the Great’s
“Eulogy” on La Mettrie and Extracts from La Mettrie’s “The Natural History
of the Soul”. 1747. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court, 1912.
Landes, David S. The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial
Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge:
Shih 95
Cambridge UP, 1969.
Landow, George P. Hypertext: The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory
and Technology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1992.
Lemonick, Michael D. “Will Tiny Robots Build Diamonds One Atom at a Time?”
Time 19 June 2000: 50-53.
Levidow, Les, and Kevin Robins, eds. Cyborg Worlds: The Military Information
Society. London: Free Association Books, 1989.
Lewes, George H. Comte’s Philosophy of the Sciences. London: Routledge, 1996.
Lewis, Linda M. The Promethean Politics of Milton, Blake, and Shelley.
Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1992
Locke, David. Science as Writing. New Haven: Yale UP, 1992.
Masahiko, Ueno. Listen to the Dead Bodies. Trans. Feng-Nien Xiao. Taiepi: Bardon,
1989.
McGann, Jerome J. The Romantic Ideology: A Critical Investigation. Chicago: U of
Chicago P, 1983.
Nagel, Thomas. What Does It All Mean?: A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy.
Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987.
Naisbitt, John. High Tech/High Touch: Technology and Our Search for Meaning. New
York: Broadway Books, 1999.
Negroponte, Nicholas. Being Digital. New York: Vintage Books, 1995.
Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Baroque Architecture. 1979. New York: Rizzoli, 1986.
Ovid. Metamorphoses. Trans. A. D. Melville. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1986.
Pagels, Heinz R. The Dreams of Reason: The Computer and the Rise of the Sciences
of Complexity. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.
Shih 96
Poole, Michael. Beliefs and Values in Science Education. Buckingham: Open UP,
1998.
Postman, Neil. Building a Bridge to the 18th Century: How the Past Can Improve
Our Future. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.
Priest, Christopher. “British Science Fiction.” Science Fiction: A Critical Guide. Ed.
Patrick Parrinder. London: Longman, 1979. 187-202.
Rabkin, Eric S. Science Fiction: A Historical Anthology. New York: Oxford UP, 1983.
Rollin, Bernard E. The Frankenstein Syndrome: Ethical and Social Issues in the
Genetic Engineering of Animals. New York: Cambridge UP, 1995.
Seligo, Carlos. “Introduction.” The Origin of Science Fiction in the Monsters of
Botany: Carolus Linnaeus, Erasmus Darwin, Mary Shelley. Diss. U of
Washington. 1996. UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Online. Internet. 18
Mar. 2001. Available Internet: wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/
Silver, Lee M. Remaking Eden: How Genetic Engineering and Cloning Will
Transform the American Family. New York: Avon Books, 1998.
Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein: Or, the Modern Prometheus. 1818. New
York: Signet, 1994.
Smith, Johanna M., ed. Mary Shelley Frankenstein: Complete, Authoritative Text with
Biographical and Historical Contexts, Critical History, and Essays from Five
Contemporary Critical Perspectives. Boston: St. Martin’s Press, 1992.
Snow, C. P. The Two Cultures. 1959. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993.
Stone, Allucquère Rosanne. The War of Desire and Technology at the Close of the
Mechanical Age. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1995.
Tisdall, Caroline, and Angelo Bozzolla. Futurism. 1977. London: Thames and
Hudson, 1992.
Visker, Rudi. Michel Foucault: Genealogy as Critique. 1990. Trans. Chris Turner.
Shih 97
NewYork: Verso, 1995.
Wang, Yung-Kuang. Tortures in Ancient China. Taipei: YL, 1998.
Wimsatt, W. K. “The Structure of Romantic Nature Imagery.” Romanticism: Points of
View. 2nd ed. Ed. Robert F. Gleckner and Gerald E. Enscoe. Detroit: Wayne
State UP, 1979.
Wittkower, Rudolf. Art and Architecture in Italy: 1600 to 1750. Baltimore, Md.:
Penguin Books, 1973.
Wuckel, Dieter, and Bruce Cassiday. The Illustrated History of Science Fiction. New
York: Ungar, 1989.
Ziolkowski, Theodore. “Science, Frankenstein, and Myth.” Sewanee Review 89.1
(Winter 1981): 34-56.