電波與正常星系中的核心灰塵特徵｜國立中央大學博碩士論文系統

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研究生：	吳思瑩 Szu-Ying Wu
論文名稱：	電波與正常星系中的核心灰塵特徵 Nuclear Dust Features in Radio and Normal Galaxies
指導教授：	孫維新 Wei-Hsin Sun
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	理學院 - 天文研究所 Graduate Institute of Astronomy
畢業學年度：	92
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	84
中文關鍵詞：	電波星系、正常星系、灰塵分佈
外文關鍵詞：	Nuclear Dust Features
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我們對一些電波星系做一些統計上的研究，為了瞭解我們可以多常偵測到核心附近的光學噴流、環心的灰塵盤、灰塵帶，或灰塵纖維狀結構。且想進一步找出灰塵的存在是否與它們的無線電波性質之間有關聯。我們總共用了46個距離我們較近的電波星系之哈伯望遠鏡觀測資料，它們皆是含有無線電波噴流，但沒有發表過伴隨著有光學波段噴流的星系。星系模型扣除原影像後，並沒有發現在星系中心附近有任何明顯的光學特徵，然後，在這些星系中，有22個（大約48％）出現了深色類似灰塵盤、灰塵帶、甚至纖維狀結構。有些星系我們已證實前人已發表過，但是仍有一些星系是別人尚未發現過的，像是PKS2152-69這星系。未來進一步的研究將會探討學習之間的物理及核心灰塵和周遭環境之間的關係。

We have carried out a statistical study of a large sample of radio galaxies in order to
understand how frequently we can detect nuclear optical jets, circum-nuclear dust disks,
dust lanes, or dust filaments, and to further find out what the relationships are between the
existence of dust features and their radio properties. A total of 46 nearby radio galaxies
are selected based on their HST/WFPC2 observations, from which radio jets have been
detected but without known optical jets. Galaxy model subtractions did not reveal any
prominent optical features in or near the nuclei for the sample galaxies. However, among
these galaxies, 22 (48%) reveal dark features such as dust disks, lanes, or even filaments.
In several sample galaxies, we confirm the main morphological results published by previous
authors; while in others, such as in PKS2152-69, we present our new findings of
dust features. We also discuss the dust properties along with their radio properties. Further
study will be conducted in order to learn more about the physics and the relationships
between nuclear dust and the ambient medium.

Contents
Introduction 1
1 Radio Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Research Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Observations 6
1 The Hubble Space Telescope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 The galaxy sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4 The Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Data Calibration and Analysis 22
1 Standard Pipeline Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.1 Bias frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.2 Dark frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.3 Flat Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4 Cosmic Rays Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Results 29
1 Radio Galaxies with Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
i
CONTENTS ii
1.1 NGC 3557 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.2 NGC 4789 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.3 NGC 5127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.4 NGC 5141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.5 IC 4296 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.6 3C 296 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.7 NGC 7052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.8 3C 449 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.9 UGC 367 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.10 NGC 541 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.11 3C 76.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.12 3C 270 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.13 NGC 315 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.14 B2 0915+32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.15 NGC 3801 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.16 NGC 3894 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.17 3C 305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.18 NGC 6166 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.19 PKS 2152-69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.20 NGC 708 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.21 NGC 1316 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.22 M 84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2 Normal Galaxies with Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.1 NGC 2434 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.2 NGC 2865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
CONTENTS iii
2.3 NGC 2872 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.4 NGC 3078 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5 NGC 4786 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.6 NGC 4952 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.7 NGC 5322 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.8 NGC 5845 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.9 NGC 3605 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.10 NGC 3928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.11 NGC 4283 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.12 NGC 4551 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.13 NGC 4936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.14 NGC 5173 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Discussion 55
1 The Detection of Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2 The Correlations Between Dust and General Properties of Galaxies . . . . 56
3 The Orientation of Radio Jets and Dust Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4 Estimation of Dust Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Summary and Future Work 66

                                

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