隨著綠能意識抬頭，太陽能的應用成為重要的課題之一，因此太陽能電池的光電轉換效率成為眾所矚目的焦點。近年來，以鈣鈦礦(Perovskite)薄膜太陽能電池的功率轉換效率(power conversion efficiency, PCE)之突破最為迅速，深具發展潛力。
本論文研究的太陽能電池之元件架構為: Ag/PC61BM/CH3NH3PbI3/PEDOT:PSS/ITO/glass。Ag與ITO (氧化銦錫)分別為陰極與陽極; [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM )與Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (PEDOT:PSS)分別是電子傳輸層(electron transport layer, ETL)與電洞傳輸層(hole transport layer, HTL); CH3NH3PbI3則是鈣鈦礦結構吸光層。以ITO/glass作為基板，旋塗上PEDOT:PSS、CH3NH3PbI3、PC61BM各層薄膜，最後熱蒸鍍Ag作為陰電極，完成元件製作。經優化製程參數後，得到的最佳元件表現為：最高功率轉換效率達到13.35% ; 短路電流(short-circuit current density, JSC )達22.9 1mA/cm2 ; 開路電壓(open-circuit voltage, VOC )達 0.95 V；填充因子(fill factor, FF)達61.55 %。

The research and the development of solar cells have achieved more attention with the consciousness of greenergy economy is gradually risen in the global.Recently, the power convertion efficiency of Perovskite solar cell is improved rapidly, containing potential of development.
In this thesis, the structure of the Perovskite solar cells is silver/PC61BM/CH3NH3PbI3/PEDOT:PSS/ITO/glass. Silver and ITO are the cathode and anode. PCBM and PEDOT:PSS are the electron transport and hole transport layers. CH3NH3PbI3 is the Perovskite absorber. PEDOT:PSS, CH3NH3PbI3 and PC61BM layers were coated on the ITO glass substrate by using spin coater sequentially. Finally, a silver layer was coated on the top of PCBM thin film by thermal evaporation deposition to form the device. After the optimized process, the best power convertion efficiency of the device could achieve 13.35%. The short-circuit current density, the open-circuit voltage, and the fill factor achived 22.91 mA/cm2, 0.95 V, and 61.55%.

[1] 張品全, "太陽電池," 科學發展, vol. 349, 2月 2002.
[2] L. L. Kazmerski, "Best Reaserch-Cell Efficiencies," NERL, 3/9 2016.
[3] L. Peck, "Solar history: Alexandre Edmond Becquerellar," Solar Energy World Solar Panels, 2011.
[4] A. Chodos, "This Month in Physics History April 25, 1954: Bell Labs Demonstrates the First Practical Silicon Solar Cell," APS Physics, 2009.
[5] Y. H. Kuang, M. Di Vece, J. K. Rath, L. van Dijk, and R. E. I. Schropp, "Elongated nanostructures for radial junction solar cells," Reports on Progress in Physics, vol. 76, p. 29, Oct 2013.
[6] B. O’regan and M. Grfitzeli, "A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized," nature, vol. 353, pp. 737-740, 1991.
[7] R. Komiya, A. Fukui, N. Murofushi, N. Koide, R. Yamanaka, and H. Katayama, "Improvement of the conversion efficiency of a monolithic type dyesensitized solar cell module," in Technical Digest of the 21st International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference, 2C-5O-08, Fukuoka, Japan, 2011.
[8] M. Saliba, T. Matsui, J.-Y. Seo, K. Domanski, J.-P. Correa-Baena, M. K. Nazeeruddin, S. M. Zakeeruddin, W. Tress, A. Abate, A. Hagfeldt, and M. Gratzel, "Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency," Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 9, pp. 1989-1997, 2016.
[9] A. Kojima, K. Teshima, Y. Shirai, and T. Miyasaka, "Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 131, pp. 6050-6051, 2009.
[10] G. F. L. M.W. Davidson, "Photomicrography in the geological sciences.," Journal of Geological Education, vol. 39, pp. 403-422, 1991.
[11] G. Xing, N. Mathews, S. Sun, S. S. Lim, Y. M. Lam, M. Grätzel, S. Mhaisalkar, and T. C. Sum, "Long-range balanced electron-and hole-transport lengths in organic-inorganic CH3NH3PbI3," Science, vol. 342, pp. 344-347, 2013.
[12] K. Tanaka, T. Takahashi, T. Ban, T. Kondo, K. Uchida, and N. Miura, "Comparative study on the excitons in lead-halide-based perovskite-type crystals CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3," Solid state communications, vol. 127, pp. 619-623, 2003.
[13] C.-C. Chen, S. H. Chang, L.-C. Chen, F.-S. Kao, H.-M. Cheng, S.-C. Yeh, C.-T. Chen, W.-T. Wu, Z.-L. Tseng, and C. L. Chuang, "Improving the efficiency of inverted mixed-organic-cation perovskite absorber based photovoltaics by tailing the surface roughness of PEDOT: PSS thin film," Solar Energy, vol. 134, pp. 445-451, 2016.
[14] S. H. Chang, H.-M. Cheng, S.-H. Chen, and K.-F. Lin, "Optical, Excitonic, and Electronic Properties of CH3NH3PbI3 Thin Films and Their Application in Photovoltaics," 2016.
[15] J.-H. Im, C.-R. Lee, J.-W. Lee, S.-W. Park, and N.-G. Park, "6.5% efficient perovskite quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell," Nanoscale, vol. 3, pp. 4088-4093, 2011.
[16] H.-S. Kim, C.-R. Lee, J.-H. Im, K.-B. Lee, T. Moehl, A. Marchioro, S.-J. Moon, R. Humphry-Baker, J.-H. Yum, and J. E. Moser, "Lead iodide perovskite sensitized all-solid-state submicron thin film mesoscopic solar cell with efficiency exceeding 9%," Scientific reports, vol. 2, 2012.
[17] J. M. Ball, M. M. Lee, A. Hey, and H. J. Snaith, "Low-temperature processed meso-superstructured to thin-film perovskite solar cells," Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 6, pp. 1739-1743, 2013.
[18] J. H. Noh, S. H. Im, J. H. Heo, T. N. Mandal, and S. I. Seok, "Chemical management for colorful, efficient, and stable inorganic–organic hybrid nanostructured solar cells," Nano letters, vol. 13, pp. 1764-1769, 2013.
[19] J. Burschka, N. Pellet, S.-J. Moon, R. Humphry-Baker, P. Gao, M. K. Nazeeruddin, and M. Grätzel, "Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells," Nature, vol. 499, pp. 316-319, 2013.
[20] H. Zhou, Q. Chen, G. Li, S. Luo, T.-b. Song, H.-S. Duan, Z. Hong, J. You, Y. Liu, and Y. Yang, "Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells," Science, vol. 345, pp. 542-546, 2014.
[21] J.-H. Im, I.-H. Jang, N. Pellet, M. Grätzel, and N.-G. Park, "Growth of CH3NH3PbI3 cuboids with controlled size for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells," Nature nanotechnology, vol. 9, pp. 927-932, 2014.
[22] M. Liu, M. B. Johnston, and H. J. Snaith, "Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition," Nature, vol. 501, pp. 395-398, 2013.
[23] Q. Chen, H. Zhou, Z. Hong, S. Luo, H.-S. Duan, H.-H. Wang, Y. Liu, G. Li, and Y. Yang, "Planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells via vapor-assisted solution process," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 136, pp. 622-625, 2013.
[24] J. Y. Jeng, Y. F. Chiang, M. H. Lee, S. R. Peng, T. F. Guo, P. Chen, and T. C. Wen, "CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite/Fullerene Planar‐Heterojunction Hybrid Solar Cells," Advanced Materials, vol. 25, pp. 3727-3732, 2013.
[25] W. Nie, H. Tsai, R. Asadpour, J.-C. Blancon, A. J. Neukirch, G. Gupta, J. J. Crochet, M. Chhowalla, S. Tretiak, and M. A. Alam, "High-efficiency solution-processed perovskite solar cells with millimeter-scale grains," Science, vol. 347, pp. 522-525, 2015.
[26] H.-S. Kim, S. H. Im, and N.-G. Park, "Organolead halide perovskite: New horizons in solar cell research," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 118, pp. 5615-5625, 2014.
[27] N. J. Jeon, J. H. Noh, Y. C. Kim, W. S. Yang, S. Ryu, and S. I. Seok, "Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells," Nature materials, vol. 13, pp. 897-903, 2014.
[28] M. Xiao, F. Huang, W. Huang, Y. Dkhissi, Y. Zhu, J. Etheridge, A. Gray‐Weale, U. Bach, Y. B. Cheng, and L. Spiccia, "A fast deposition‐crystallization procedure for highly efficient lead iodide perovskite thin‐film solar cells," Angewandte Chemie, vol. 126, pp. 10056-10061, 2014.
[29] F. Huang, Y. Dkhissi, W. Huang, M. Xiao, I. Benesperi, S. Rubanov, Y. Zhu, X. Lin, L. Jiang, and Y. Zhou, "Gas-assisted preparation of lead iodide perovskite films consisting of a monolayer of single crystalline grains for high efficiency planar solar cells," Nano Energy, vol. 10, pp. 10-18, 2014.
[30] W.-J. Yin, T. Shi, and Y. Yan, "Unusual defect physics in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell absorber," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 104, p. 063903, 2014.
[31] J. M. Frost, K. T. Butler, F. Brivio, C. H. Hendon, M. Van Schilfgaarde, and A. Walsh, "Atomistic origins of high-performance in hybrid halide perovskite solar cells," Nano letters, vol. 14, pp. 2584-2590, 2014.
[32] D. Liu and T. L. Kelly, "Perovskite solar cells with a planar heterojunction structure prepared using room-temperature solution processing techniques," Nature photonics, vol. 8, pp. 133-138, 2014.
[33] M. H. Kumar, N. Yantara, S. Dharani, M. Graetzel, S. Mhaisalkar, P. P. Boix, and N. Mathews, "Flexible, low-temperature, solution processed ZnO-based perovskite solid state solar cells," Chemical Communications, vol. 49, pp. 11089-11091, 2013.
[34] K.-F. Lin, S. H. Chang, K.-H. Wang, H.-M. Cheng, K. Y. Chiu, K.-M. Lee, S.-H. Chen, and C.-G. Wu, "Unraveling the high performance of tri-iodide perovskite absorber based photovoltaics with a non-polar solvent washing treatment," Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 141, pp. 309-314, 2015.
[35] Z. Xiao, Q. Dong, C. Bi, Y. Shao, Y. Yuan, and J. Huang, "Solvent Annealing of Perovskite‐Induced Crystal Growth for Photovoltaic‐Device Efficiency Enhancement," Advanced Materials, vol. 26, pp. 6503-6509, 2014.
[36] S. H. Chang, K.-F. Lin, K. Y. Chiu, C.-L. Tsai, H.-M. Cheng, S.-C. Yeh, W.-T. Wu, W.-N. Chen, C.-T. Chen, and S.-H. Chen, "Improving the efficiency of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 based photovoltaics by tuning the work function of the PEDOT: PSS hole transport layer," Solar Energy, vol. 122, pp. 892-899, 2015.
[37] D. Alemu, H.-Y. Wei, K.-C. Ho, and C.-W. Chu, "Highly conductive PEDOT: PSS electrode by simple film treatment with methanol for ITO-free polymer solar cells," Energy & environmental science, vol. 5, pp. 9662-9671, 2012.
[38] J. Ouyang, Q. Xu, C.-W. Chu, Y. Yang, G. Li, and J. Shinar, "On the mechanism of conductivity enhancement in poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) film through solvent treatment," Polymer, vol. 45, pp. 8443-8450, 2004.
[39] M. Lee, D. Lee, N. Jung, M. Yun, C. Yim, and S. Jeon, "Evaporation of water droplets from hydrophobic and hydrophilic nanoporous microcantilevers," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 98, p. 013107, 2011.
[40] J. Zhao, S. Jiang, Q. Wang, X. Liu, X. Ji, and B. Jiang, "Effects of molecular weight, solvent and substrate on the dewetting morphology of polystyrene films," Applied surface science, vol. 236, pp. 131-140, 2004.