特徵點比對是指紋辨識的主流方法。特徵點比對法是在兩枚指紋中匹配出相符的特徵點，並根據匹配出的特徵點數目判定兩枚指紋是否相同。由於指紋影像常伴隨著雜訊。若影像前處理時無法將雜訊濾除，則擷取出的特徵點亦會摻雜著偽特徵點，影響特徵點比對的正確性。因此近年有越來越多方法提倡結合多種指紋特徵來進行辨識。本研究提出結合LBP紋理特徵的特徵點比對方法，透過比較特徵點鄰近區域的LBP紋理特徵，進而篩選出辨識過程中所需的參考點以確保辨識的精確性。實驗結果顯示本研究提出的方法能夠確實改善傳統特徵點辨識方法的性能，在FVC2000與我們自建的指紋資料庫中實驗出EER結果皆優於傳統特徵點辨識方法。使用本研究的LBP紋理特徵比較來篩選參考點，能改善特徵點匹配錯誤的情況，並且獲得更佳的辨識性能。

The minutiae-based matching is the main stream method in fingerprint recognition which is an algorithm tries to find out the matched minutiae between two fingerprints. According to the amount of matched Minutiae, we can determine whether these two fingerprints are same or not. Due to the noise in the fingerprint images, image pre-processing has to be proceeded in order to reduce the noises, otherwise those extracted spurious Minutiae will influence the correctness of results. Therefore, recently, there are plenty of methods proposing the combination of multiple fingerprint features to identify two fingerprints. In this paper, we propose an improved minutiae matching method by integrating the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) feature, which compares LBP texture features in the adjacent region of Minutiae in order to select the reference points we want and guarantee the precision of identification. The experiment results show that our method can outperform the traditional Minutiae-based method. In FVC2000 and the fingerprint database we build, both Error Equal Rate (EER) of the outcomes are better than the traditional way.

參考文獻
[1] Touch ID. [Online].Available: https://support.apple.com/zh-tw/HT5883.
[2] D. Maltoni, D. Maio, A. K. Jain, S. Prabhakar, Handbook of fingerprint recognition, 2nd edition, Springer, New York ,2009.
[3] A. Jain, L. Hong and R. Bolle, "On-Line Fingerprint Verification, " IEEE Trans on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.19, no.4, pp. 302-313, April 1997.
[4] A. K. Jain, L. Hong, S. Pankanti, and R. Bolle, "An Identity-Authentication System Using Fingerprint," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.85, no.9, pp. 1365-1388, September 1997.
[5] A. K. Jain, S. Prabhakar, and S. Chen, "Combining multiple matchers for a high security fingerprint verification system," Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 20 , pp. 1371 -1379 , November 1999.
[6] A. N. Marana and A. K. Jain, "Ridge-based fingerprint matching using Hough Transform," Proceedings of the XVIII Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing, vol.05, pp. 112-119, October 2005.
[7] X. Jiang and W.-Y. Yau, "Fingerprint Minutiae Matching Based on the Local and Global Structures," Proc. 15th Int',l Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 1038-1041, September 2000.
[8] D. Lee, K. Choi and J. Kim, "A Robust Fingerprint Matching Algorithm Using Local Alignment," 16th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2002 Proceeding, vol. 3, pp. 803-806, 2002.
[9] A. Bengueddoudj, S. Akrouf, F. Belhadj, and D. Nada, "Improving fingerprint minutiae matching using local and global structures," 2013 8th International Workshop on Systems, Signal Processing and their Applications (WoSSPA), pp. 279-282, May 2013.
[10] A. K. Jain, S. Prabhakar, L. Hong and S. Pankanti, "Filterbank-based fingerprint matching," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol.9, no.5, pp 846–859, May 2000.
[11] J. P. Jones and L. A. Palmer, "An evaluation of the two-dimensional Gabor filter model of simple receptive fields in cat striate cortex ," Journal of Neurophysiology Published, vol.58, no.6, pp 1233–1258, December 1987.
[12] M. U. Munir and M. Y. Javed, "Fingerprint Matching Using Gabor Filters," National Conference on Emerging Technologies(ACM-IEEE), pp. 147-151, December 2004.
[13] 田韶華, "結合空間統計特徵和指紋特徵點比對的指紋辨識方法," 國立中央大學資訊工程學系碩士論文, 2014.

[14] L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "Local binary patterns for a hybrid fingerprint matcher," Pattern Recognition, vol. 41, no. 11, pp.3461 -3466, May 2008
[15] L. Nanni and A. Lumini, "Descriptors for image-based fingerprint matchers," Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 39, no. 10, pp.12414 -12422, December 2009.
[16] P. I. Mistry and C. N. Paunwala, "Fusion Fingerprint Minutiae Matching System for Personal Identification, " Fourth International Conference On Computer Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCNT), pp.1-6, July 2013.
[17] Monika, M. Kumar, "A Novel Fingerprint Minutiae Matching Using LBP," 2014 3rd International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (ICRITO) (Trends and Future Directions), pp.1-4, October 2014.
[18] FVC2000. [Online].Available: http://bias.csr.unibo.it/fvc2000/.
[19] L. Hong, Y. Wan, and A. K. Jain, "Fingerprint image enhancement: Algorithm and performance evaluation," IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 20, no. 8, pp.777 -789, 1998.
[20] L. Hong, A. K. Jain, S. Pankanti and R. Bolle, "Fingerprint Enhancement," in Proc. of the 3^rd IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision, Sarasota, FL, pp. 202-207, Dec 1996.
[21] Y. Wang, J. Hu, F. Han, "Enhanced gradient-based algorithm for the estimation of fingerprint orientation fields," Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 185, no. 2, pp. 823-833, 2007.
[22] J. Yang, L. Liu, T. Jiang and Y. Fan, "A modified Gabor filter design method for fingerprint image enhancement," Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol.24, No. 12, pp. 1805-1817, 2003.
[23] T. Y. Zhang, C. Y. Suen, "A fast parallel algorithm for thinning digital patterns," Communications of the ACM, vol. 27 no. 3, pp. 236-239, March 1984.
[24] T.H. Cormen, C.E. Leiserson, and R.L. Rivest, Introduction to Algorithms, 3rd edition, The MIT Press, 2009.
[25] N. Ratha, S.Chen, and A. K. Jain, "A Real-Time Matching System For Large Fingerprint Database," IEEE Trans. On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 799-813, 1996.
[26] D.H. Ballard, "Generalizing the Hough Transform to Detect Arbitrary Shapes," Pattern Recognition, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 111-122, 1981.
[27] A. K. Jain, S. Prabhakar, and L. Hong, "A multichannel approach to fingerprint classification," IEEE Trans. On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 348–359, April 1999.
[28] T. Ojala, M. Pietikinen, and D. Harwood, "A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on featured distributions," Pattern Recognition, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 51–59, January 1996.
[29] D. T. Lee and J. Schachter, "Two algorithm for constructing a Delaunay triangulation," International Journal of Computer & Information Sciences , vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 219–242, June 1980.
[30] T.-Y. Jea and V. Govindaraju, "A Minutia-Based Partial Fingerprint Recognition System," Pattern Recognition, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 1672-1684, 2005.
[31] C. H. Chen, T. K. Yao, J. H. Dai and C. Y. Chen, "A pipelined multiprocessor SOC design methodology for streaming signal processing," Journal of Vibration and Control, vol. 20, pp. 163-178, 2014.
[32] C. H. Chen, C. M. Kuo, C. Y. Chen, and J. H. Dai, "The design and synthesis using hierarchical robotic discrete-event modeling," Journal of Vibration and Control, vol.19, pp. 1603-1613, 2013.