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研究生： 簡瑋延
Wei-Yen Chien
論文名稱： 應用物件導向分類方法自動產製斜坡單元
Automated Generation of Slope-Unit using an Object-Oriented Classification Method
指導教授： 李錫堤
Chyi-tyi Lee
口試委員:
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 地球科學學院 - 應用地質研究所
Graduate Institute of Applied Geology
畢業學年度： 99
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 74
中文關鍵詞： 物件導向 、影像分割 、斜坡單元
外文關鍵詞： Object-Oriented, Segmentation, Slope unit
相關次數： 點閱：7  下載：0 
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    • 由於氣候變遷及極端降雨之影響，近年台灣坡地災害頻繁。為了山崩災害之相關研究及地質災害敏感區劃設之需求，須使用合適之斜坡單元，建立各類型山崩潛勢評估系統。本研究先擇定大漢溪流域內之一小集水區做為訓練區域，以物件導向式分析方法自動化產製斜坡單元。利用數值地形模型計算研究區域內之坡度、坡向、曲率、水系、集水區等網格資料圖層，匯入物件導向分析軟體 Definiens中，給定各資料圖層權重後，根據影像資料之光譜均調性及空間相關性進行影像分割，產製合適之斜坡單元。隨後以此影像分類準則應用於大漢溪流域其他小集水區進行檢核，檢討其成效後，建立合適之影像分類通則，並進行各斜坡單元內坡向標準差之統計，以做為評定成果優劣之用。與使用其他因子之分割程序相比較後，最後使用坡向圖層輔以集水區及水系圖層進行影像分割，使其滿足各斜坡單元之內部差異須最小且單元間差異須最大之基本定義。分析結果顯示，一級河之集水區大多可區分為二至三個或更多個斜坡單元，與前人研究結果相比，能獲得更細緻而合理之劃分結果。

    Slope disasters have received attention in recent year worldwide and in Taiwan, because of extremely heavy rainfall presumed to relate to climate change. For the purpose of landslide research and geological sensitive zone designation, we require division of appropriate slope units for building up various types of landslide potential evaluation system. In this study, one of a small catchment in the Tahan river watershed was chosen as the training area, using an object-oriented classification method to automatically generate slope-units. I used DTM (Digital Terrain Model) as raw data to produce raster data layers which include slope gradient, slope aspect, curvature, drainage system, catchment area. These raster data were imported into an object-oriented analysis software, which was known as Definiens, weight of each data layer was given, and then segmentation as well as slope-unit generation was executed, according to the heterogeneity and spatial correlation of the imported data. After that we applied this rule in other catchments of the Tahan river watershed and viewed its effectiveness to make further amendments for a reasonable general rule. A standard deviation of slope aspects in each slope-unit was calculated for checking purpose. Finally, we used the slope aspect and the catchment area, as well as drainage system for segmentation through comparison of the results from different layer weightings. The final result of using this segmentation criteria satisfied the definition of slope-unit that high homogeneity within each unit and high heterogeneity between the neighbor units. It shows that each of a small catchment of a first-order stream could be divided into two or three or even more parts of slope units. This provides more detailed and reasonable result than previous studies.

    中文摘要I 英文摘要II 誌 謝III 目 錄V 圖 目VIII 表 目XI 第一章 緒論 1 1.1研究動機與目的 1 1.2文獻回顧 2 1.2.1地形分類之相關研究 2 1.2.2斜坡單元之相關研究 5 1.2.3斜坡單元之分割方法 6 1.3研究架構與流程 10 第二章 研究方法 12 2.1軟硬體設備 12 2.2物件導向分析方法 12 2.2.1影像分割（segmentation） 12 2.2.2光譜異質性指標（hcolor） 13 2.2.3空間異質性指標（hshape） 14 2.2.4整體異質性指標（h） 14 2.2.5分割尺度門檻值（scale parameter） 14 2.3模糊邏輯及模糊隸屬函數 15 第三章 資料蒐集與處理 16 3.1研究區概述 16 . 3.2資料蒐集 16 3.2.1數值地形 16 3.3資料處理 17 3.3.1坡度與坡向 17 3.3.2坡向平均值及標準差之計算 19 3.3.3曲率 20 3.3.4水系 21 3.3.5集水區 22 第四章 結果 23 4.1研究區域圖框範圍之選取 24 4.2集水區之產製 25 4.2.1人工繪製之一級河集水區 25 4.2.2 DRAIN程式產生之一級河集水區 26 4.2.3 ArcHydro模組產生之一級河集水區 26 4.2.4人工繪製之一級河集水區與DRAIN程式之比較 29 4.2.5 ArcHydro一級河集水區與DRAIN程式之比較 29 4.3集水區水系門檻值 31 4.4多尺度影像分割 31 4.4.1人工繪製之斜坡單元 31 4.4.2影像分割尺度及權重之選擇 31 4.5影像分類 37 4.6統計檢定 38 4.6.1斜坡單元內之坡向分布 38 4.6.2斜坡單元內之坡向標準差計算 38 第五章 討論 40 5.1斜坡單元之內部標準差 40 5.1.1人工繪製之斜坡單元內部標準差 40 5.1.2自動產製之斜坡單元內部標準差 40 5.2套用至觀察區域進行影像切割 43 5.2.1大曼溪集水區 44 5.2.2寶里苦溪集水區 44 5.2.3雪霧鬧溪集水區 45 5.2.4庫志集水區 45 5.2.5卡拉溪集水區 45 5.2.6訓練區域及觀察區域之坡向標準差分布 52 5.3觀察區域之坡向標準差高值區 54 5.4面積統計檢定 54 5.5建立斜坡單元之影像分割準則 58 5.5.1以集水區限制區塊成長邊界之成效 58 5.5.2使用其他圖層權重進行影像分割之成效 60 5.6本研究建議之斜坡單元影像分割流程 63 5.6.1套疊現有山崩目錄檢核斜坡單元 63 5.6.2套疊順向坡目錄檢核斜坡單元 64 5.6.3應用於其他區域之斜坡單元影像分割流程 64 第六章 結論與建議 66 6.1結論 66 6.2建議 66 參考文獻 68 圖目錄 圖1.1 格網及斜坡單元示意圖............................4 圖1.2 斜坡縱斷面之坡變點示意圖............................5 圖1.3 以一級河集水區為例之斜坡單元示意圖............................6 圖1.4 集水區重疊法示意圖............................9 圖1.5 以手動延伸所做的斜坡單元劃分範例............................9 圖1.6 研究流程圖............................11 圖2.1 影像分割異質性指標計算流程圖............................13 圖2.2 隸屬函數與模糊區間示意圖............................15 圖3.1 數值地形網格與等間距高程示意圖.......................................... 17 圖3.2 數值地形之網格計算示意圖.......................................................18 圖3.3 坡向轉換為x 及y 軸方向單位向量示意圖..............................19 圖3.4 以高程剖面表示之窪地及填補窪地示意圖...............................21 圖3.5 水系網格示意圖及水系網格進行河川分段之示意圖................22 圖4.1 研究區域─桃園縣復興鄉大漢溪流域.......................................23 圖4.2 訓練區域─桃園縣復興鄉大漢溪流域宇內溪集水區.............. 24 圖4.3 數值地形圖框與研究區域圖框之示意圖.................................. 24 圖4.4 Strahler定義之河流級序示意圖..................................................25 圖4.5 Drain程式產製之水系...................................................26 圖4.6 ArcGIS之ArcHydro模組產製之水系.........................................27 圖4.7 Drain程式及ArcHydro模組產製之水系疊合比較圖................ 27 圖4.8 人工繪製之一級河集水區...........................................................28圖4.9 使用Drain程式人工給定出口點後產生之一級河集水區.........28 圖4.10 使用ArcHydro模組產生之水系及一級河集水區...................29 圖4.11 Drain程式及人工繪製之一級河集水區疊合圖........................30 圖4.12 Drain程式及ArcHydro產製之一級河集水區疊合圖...............30 圖4.13 宇內溪集水區之數值高程模型.................................................32 圖4.14 宇內溪集水區之坡度網格資料圖層.........................................33 圖4.15 宇內溪集水區之坡向網格資料圖層.........................................33 圖4.16 宇內溪集水區X方向單位向量之坡向網格資料圖層.............34 圖4.17 宇內溪集水區Y方向單位向量之坡向網格資料圖層.............34 圖4.18 宇內溪集水區之剖面曲率網格資料圖層.................................35 圖4.19 宇內溪集水區之平面曲率網格資料圖層.................................35 圖4.20 匯入物件導向軟體進行分割之水系及集水區.........................36 圖4.21 宇內溪集水區人工繪製之斜坡單元.........................................36 圖4.22 宇內溪集水區以物件導向軟體產製之斜坡單元.....................37 圖4.23 水系產生之細小之斜坡單元以影像分類方法選取後去除.....37 圖4.24 宇內溪集水區坡向分布長條圖.................................................38 圖4.25 初次產製之斜坡單元內部其坡向標準差之分布圖.................39 圖4.26 斜坡單元內部坡向標準差之長條圖.........................................39 圖5.1 人工繪製之斜坡單元疊合坡向...................................................41 圖5.2 人工繪製之斜坡單元內部標準差分布圖...................................41 圖5.3 自動產製之斜坡單元疊合坡向分布圖.......................................42 圖5.4 自動產製之斜坡單元內部標準差分布圖...................................42 圖5.5 訓練區域及五個觀察區域於研究區域中之位置........................44 圖5.6 大曼溪集水區斜坡單元疊合坡向之分布圖...............................46 圖5.7 大曼溪集水區斜坡單元內部標準差分布圖...............................46 圖5.8 寶里苦溪集水區斜坡單元疊合坡向之分布圖...........................47 圖5.9 寶里苦溪集水區斜坡單元內部標準差分布圖............................47 圖5.10 雪霧鬧溪集水區斜坡單元疊合坡向之分布圖.........................48 圖5.11 雪霧鬧溪集水區斜坡單元內部標準差分布圖.........................49 圖5.12 庫志集水區斜坡單元疊合坡向之分布圖.................................50 圖5.13 庫志集水區斜坡單元內部標準差分布圖.................................50 圖5.14 卡拉溪集水區斜坡單元疊合坡向之分布圖.............................51 圖5.15 卡拉溪集水區斜坡單元內部標準差分布圖.............................51 圖5.16 高標準差斜坡單元疊合等高線圖.............................................54 圖5.17 大曼溪集水區之斜坡單元面積分布長條圖.............................55 圖5.18 寶里苦溪集水區之斜坡單元面積分布長條圖.........................56 圖5.19 雪霧鬧溪集水區之斜坡單元面積分布長條圖.........................56 圖5.20 庫志集水區之斜坡單元面積分布長條圖.................................57 圖5.21 卡拉溪集水區之斜坡單元面積分布長條圖.............................57 圖5.22 未使用集水區限制邊界之斜坡單元坡向標準差分布圖.........59 圖5.23 未使用集水區限制邊界之斜坡單元套疊彩繪明暗圖.............59 圖5.24 使用平面、剖面曲率產製斜坡單元之坡向標準差分布圖.......61 圖5.25 使用平面、剖面曲率產製斜坡單元疊合彩繪明暗圖...............61 圖5.26 使用總曲率及水系產製斜坡單元之坡向標準差分布圖.........62 圖5.27 使用總曲率及水系產製斜坡單元疊合彩繪明暗圖.................62 圖5.28 斜坡單元與現有山崩目錄套疊圖.............................................63 圖5.29 斜坡單元影像分割流程圖.........................................................65 表目錄 表1.1 斜坡單元分割方法比較表........................................8 表4.1 初步影像分割之權重設定及其產生之單元邊界.......................32 表5.1 調整後之分割準則..................................................43 表5.2 訓練區域人工繪製及自動產製斜坡單元坡向標準差比較表...52 表5.3 觀察區域之斜坡單元內部坡向標準差比較表...........................53 表5.4 觀察區域各集水區斜坡單元面積分布比較表...........................55 表5.5 集水區使用與否之斜坡單元分割程序比較表...........................58 表5.6 不同因子進行斜坡單元分割程序之比較表...............................60 表5.7各觀察區域內斜坡單元個數與山崩跨越斜坡單元之個數表...63

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