此論文中，將會先詳述歐洲的自行車法規，並分析市面上適合用於車燈設計之高功率發光二極體 (Light-emitting diode, 簡稱LEDs)。在選擇完合適的LEDs光源後，我們會以該LEDs光源進行二次光學設計，並說明其設計理念與結果。而本論文之研究重點除了探討通過歐規之自行車車燈設計外，還有製作材料之選擇對於光學表現之影響。我們針對以PC、PMMA為材料之打樣品進行分析，透過自行車法規近燈測試、物理與熱特性、公差容忍度、雜散光來源四種方式驗證，PMMA搭配蒸鍍之結果可以更貼近設計模擬時的情況，並證實反射杯會因為熱應力而產生段面彎曲，進而導致法規暗區之亮度提高，嚴重時更會產生眩光及無法通過法規。本論文最後一章將統整所有分析與經驗，並於ASAP光學模擬軟體中完整建立雜散光模型。透過本論文建立之雜散光模型，在未來進行自行車車燈光學設計時，可以同時預測實際打樣時的表現，同時達到精確、快速、節省成本等優勢。

In this thesis, the European bicycle regulations will be detailed and illustrated first. Then we will analyze the high-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs) suitable for the design of lights on the market. After selecting the appropriate LEDs light source, we will carry out the secondary optical design with the LEDs light source and explain its design concept and results. The research focuses on not only discussing the design of bicycle lights meeting European regulations but also the influence of the choice of production materials on optical performance. We analyze the samples made of PC and PMMA and verify through four methods of physical and thermal properties, tolerance, and stray light source. The results of PMMA with electroplating coating can be closer to the design simulation situation and confirm the reflector. The section surface will be bent due to thermal stress, which will increase the brightness of the dark area of the regulations, and in severe cases, it will cause glare and fail the regulations. The last chapter of this thesis will integrate all the analysis and experience and build a complete stray light model in the ASAP optical simulation software. Through the stray light model established in this thesis, the performance of actual proofing can be predicted at the same time as the optical design of bicycle lights is being carried out in the
iii
future, while the advantages of accuracy, speed, and cost saving can be achieved at the same time.

1. 公益交流站，世界正再翻轉!認識聯合國永續發展目標，公益交流站，2016。
2. United Nations SDGs website, https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/.
3. V. Venkatesh, H. Bala, “Technology Acceptance Model 3 and a Research Agenda on Interventions. Decision Sciences” Decision Sciences 39(2), 273-315 (2008).
4. J. Recker, “Explaining usage of process modeling grammars: Comparing three theoretical models in the study of two grammars” ScienceDirect 47(5-6), 316-324 (2010).
5. A. L. Scherer, Bicycle Industry:Gowing at Speed, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, 2021.
6. 李宇翔，歐規單一光學反光鏡之高亮度近遠燈研究，國立中央大學光電所碩士論文，中華民國一百零九年。
7. 謝承諺，歐規之高對比度近遠燈設計與雜散光分析之研究，國立中央大學光電所碩士論文，中華民國一百一十年。
8. H. Summala, E. Pasanen, M. Räsänen, and J. Sievänen, “Bicycle accidents and drivers’ visual search at left and right turns,” Accid. Anal. Prev. 28, 147-153 (1996).
9. A. Wachtel and D. Lewiston, “Risk factors for bicycle-motor vehicle collisions at intersections,” ITE Journal (Institute of Transportation Engineers) 64, 30-35 (1994).
10. J. Kim, S. Kim, G. F. Ulfarsson, and L. A. Porrello, “Bicyclist injury severities in bicycle-motor vehicle accidents,” Accid. Anal. Prev. 39, 238-251 (2007).
11. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt,“Straßenverkehrs-Zulassungs-Ordnung StVZO 22A 2015 3rd version,” https://www.kba.de/DE/Home/ home_node.html.
12. “ECE,” http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs101-120.html.
13. Supernova website, https://supernova-lights.com/supernova/.
14. BENEX website, https://www.lordbenex.com/.
15. Cateye website,https://www.cateye.com/intl/products/headlights/.
16. Roxim website, https://www.roxim.net/zh-tw/E-BikeHeadLights.
17. C. C. Sun, T. X. Lee, S. H. Ma, Y. L. Lee, and S. M. Huang, “Precise optical modeling for LED lighting verified by cross correlation in the midfield region,” Opt. Lett. 31, 2193-2195 (2006).
18. W. T. Chien, C. C. Sun, and I. Moreno, “Precise optical model of multi-chip white LEDs,” Opt. Express 15, 7572–7577 (2007).
19. C. C. Sun, W. T. Chien, I. Moreno, C. C. Hsieh, and Y. C. Lo, “Analysis of the far-field region of LEDs,” Opt. Express 17, 13918-13927 (2009).
20. R. J. Koshel, Illumination Engineering: Design with Nonimaging Optics (Wiley, 2013).
21. 陳觀宇，高光效多功能LED遠距離投射燈之研究，國立中央大學光電所碩士論文， 中華民國一百零七年。
22. BRO ASAP, http://www.breault.com/software/asap-features.
23. A. M. Colman, A Dictionary of Psychology (Oxford University Press , 2009).
24. V. N. Mahajan, Optical Imaging and Aberrations: Ray Geometrical Optics (SPIE , 1998).
25. CIE Publication No.015 Colorimetry 4th Edition (CIE , 2018).
26. 大田登，色彩工程學：理論與應用，全華圖書股份有限公司，中華民國九十七年。
27. A. M. Colman, A Dictionary of Psychology (Oxford University Press, 2009).
28. J. M. Palmer, and B. G. Grant, The Art of Radiometry (SPIE , 2009).
29. 臺灣監理法規檢索系統，車輛型式安全及品質一致性審驗作業要點， https://www.mvdis.gov.tw/webMvdisLaw/LawContent.aspx?LawID=B0023012.
30. A. Cvetkovic, O. Dross, J. Chaves, P. Benítez, J. Miñano, and R. Mohedano, “Etendue-preserving mixing and projection optics for high-luminance LEDs, applied to automotive headlamps,” Opt. Express 14, 13014-13020 (2006).
31. OSRAM GmbH, https://www.osram.com/cb/.
32. Cree Inc., https://cree-led.com/.
33. 孫慶成，LED 的效率極限與照明光學設計的極致，LED固態照明研討會論文集，中華民國九十八年。
34. 楊凱宇，高功率 LED 之歐規自行車前燈設計，國立中央大學光電所碩士論文，中華民國九十八年。
35. 馮世典，德規 LED 自行車前燈光學設計與驗證，國立中央大學光電所碩士論文，中華民國一百年。
36. 吳健君，LED 投射聚光型燈具與封裝晶粒大小之關係，國立中央大學光電所碩士論文，中華民國一百零二年。
37. 蔡直佑，高光效多功能LED投射光形之研究，國立中央大學光電所博士論文，中華民國一百零四年。
38. 蔡明修，增加高對比度LED車燈生產容忍度之光學設計研究，國立中央大學光電所博士論文，中華民國一百零七年。
39. 吳同，失效LED車頭燈的截止線光形重建之研究，國立中央大學光電所碩士論文，中華民國一百零八年。
40. C. C. Sun, C. S. Wu, C. Y. Hsieh, Y. H. Lee, S. K. Lin, T. X. Lee, T. H. Yang, and Y. W. Yu, “Single reflector design for integrated low/high beam meeting multiple regulations with light field management,” Opt. Express 29(12), 18865-18875 (2021).
41. H. J. Park, D. K. Lee, J. M. Lee, K. W. Park, J. Y. Joo, and J. S. Kwak, “Design of LED bicycle headlamp with a horizontally wide viewing angle,” Adv. Opt. Photon. 1, 351-357 (2017).
42. P. Ge, Y. Li, Z. Chen, and H. Wang, “LED high-beam headlamp based on free-form microlenses,” Appl. Opt. 53, 5570-5575 (2014).
43. M. S. Tsai, C. C. Sun, T. H. Yang, C. S. Wu, S. K. Lin, and X. H. Lee, “Robust optical design for high-contrast cut-off line in vehicle forward lighting,”OSA Continuum. 2, 1080-1088 (2019).
44. Schmidt Original Nabendynamo website, https://nabendynamo.de/en/.
45. J. Y. Cai, Y. C. Lo, S. T. Feng, and C. C. Sun, “Design of a highly efficient LED-based bicycle head lamp with additional ground illumination,” Lighting Research & Technology 46, 747-753 (2014).
46. C. C. Sun, Y. C. Lo, C. C. Tsai, X. H. Lee, and W. T. Chien, “Anti-glare LED projection lamp based on an optical design with a confocal double-reflector,” Opt. Commun 285, 4207-4210 (2012).
47. Katrin Terpitz and Florian Kolf, “German e-bike bonanza recharges a sector’s fortunes,” Handelsblatt (2019).
48. Joachim Hofer, “E-bike instead of company car: Ex-car manager Luksch wants to get commuters to switch,” Handelsblatt (2020).
49. C. C. Sun, T. X. Lee, Optical Design for LED Solid State Lighting - A guide (IOP Publishing Ltd , 2022).
50. R. Karlicek, Handblook of Advance Lighting Technology ( Springer International Publishing Switzerland , 2017 ).
51. T. H. Yang, H. Y. Huang, C. C. Sun, B. Glorieux, X. H. Lee, Y. W. Yu, T. Y. Chung, “Noncontact and instant detection of phosphor temperature in phosphor-converted white LEDs,” Scientific Reports 8, 296 (2018).