台灣是世界上最活躍的年輕的山岳帶之一。自二十世紀初至今已有超過二十次的七級(Mw7)以上地震發生於此。然而就超過八級（Mw8）以上的大型地震問題仍存有爭議。在本課題中利用長期記錄為突破口去評價大地震的狀況。同時本課題也藉由近年來發展迅速的，通過研究重力沉積記錄為基礎的子水古地震學中相關理論去探討歷史長期地震活動情況。

本課題的第一個方向探討了台灣東部的沉積體系。理解沉積形態特徵，沉積相和研究海底斜坡的演化進程,同時注意近期內的沉積影響因素。它們對沉積體系分析尤為重要。我們的研究結果表明當地有許多不同的沉積體係正在形成，並對台灣東側岸外坡產生影響。同時濁流作為侵蝕作用的主要因素，佔據了當地沉積記錄的60%。濁流主要受到構造運動和氣候運動這兩個重要控制因素影響。當濁流和構造運動相結合，可導致地震晃動，並將形成內陸斜坡盆地。在氣候因素的影響下，濁流可能在盆地及內陸河域導致特大洪澇或颱風。

第二個方向應用古地震學中兩個時間軸上以濁積岩記錄為基礎的方法。首先我們通過測試並調整濁流沉積物和地震形成之間的對應關聯。一旦校准後我們將時間序列前調至最近的三次濁積岩層形成時間，分別為：公元2001+-3，公元1950+-5以及公元1928+-8。我們將地下加速度，震級，震源通過經驗關係相連，分別驗證了沉積岩和三個地震的聯繫：2013年12月10日成功地震（Mw6.8），1951年11月24日台東地震（Mw 7.1 ）以及1935年9月4日綠島地震(Mw 7.0）。年代測定以及年齡建模為過去的3000年提供了極端氣候事件年代表。通過對比不同觸發因素對濁流形成的影響，我們得出結論，地震是濁流形成的主要觸發機制。我們還猜測整體大陸邊緣與同步濁流事件共同作用，從而導致了公元前50年至公元600年間的8級大地震。這項研究為全新世極端事件重新排序做了良好開端。

Taiwan is a young mountain belt, known as one of the most active area in the world. Since the beginning of the
20th century more than twenty  Mw7 earthquakes have struck the island. However, the occurrence of larger
events (Mw8) is still a matter of debate. In this framework it is of key importance to obtain longer record
in order to evaluate the occurrence of large past earthquakes. The sub-aqueous paleoseismology, based on the
record of the sedimentary gravity deposits, appears as a serious alternative to approach this thematic and is a
rapidly advancing field that has the potential to illuminate the long-term history of seismicity.
The first part of this work was to investigate the present sedimentary systems off east Taiwan, essential to
understand the morphosedimentary features, sedimentary facies and processes governing the evolution of the
submarine slope, and the controlling factors of the recent sedimentation. Our results showed that the offshore
slope east Taiwan is affected by a variety of sedimentary systems and processes, and that turbidity currents
appear as the main erosional processes covering nearly 60% of the sedimentary record. Turbidity currents are
generated by distinct controlling factors such as tectonic and climatic activity that enabled us to define two
end-members relative to turbidity currents initiation: Turbidity currents preconditioned by tectonic activity and
triggered by earthquakes shaking and likely deposited into intra-slope basin and turbidity currents driven by
climatic activity such as extreme floods or typhoons, generated in basin directly connected with onland rivers.
The second part consisted to apply a paleoseismic approach, based on turbidites record, at two time-scales. First,
we tested and validated the method by correlating turbidites deposits with instrumental earthquakes. Then, once
calibrated we extended the time-series back in time. We dated the three most recent turbidites layers circa AD
2001  3, AD 1950  5 and AD 1928  8. Using empirical relationship that link peakground acceleration,
distance and magnitude to calibrate the seismic sources, we correlate these three turbidites with instrumental
earthquakes: the Chengkong Earthquake 12/10/2003 (Mw 6.8), the 11/24/1951 Taitung Earthquake (Mw 7.1)
and the 9/4/1935 Lutao Earthquake (Mw 7.0) respectively. Dating and age modeling provided a chronology of
extreme events since the last 3000 years. Applying criteria to discriminating the different triggering mechanisms
for turbidity current generation, we propose that earthquakes are the main triggering mechanisms. We also
estimate that synchronous turbidite events correlated over the whole margin were triggered by a Mw8 earthquake
between 50 BC and 600 AD. This work represents a good starting-point for future investigations in order to better
assess Holocene time series of extreme events.

Abe, Y. (1938). The research of locality names in taiwan. Sugita Publication, Tokyo, 300 pp.
(in japanese), page 300 pp. 168
Adams, J. (1990). Paleoseismicity of the cascadia subduction zone: Evidence from turbidites off
the oregon-washington margin. Tectonics, 9(4):569–583. 4, 70, 93, 125, 136
Ando, M. (1975). Source mechanisms and tectonic significance of historical earthquakes along
the nankai trough, japan. Tectonophysics, 27(2):119–140. 166
Ando, M., Nakamura, M., and Lin, C. (2013). Tsunami folklore and possible tsunami source on
the eastern coast of taiwan. terr. Atmos. Ocean. 168
Appleby, P. and Oldfield, F. (1992). Applications of lead-210 to sedimentation studies. In
Uranium-series disequilibrium: applications to earth, marine, and environmental sciences. 2.
ed. 96
Appleby, P., Richardson, N., and Nolan, P. (1991). 241am dating of lake sediments. In Environmental
History and Palaeolimnology, pages 35–42. Springer. 98
Arai, K., Naruse, H., Miura, R., Kawamura, K., Hino, R., Ito, Y., Inazu, D., Yokokawa, M.,
Izumi, N., Murayama, M., et al. (2013). Tsunami-generated turbidity current of the 2011
tohoku-oki earthquake. Geology, 41(11):1195–1198. 175
Araoka, D., Yokoyama, Y., Suzuki, A., Goto, K., Miyagi, K., Miyazawa, K., Matsuzaki, H., and
Kawahata, H. (2013). Tsunami recurrence revealed by porites coral boulders in the southern
ryukyu islands, japan. Geology, 41(8):919–922. 167
Arnaud, F., Lignier, V., Revel, M., Desmet, M., Beck, C., Pourchet, M., Charlet, F., Trentesaux,
A., and Tribovillard, N. (2002). Flood and earthquake disturbance of 210pb geochronology
(lake anterne, nw alps). Terra Nova, 14(4):225–232. 107, 110
Arzola, R. G., Wynn, R. B., Lastras, G., Masson, D. G., and Weaver, P. P. (2008). Sedimentary
features and processes in the nazaré and setúbal submarine canyons, west iberian margin.
Marine Geology, 250(1):64–88. 31
Atwater, B. F. (1987). Evidence for great holocene earthquakes along the outer coast of washington
state. Science, 236(4804):942–944. 165
Babonneau, N., Savoye, B., Cremer, M., and Klein, B. (2002). Morphology and architecture
of the present canyon and channel system of the zaire deep-sea fan. Marine and Petroleum
Geology, 19(4):445–467. 31
Barnes, P. M., Bostock, H. C., Neil, H. L., Strachan, L. J., and Gosling, M. (2013). A
2300-year paleoearthquake record of the southern alpine fault and fiordland subduction zone,
new zealand, based on stacked turbidites. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,
103(4):2424–2446. 37, 125
Beck, C. (2009). Late quaternary lacustrine paleo-seismic archives in north-western alps: Examples
of earthquake-origin assessment of sedimentary disturbances. Earth-Science Reviews,
96(4):327–344. 36, 70, 94, 125, 197
Beck, C., Mercier de Lépinay, B., Schneider, J.-L., Cremer, M., Çagatay, N., Wendenbaum, E.,
Boutareaud, S., Ménot, G., Schmidt, S., Weber, O., et al. (2007). Late quaternary co-seismic
sedimentation in the sea of marmara’s deep basins. Sedimentary Geology, 199(1):65–89. 4
Bentahila, Y., Ben Othman, D., and Luck, J.-M. (2008). Strontium, lead and zinc isotopes
in marine cores as tracers of sedimentary provenance: A case study around taiwan orogen.
Chemical Geology, 248(1):62–82. XXV, 75, 76
Bentsen, M., Evensen, G., Drange, H., and Jenkins, A. (1999). Coordinate transformation on a
sphere using conformal mapping*. Monthly Weather Review, 127(12):2733–2740. 178
Biq, C. (1972). Dual-trench structure in the taiwan-luzon region. Proc. Geol. Soc. China,
15:65–75. 5, 55, 107, 127
Blumberg, S., Lamy, F., Arz, H., Echtler, H., Wiedicke, M., Haug, G., and Oncken, O. (2008).
Turbiditic trench deposits at the south-chilean active margin: a pleistocene–holocene record
of climate and tectonics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 268(3):526–539. 4, 136, 197
Bonnel, C. (2005). Mise en place des lobes distaux dans les systèmes turbiditiques actuels: analyse
comparée des sysytèmes du Zaïre, Var, et Rhône. PhD thesis, Bordeaux 1. 32
Bouma, A. H. (1962). Sedimentology of some flysch deposits: a graphic approach to facies
interpretation, volume 168. Elsevier Amsterdam. 25, 26, 55, 64, 66, 109
Bouma, A. H. (2000). Coarse-grained and fine-grained turbidite systems as end member models:
applicability and dangers. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 17(2):137–143. 33, 34
Bourdon, B. (2003). Introduction to U-series Geochemistry. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry,
52(1):1–21. XVII, 97
Carrillo, E., Beck, C., Cousin, M., Jouanne, F., Cano, V., Castilla, R., Melo, L., Villemin, T.,
et al. (2006). A late pleistocene-holocene natural seismograph along the boconó fault (merida
andes, venezuela): the moraine-dammed los zerpa paleo-lake. Bulletin de la Société Géologique
de France, 177(1):3–17. 4
Chai, B. H. (1972). Structure and tectonic evolution of taiwan. American Journal of Science,
272(5):389–422. 127
Chang, M.-H., Tang, T. Y., Ho, C.-R., and Chao, S.-Y. (2013). Kuroshio-induced wake in the
lee of Green Island off Taiwan. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118(3):1508–1519.
XIX, 113, 119
Chapron, E., Beck, C., Pourchet, M., and Deconinck, J.-F. (1999). 1822 earthquake-triggered
homogenite in lake le bourget (nw alps). Terra Nova, 11(2-3):86–92. 4
Chen, C.-T. A., Liu, J. T., and Tsuang, B.-J. (2004). Island-based catchment—the taiwan
example. Regional Environmental Change, 4(1):39–48. 10, 56
Chen, K.-P. and Tsai, Y.-B. (2008). A catalog of taiwan earthquakes (1900–2006) with homogenized
mw magnitudes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 98(1):483–489. XXV,
14, 142
Chen, L.-K., Wu, T.-Y., and Chen, S.-C. (2012). Morakot typhoon : capacity of rainfall to landslide
in taiwan. Conference Proceedings, 12th Congress INTERPRAEVENT 2012, Grenoble,
France, pages 67–76. 169
Chen, Y.-G. and Liu, T.-K. (2000). Holocene uplift and subsidence along an active tectonic
margin southwestern taiwan. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19(9):923–930. 9
Cheng, S. N. and Yeh, Y. T. (1989). Catalog of the Earthquakes in Taiwan from 1604 to 1988.
Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica. XXV, 14, 142
Cheng, S.-N., Yeh, Y.-T., and Yu, M.-S. (1996). The 1951 taitung earthquake in taiwan.
JOURNAL-GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CHINA-TAIWAN-, 39:267–286. XXV, 14, 142
Chiu, J.-K. and Liu, C.-S. (2008). Comparison of sedimentary processes on adjacent passive
and active continental margins offshore of sw taiwan based on echo character studies. Basin
Research, 20(4):503–518. 67
Choi, B., Kaistrenko, V., Kim, K., Min, B., and Pelinovsky, E. (2011). Rapid forecasting of
tsunami runup heights from 2-d numerical simulations. Natural Hazards and Earth System
Science, 11(3):707–714. 177, 179
Chung, J.-K. (2013). Peak ground motion predictions with empirical site factors using taiwan
strong motion network recordings. Earth Planets Space, 65(9):957–972. 138
Clague, J. J. (1995). Early historical and ethnographical accounts of large earthquakes and
tsunamis on western vancouver island. British Columbia, Current Research, pages 47–50. 165
Collot, J.-Y., Lewis, K., Lamarche, G., and Lallemand, S. (2001). The giant Ruatoria debris
avalanche on the northern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand: Result of oblique seamount subduction.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 106(B9):19271–19297. 55
Dadson, S., Hovius, N., Pegg, S., Dade, W. B., Horng, M. J., and Chen, H. (2005). Hyperpycnal
river flows from an active mountain belt. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110(F4):F04016.
10, 57, 72
Dadson, S. J., Hovius, N., Chen, H., Dade, W. B., Hsieh, M.-L., Willett, S. D., Hu, J.-C., Horng,
M.-J., Chen, M.-C., Stark, C. P., Lague, D., and Lin, J.-C. (2003). Links between erosion,
runoff variability and seismicity in the Taiwan orogen. Nature, 426(6967):648–51. 9
Dadson, S. J., Hovius, N., Chen, H., Dade, W. B., Lin, J.-C., Hsu, M.-L., Lin, C.-W., Horng,
M.-J., Chen, T.-C., Milliman, J., and Stark, C. P. (2004). Earthquake-triggered increase in
sediment delivery from an active mountain belt. Geology, 32(8):733. 10, 56
Dan, G., Sultan, N., Savoye, B., Deverchere, J., and Yelles, K. (2009). Quantifying the role
of sandy–silty sediments in generating slope failures during earthquakes: example from the
algerian margin. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 98(4):769–789. 37, 138
Derrieux, F., Siame, L. L., Bourlès, D. L., Chen, R.-F., Braucher, R., Léanni, L., Lee, J.-C.,
Chu, H.-T., and Byrne, T. B. (2014). How fast is the denudation of the taiwan mountain belt?
perspectives from in situ cosmogenic< sup> 10</sup> be. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,
88:230–245. 9
Dezileau, L., Lehu, R., Lallemand, S., Hsu, S.-K., Babonneau, N., Ratzov, G., Lin, A. T., and S.,
D. (2014). Historical reconstruction of submarine earthquakes using 210pb, 137cs and 241am
turbidite chronology and radiocarbon reservoir age estimation off east taiwan. Radicarbon.
XXV, 130, 144, 172
Einsele, G. (1996). Event deposits: the role of sediment supply and relative sea-level changes-an
introduction. Sedimentary Geology, 104(1):11–37. 55
Engdahl, E. R. and Villaseñor, A. (2002). 41 global seismicity: 1900–1999. International Geophysics,
81:665–XVI. XXV, 14, 142
Eschard, R., Albouy, E., Deschamps, R., Euzen, T., and Ayub, A. (2003). Downstream evolution
of turbiditic channel complexes in the pab range outcrops (maastrichtian, pakistan). Marine
and Petroleum Geology, 20(6):691–710. XIV, 34
Flood, R. D., Manley, P. L., Kowsmann, R. O., Appi, C. J., and Pirmez, C. (1991). Seismic
facies and late quaternary growth of amazon submarine fan. In Seismic facies and sedimentary
processes of submarine fans and turbidite systems, pages 415–433. Springer. 31
Font, Y. and Lallemand, S. (2009). Subducting oceanic high causes compressional faulting in
southernmost Ryukyu forearc as revealed by hypocentral determinations of earthquakes and
reflection/refraction seismic data. Tectonophysics, 466(3-4):255–267. XXV, 62, 75, 76
Font, Y., Liu, C.-S., Schnurle, P., and Lallemand, S. (2001). Constraints on backstop geometry
of the southwest Ryukyu subduction based on reflection seismic data. Tectonophysics, 333(1-
2):135–158. XXV, 75, 76
Fontugne, M., Carre, M., Bentaleb, I., Julien, M., and Lavallee, D. (2004). Radiocarbon reservoir
age variations in the south peruvian upwelling during the holocene. Radiocarbon, 46(2):531–
537. 101, 108
Forel, F.-A. (1887). Le ravin sous-lacustre du Rhône dans le lac Léman. Impr. L. Corbaz. 25
Galewsky, J., Stark, C. P., Dadson, S., Wu, C.-C., Sobel, a. H., and Horng, M.-J. (2006).
Tropical cyclone triggering of sediment discharge in Taiwan. Journal of Geophysical Research,
111(F3):F03014. 9, 56

Galloway, W. E. (1998). Siliciclastic slope and base-of-slope depositional systems: component
facies, stratigraphic architecture, and classification. AAPG bulletin, 82(4):569–595. 31
Garcia-Orellana, J., Gràcia, E., Vizcaino, A., Masqué, P., Olid, C., Martínez-Ruiz, F., Piñero,
E., Sanchez-Cabeza, J.-A., and Dañobeitia, J. (2006). Identifying instrumental and historical
earthquake records in the sw iberian margin using 210pb turbidite chronology. Geophysical
Research Letters, 33(24). 107, 110
Gaudin, M. (2006). Processus et enregistrements sédimentaires dans les canyons sous-marins
Bourcart et de Capbreton durant le dernier cycle climatique. PhD thesis, Bordeaux 1. 31
Ge, X., Li, T., Zhang, S., and Peng, M. (2010). What causes the extremely heavy rainfall in
taiwan during typhoon morakot (2009)? Atmospheric science letters, 11(1):46–50. 10, 56
Gennesseaux, M., Mauffret, A., and Pautot, G. (1980). Les glissements sous-marins de la pente
continentale niçoise et la rupture de câbles en mer ligure (méditerranée occidentale). Comptes
Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, 290(14):959–962. 21
Goldberg, E. D. (1963). Geochronology with 210pb. Radioactive dating, pages 121–131. 96, 110
Goldfinger, C. (2011). Submarine paleoseismology based on turbidite records. Annual review of
marine science, 3:35–66. 4, 125
Goldfinger, C., Morey, A. E., Nelson, C. H., Gutiérrez-Pastor, J., Johnson, J. E., Karabanov,
E., Chaytor, J., and Eriksson, A. (2007). Rupture lengths and temporal history of significant
earthquakes on the offshore and north coast segments of the Northern San Andreas Fault
based on turbidite stratigraphy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 254(1-2):9–27. XVII,
93, 95, 125, 136
Goldfinger, C., Nelson, C. H., and Johnson, J. E. (2003). Holocene earthquake records from the
cascadia subduction zone and northern san andreas fault based on precise dating of offshore
turbidites. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 31(1):555–577. 4, 36, 70, 93, 94,
125, 136, 197
Goldfinger, C., Nelson, C. H., Morey, A. E., Johnson, J. E., Patton, J., Karabanov, E., Gutierrez-
Pastor, J., Eriksson, A. T., Gracia, E., Dunhill, G., et al. (2012). Turbidite event history:
Methods and implications for Holocene paleoseismicity of the Cascadia subduction zone. US
Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey. 125, 196

Goldfinger, C., Patton, J. R., Van Daele, M., Moernaut, J., Nelson, C. H., de Batist, M., and
Morey, a. E. (2014). Can turbidites be used to reconstruct a paleoearthquake record for the
central Sumatran margin?: COMMENT. Geology, 42(9):e344–e344. 196
Goodfriend, G. A. and Flessa, K. W. (1997). Radiocarbon reservoir ages in the gulf of california:
roles of upwelling and flow from the colorado river. Radiocarbon, 39(2):139–148. 101, 108
Gorsline, D., De Diego, T., and Nava-Sanchez, E. (2000). Seismically triggered turbidites in
small margin basins: Alfonso Basin, Western Gulf of California and Santa Monica Basin,
California Borderland. Sedimentary Geology, 135(1-4):21–35. XVII, 93, 94, 125, 197
Goto, K., Kawana, T., and Imamura, F. (2010). Historical and geological evidence of boulders
deposited by tsunamis, southern ryukyu islands, japan. Earth-Science Reviews, 102(1):77–99.
167
Goto, K., Miyagi, K., and Imamura, F. (2013). Localized tsunamigenic earthquakes inferred
from preferential distribution of coastal boulders on the ryukyu islands, japan. Geology,
41(11):1139–1142. 167
Gràcia, E., Vizcaino, A., Escutia, C., Asioli, A., Rodés, A., Pallàs, R., Garcia-Orellana, J.,
Lebreiro, S., and Goldfinger, C. (2010). Holocene earthquake record offshore Portugal (SW
Iberia): testing turbidite paleoseismology in a slow-convergence margin. Quaternary Science
Reviews, 29(9-10):1156–1172. 4, 37, 71, 93, 94, 125, 136, 137, 197
Hampton, M. A. (1972). The role of subaqueous debris flow in generating turbidity currents.
Journal of Sedimentary Research, 42(4). 28
Hampton, M. a., Lee, H. J., and Locat, J. (1996). Submarine landslides. Reviews of Geophysics,
34(1):33. 21, 60, 67, 68
Heezen, B. C. and Ewing, W. M. (1952). Turbidity currents and submarine slumps, and the
1929 grand banks [newfoundland] earthquake. American Journal of Science, 250(12):849–873.
136
Hetland, E. A. and Wu, F. T. (2001). Crustal structure at the intersection of the ryukyu
trench with the arc-continent collision in taiwan: Results from an offshore-onshore seismic
experiment. Terrestrial Atmospheric And Oceanic Sciences, 12(SUPP):231–248. XXV, 62,
75, 76
Hsieh, M.-L., Liew, P.-M., and Hsu, M.-Y. (2004). Holocene tectonic uplift on the hua-tung
coast, eastern taiwan. Quaternary International, 115:47–70. 9
Hsin, Y.-C., Wu, C.-R., and Shaw, P.-T. (2008). Spatial and temporal variations of the kuroshio
east of taiwan, 1982–2005: A numerical study. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
(1978–2012), 113(4). XIX, XXI, 119, 169, 176, 184
Hsu, M.-T. (1961). Seismicity of taiwan (formosa). Bull. earthq. Res. Inst. Tokyo University,
39:831–847. 7, 56
Hsu, S.-K., Kuo, J., Lo, C.-L., Tsai, C.-H., Doo, W.-B., Ku, C.-Y., and Sibuet, J.-C. (2008).
Turbidity currents, submarine landslides and the 2006. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 19(6):762–
772. 21, 67
Hsu, S.-K., Yeh, Y.-C., Sibuet, J.-C., Doo, W.-B., and Tsai, C.-H. (2013). A mega-splay fault
system and tsunami hazard in the southern ryukyu subduction zone. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 362:99–107. 167
Hsu, Y.-J., Yu, S.-B., Simons, M., Kuo, L.-C., and Chen, H.-Y. (2009). Interseismic crustal
deformation in the taiwan plate boundary zone revealed by gps observations, seismicity, and
earthquake focal mechanisms. Tectonophysics, 479(1):4–18. XIII, 7
Huang, C., Shyu, C., Lin, S., Lee, T., and Sheu, D. (1992). Marine geology in the arc-continent
collision zone off southeastern taiwan: Implications for late neogene evolution of the coastal
range. Marine Geology, 107:183–212. XXV, 58, 64, 65, 66, 75, 76
Huang, C.-Y., Yuan, P. B., and Tsao, S.-J. (2006). Temporal and spatial records of active
arc-continent collision in taiwan: A synthesis. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 118(3-
4):274–288. XIII, 8
Hughen, K. A., Baillie, M. G., Bard, E., Beck, J. W., Bertrand, C. J., Blackwell, P. G., Buck,
C. E., Burr, G. S., Cutler, K. B., Damon, P. E., et al. (2004). Marine04 marine radiocarbon
age calibration, 0-26 cal kyr bp. Radiocarbon, 46:1059–1086. 108, 112
Huh, C.-A., Su, C.-C., Liang, W.-T., and Ling, C.-Y. (2004). Linkages between turbidites in the
southern Okinawa Trough and submarine earthquakes. Geophysical Research Letters, 31:2–5.
XIV, XIX, XXV, 4, 5, 36, 37, 39, 40, 55, 58, 75, 76, 107, 110, 111, 125, 134, 135, 138, 149, 195
Huh, C.-A., Su, C.-C.,Wang, C.-H., Lee, S.-Y., and Lin, I.-T. (2006). Sedimentation in the southern
okinawa trough—rates, turbidites and a sediment budget. Marine geology, 231(1):129–139.
55, 107, 110
Ingram, B. and Southon, J. (1997). Reservoir ages in eastern pacific coastal and estuarine waters.
radiocarbon. Radiocarbon, 38(3):573–582. 108
Izumi, N. (2004). The formation of submarine gullies by turbidity currents. Journal of Geophysical
Research: Oceans (1978–2012), 109(C3). 31
Kao, H., Shen, S.-s. J., and Ma, K.-F. (1998). Transition from oblique subduction to collision:
Earthquakes in the southernmost ryukyu arc-taiwan region. Journal of Geophysical Research:
Solid Earth (1978–2012), 103(B4):7211–7229. 127
Kao, S. and Milliman, J. (2008). Water and sediment discharge from small mountainous rivers,
taiwan: The roles of lithology, episodic events, and human activities. The Journal of Geology,
116(5):431–448. 10, 57
KAWANA, T. and NAKATA, T. (1994). Timing of late holocene tsunamis originated around the
southern ryukyu islands, japan, deduced from coralline tsunami deposits. Journal of geography
(Chigaku Zasshi), in Japanese, 103(4):352–376. 176
Kennett, D. J., Ingram, B. L., Erlandson, J. M., and Walker, P. (1997). Evidence for temporal
fluctuations in marine radiocarbon reservoir ages in the santa barbara channel, southern
california. Journal of Archaeological Science, 24(11):1051–1059. 101
Krishnaswamy, S., Lal, D., Martin, J., and Meybeck, M. (1971a). Geochronology of lake sediments.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 11(1):407–414. 96
Krishnaswamy, S., Lal, D., Martin, J., and Meybeck, M. (1971b). Geochronology of lake sediments.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 11(1):407–414. 110
Kuenen, P. H. and Migliorini, C. (1950). Turbidity currents as a cause of graded bedding. The
Journal of Geology, pages 91–127. 25
Lai, J.-S., Chiu, C.-Y., Chang, H.-K., Hu, J.-C., and Tan, Y.-C. (2010). Potential inundation
hazards in the taipei basin induced by reactivation of the shanchiao fault in northern taiwan.
Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 21(3):529–542. 165
Lallemand, S., Heuret, A., and Boutelier, D. (2005). On the relationships between slab dip, backarc
stress, upper plate absolute motion, and crustal nature in subduction zones. Geochemistry,
Geophysics, Geosystems, 6(9). 166, 167
Lallemand, S., Liu, C.-S., Dominguez, S., Schnürle, P., and Malavieille, J. (1999). the act scientific
crew, 1999. trench-parallel stretching and folding of forearc basins and lateral migration
of the accretionary wedge in the southern ryukyus: a case of strain partition caused by oblique
convergence. Tectonics, 18(2):231–247. XXV, 75, 76
Lallemand, S., Theunissen, T., Schnürle, P., Lee, C.-S., Liu, C.-S., and Font, Y. (2013). Tectonophysics
Indentation of the Philippine Sea plate by the Eurasia plate in Taiwan : Details from
recent marine seismological experiments. Tectonophysics, 594:60–79. XXV, 39, 62, 69, 75, 76,
125
Lallemand, S. E., Liu, C.-S., and Font, Y. (1997b). A tear fault boundary between the taiwan
orogen and the ryukyu subduction zone. Tectonophysics, 274(1):171–190. XXV, 75, 76
Lallemand, S. E. and Tsien, H.-H. (1997). An introduction to active collision in Taiwan. Tectonophysics,
274:1–4. XXI, 58, 174, 178, 185
Lau, A. Y. A., Switzer, A. D., Dominey-Howes, D., Aitchison, J., and Zong, Y. (2010). Written
records of historical tsunamis in the northeastern south china sea: challenges associated with
developing a new integrated database. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., (10):1793–1806. 168
Lay, T. and Kanamori, H. (2011). Insights from the great 2011 japan earthquake. Phys. Today,
64(12):33. 165
Lee, H., Locat, J., Dartnell, P., Israel, K., and Wong, F. (1999). Regional variability of slope
stability: application to the eel margin, california. Marine Geology, 154(1):305–321. 37
Lee, H. J. and Edwards, B. D. (1986). Regional method to assess offshore slope stability. Journal
of Geotechnical Engineering, 112(5):489–509. 37
Lee, S. and Pradhan, B. (2007). Landslide hazard mapping at selangor, malaysia using frequency
ratio and logistic regression models. Landslides, 4(1):33–41. 67
Lehu, R., Lallemand, S., Hsu, S.-K., Lin, A. T., Ratzov, G., Babonneau, N., and Dezileau,
L. (2013). Submarine paleoseismology offshore eastern taiwan: New insights from turbidite
records. Abstract in AGU Fall meeting. 169
Lehu, R., Lallemand, S., Hsu, S.-K., Lin, A. T., Ratzov, G., Babonneau, N., and Dezileau, L.
(2014). Deep-sea sedimentation offshore eastern taiwan: facies and processes characterization.
Marine Geology. 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 125, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 137, 174
Li, Y.-H. (1976). Denudation of taiwan island since the pliocene epoch. Geology, 4(2):105–107.
10, 56
Liew, P., Pirazzoli, P., Hsieh, M., Arnold, M., Barusseau, J., Fontugne, M., and Giresse, P.
(1993). Holocene tectonic uplift deduced from elevated shorelines, eastern coastal range of
taiwan. Tectonophysics, 222(1):55–68. 9
Lin, J.-Y., Sibuet, J.-C., Hsu, S.-K., and Wu, W.-N. (2014). Could a sumatra-like megathrust
earthquake occur in the south ryukyu subduction zone? Earth, Planets and Space, 66(1):1–8.
176
Lin, Y.-L., Ensley, D. B., Chiao, S., and Huang, C.-Y. (2002). Orographic influences on rainfall
and track deflection associated with the passage of a tropical cyclone. Monthly weather review,
130(12). 9, 56
Litchfield, N. J. and Berryman, K. R. (2005). Correlation of fluvial terraces within the hikurangi
margin, new zealand: implications for climate and baselevel controls. Geomorphology,
68(3):291–313. 35
Liu, J., Liu, C., Xu, K., Milliman, J., Chiu, J., Kao, S., and Lin, S. (2008). Flux and fate of small
mountainous rivers derived sediments into the Taiwan Strait. Marine Geology, 256(1-4):65–76.
XVI, 9, 10, 37, 56, 57, 73, 77, 125, 167, 169
Locat, J. and Lee, H. J. (2002). Submarine landslides: advances and challenges. Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, 39(1):193–212. 55, 67
Lofi, J., Inwood, J., Proust, J.-N., Monteverde, D. H., Loggia, D., Basile, C., Otsuka, H.,
Hayashi, T., Stadler, S., Mottl, M. J., et al. (2013). Fresh-water and salt-water distribution
in passive margin sediments: Insights from integrated ocean drilling program expedition 313
on the new jersey margin. Geosphere, 9(4):1009–1024. 173
Lowe, D. R. (1982). Sediment gravity flows: Ii depositional models with special reference to the
deposits of high-density turbidity currents. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 52(1). XIV, 26
Ma, K.-F. and Lee, M.-F. (1997). Simulation of historical tsunamis in the taiwan region. Diqiu
Kexue Jikan= TAO, Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 8(1):13–30. 168
Madec, G. (2008). Nemo ocean engine. 179
Malavieille, J., Lallemand, S., Dominguez, S., Deschamps, A., Lu, C., Liu, C., Schnürle, P.,
Hsu, J., Liu, S., Sibuet, J., and Others (2002). Arc-continent collision in taiwan new marine
observations and tectonic evolution. Geological Society of America Special Paper, pages 189–
213. XXV, 7, 8, 39, 48, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 68, 71, 75, 76, 125, 127, 166
Marsaleix, P., Auclair, F., Duhaut, T., Estournel, C., Nguyen, C., and Ulses, C. (2012). Alternatives
to the robert–asselin filter. Ocean Modelling, 41:53–66. 178
Marsaleix, P., Auclair, F., and Estournel, C. (2006). Considerations on open boundary conditions
for regional and coastal ocean models. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,
23(11):1604–1613. 179
Marsaleix, P., Auclair, F., and Estournel, C. (2009). Low-order pressure gradient schemes in
sigma coordinate models: The seamount test revisited. Ocean Modelling, 30(2):169–177. 178
Marsaleix, P., Auclair, F., Estournel, C., Nguyen, C., and Ulses, C. (2011). An accurate implementation
of the compressibility terms in the equation of state in a low order pressure gradient
scheme for sigma coordinate ocean models. Ocean Modelling, 40(1):1–13. 178
Marsaleix, P., Auclair, F., Floor, J. W., Herrmann, M. J., Estournel, C., Pairaud, I., and Ulses,
C. (2008). Energy conservation issues in sigma-coordinate free-surface ocean models. Ocean
Modelling, 20(1):61–89. 177, 178
Masqué, P., Fabres, J., Canals, M., Sanchez-Cabeza, J., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Cacho, I., Calafat,
A., and Bruach, J. (2003). Accumulation rates of major constituents of hemipelagic sediments
in the deep alboran sea: a centennial perspective of sedimentary dynamics. Marine Geology,
193(3):207–233. 107
Masson, D. G., Harbitz, C. B., Wynn, R. B., Pedersen, G., and Lø vholt, F. (2006). Submarine
landslides: processes, triggers and hazard prediction. Philosophical transactions. Series A,
Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences, 364(1845):2009–2039. 55, 67
Wu, F. T., Liang, W.-T., Lee, J.-C., Benz, H., and Villasenor, A. (2009). A model for the
termination of the ryukyu subduction zone against taiwan: A junction of collision, subduction/
separation, and subduction boundaries. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
(1978–2012), 114(B7). 62
Wu, W.-N., Kao, H., Hsu, S.-K., Lo, C.-L., and Chen, H.-W. (2010). Spatial variation of the
crustal stress field along the ryukyu-taiwan-luzon convergent boundary. Journal of Geophysical
Research: Solid Earth (1978–2012), 115(B11). 125
Wu, Y.-M., Chang, C.-H., Zhao, L., Teng, T.-L., and Nakamura, M. (2008). A comprehensive
relocation of earthquakes in taiwan from 1991 to 2005. Bulletin of the Seismological Society
of America, 98(3):1471–1481. XXV, 14, 142
Yoneda, M., Uno, H., Shibata, Y., Suzuki, R., Kumamoto, Y., Yoshida, K., Sasaki, T., Suzuki,
A., and Kawahata, H. (2007). Radiocarbon marine reservoir ages in the western pacific estimated
by pre-bomb molluscan shells. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research
Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 259(1):432–437. XVIII, XXV, 101,
102, 111, 112, 113, 130, 144, 172
Yu, K., Hua, Q., Zhao, J.-x., Hodge, E., Fink, D., and Barbetti, M. (2010). Holocene marine
14c reservoir age variability: Evidence from 230th-dated corals in the south china sea.
Paleoceanography, 25(3). 111, 112, 130
Yu, S.-B., Chen, H.-Y., and Kuo, L.-C. (1997). Velocity field of gps stations in the taiwan area.
Tectonophysics, 274(1):41–59. 127
Zhou, Q. and Adams, W. (1985). Tsunamigenic earthquakes in china 1831 b.c. - 1980 a.d.
Extended abstract in International Tsunami Symposium, Victoria, BC, Canada, pages 543–
550. 168